Zionism

This article focuses mainly on the analysis of ideological Zionists and the reactions they have provoked. For the history of Zionism , see the detailed article.

Zionism is an ideology advocating nationalist political existence of a spiritual center, territorial or state populated by Jews in Palestine in general ^Terminology

The terminology is of some importance to understand Zionism. It is not always neutral, and may have political implications.

Eretz Israel

The biblical tradition as the means of Eretz Israel (Land of Israel) the land promised by God to the Jewish people, land of the two kingdoms Israelites (see Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah ).

In the Bible, "Eretz Israel" refers to several concepts:

• a political term, is the land given to Jews to settle there;
• a religious term as referring to a divine promise;
• a geographical term. The geographic definition given by the Bible is also unclear: in some biblical texts, it is called the Promised Land as going "from the river of Egypt

From the beginning of Zionism, the term started to become less religious and more political: it is the traditional territory claimed for the recreation of the Jewish state.

During the ^twentieth century , the question of membership of the Jordan (especially its western part) to Eretz Israel has been debate within the Zionist movement (see Chapter A division of Zionist Revisionists (1925-1935) ).

In the early twenty-first ^century , the term generally refers to the State of Israel and the Palestinian territories occupied during the Six Day War in 1967: the West Bank , East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip.

In principle, most political tendencies of the Zionist movement see Eretz Israel rightfully belongs to the Jewish people (at least for historical reasons or for religious reasons among religious Zionists).
But all the trends of the Zionist movement did not claim a Jewish state on all of Eretz Israel: some are in favor of some degree of sharing with the Palestinians, others are hostile.

Israel

Theodor Herzl , author of the Zionist manifesto The Jewish State.

The term Israel is behind the second name of the grand-son of Abraham , Yaakov ( Jacob ), son of Isaac.

By extension, the Torah refers to this name the people believed to be descended from Israel, Bnei Yisrael as frequently designated "the son of Israel", or "Children of Israel."

Israel also refers to one of two ancient Jewish kingdoms: the Kingdom of Israel in memory of which was chosen in modern times the name of the State of Israel, established in 1948.

Palestine

In non-biblical texts, the term " Palestine "(Palastin) appears for the first time in the writings of the Greek historian Herodotus , the ^fifth century BC. AD , in reference to people of the Philistines , living in the coastal region of the Mediterranean (the current region of Tel Aviv until the current border with Egypt, including the Gaza Strip ). Under Roman rule, the term has a broader meaning to finally encompass the entire region.

Before the Jewish revolt and including the fall of the Second Temple in 70 AD, Judea formed a separate province, governed by a legate propraetor (later consular), who commanded the same time the occupation troops.

After the Jewish revolt of 132-135, the complete destruction of the Holy City, the foundation of several Greek and Roman settlements in Judea, renamed Aelia Capitolina given of Jerusalem (whose entry is forbidden to Jews) express refusal of the Roman Empire to accept the maintenance of a Jewish nation in West Bank or Judea and Samaria

West Bank is a modern term, used since the late ^nineteenth in French to designate the territories west of the Jordan . After the creation of Transjordan by the British, the term West Bank is opposed to that of Transjordan to designate the territories of Palestine lying west of the Jordan, as evidenced by the universal dictionary of 1928, Article Jew . From 1948 to the independence of the state of Israel , "West Bank" has been restricted in their everyday territories annexed by Transjordan , on the west bank of the Jordan. As for the term "occupied territory", it refers to the territories conquered by Israel during the Six Day War as opposed to those captured in the Arab-Israeli War.

Judea and Samaria are terms used since antiquity, for example, by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History , to designate different parts of the territories of the West Bank of Jordan and incorporated the Jewish vocabulary. These terms have been used in the resolution 181 of the UN to designate precisely certain territories in the partition of Palestine .

Terminology: A Synthesis

We use the relatively neutral terms Israel (to designate the State of Israel), Palestine to designate the area as the British mandate after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, East Jerusalem and Gaza Strip (to denote Palestinian territories administered by Egypt until 1967, then occupied by Israel from 1967 to 2005).

The term "Palestine" or "Eretz Israel" to designate the entire region after the creation of Israel by express cons of strong ideological preferences, pro-Palestinian for the first, pro-Israel for the second.

Use of the terms the West Bank or Judea and Samaria to refer to the west of the Jordan is not entirely neutral either. West Bank is a term used by international bodies, and Judea and Samaria by the Israeli side.

Inside of Zionism, to defend Israel or defend Eretz Israel generally does not have the same meaning. In the first case, we want to defend the principle of a State, without insisting on particular boundaries. In the second one refers to the territory designated by the Bible, particularly the Book of Joshua , which lies on both banks of the Jordan River.

In article below, the term " Palestine "will be used to designate the territory between the second Jewish revolt (conquered in 135 ) and the proclamation of Israel ( 1948 ). The Zionist movement itself has used the two terminologies fairly well before the creation of the State of Israel in 1948.

For part of this article after the creation of Israel, we generally speak of "Israel", the "West Bank" and " East Jerusalem "and" Gaza Strip ", a term commonly used in French and recognized by the UN.

History of Zionism before Israel

In ancient times, Jewish populations were (and are) widely dispersed, first around the Mediterranean and the Middle East and then Europe. The link between the current Jewish population and Jews of antiquity is not total conversions that existed in antiquity, and even after ^{, , ,} , although Genetic studies show the maintenance of certain genetic markers typically Middle Eastern in most Jewish populations .

But regardless of geographical origins of the communities, Jews have always expressed their longing for Jerusalem, as in Psalm 137 composed during the first exile in Babylon in the ^sixth century BC: "If I forget you, O Jerusalem, may my right hand refuses service! Let my tongue cleave to my palate if I do not remember you, if I do not set Jerusalem above all my joys! " . Since the destruction of the Temple in 70, following the Jewish-Roman War of 66-73, some of the Jews expressed the desire to come together in " Eretz Israel ". Thus, every year during the feast of Passover , the desire Next year in Jerusalem is pronounced, and small groups of religious Jews " mount "regularly in the Holy Land since ancient times, especially toward the holy cities of Safed , Tiberias , Hebron and Jerusalem. The Jewish eschatology also affirms the coming of a messiah who will bring Jews to Palestine. So for Maimonides : "Time will take place when the Messianic Jews will regain their independence and return all the land of Israel .

Leon Pinsker , author of the pamphlet Self-empowerment and a leader in organizing the Lovers of Zion.

Under pressure from European anti-Semitism and the influence of nationalist ideologies and national independence, part of European Jewry (especially in Central and Eastern Europe, where integration is difficult) changes in the late nineteenth ^century religious desire a political project: Zionism. The first organizations ( Lovers of Zion ) appear in 1881. The World Zionist Organization is founded in 1897.

Based on the ambitions colonial British in the Middle East, the Zionist movement achieved by the Balfour Declaration (1917), the San Remo Conference (1920) and the mandate of the League of Nations (1922) a "Jewish national home "Palestine, against the advice of the Palestinian Arabs who fear being eventually dispossessed. Palestine was then under British mandate: we refer to this period of " Mandatory Palestine. "See also the chapter of History of Zionism: the League of Nations mandate.

From 1918 to 1948, during the Aliyah , the Jewish population in Palestine increased from 83,000 to 650,000 people. The growth is due to a high birth rate, but mostly due to high immigration political turmoil of Europe between the two World Wars, and the rise of anti-Semitism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1920s which anti-Semitism culminating in the Holocaust. During this period, the Jewish Agency promotes Jewish immigration by all means: in 1933, she never hesitates to pass an agreement with the Nazis to buy the emigration of German Jews to Palestine. By the second half of the 1930s, after restrictions on immigration certificates issued by the British, she organized illegal immigration.

During the same period, the Palestinian nationalist consciousness grows and the Arab population of Palestine is opposed to Zionism, the Jewish immigration and the British mandate, sometimes in violence.

In 1939, after 3 years of Arab Revolt and the eve of the Second World War , Britain took a more pro-Arab. In its White Paper on Palestine , she announced the drastic reduction of Jewish immigration and promises the creation of an independent Arab state in 10 years-Dean. But after a violent conflict this time against the Zionist Jews between 1944 and 1947 , the British Mandate to surrender their United Nations.

In November 1947, the UN proposes a plan to partition Palestine between a Jewish state (about 55% of the territory) and an Arab state while Jerusalem becomes a corpus seperatum under international administration. The day after, the Palestine war began.

The State of Israel was proclaimed May 14, 1948.

History of Zionism and Israel since 1948

Conflicts

Israeli soldiers in the Sinai in 1956.

Smoke over Tyre after Israeli aerial bombardment during the 2006 conflict.

After its establishment, Israel will face more wars and border conflicts:

• An important series of border incursions Palestinian and Israeli (sometimes but not always encouraged by the Arab States border) between 1950 and 1956. They will be thousands of deaths especially among Palestinians . The Suez Crisis puts an end to include the will of the Egyptians and Jordanians not to provoke Israel .
• The Sinai war of 1956 , triggered by Israel against Egypt to end cross-border attacks and blockade against the Israeli port of Eilat and the rapid development of the army, said that Egypt would use to destroy Israel. The Israeli action is combined with the British and French attacks (the United Kingdom and France are opposed to the nationalization of the Suez Canal and France also criticized Egypt's support for the FLN, Algeria) .
• Between 1965 and 1967, the Fatah armed by Syria, and other Palestinian armed organizations, organize more than one hundred raids against Israel from Jordan and Lebanon, provoking Israeli reprisals .
• The Six Day War of 1967, triggered by Israel against Egypt and Syria, in response to concentrations of troops at the border and the threat of invasion . Jordan then attacked Israel and was defeated . The Six Day War resulted in the occupation of the West Bank including East Jerusalem , the Gaza Strip , the peninsula of Sinai and the plateau of the Golan. Victory deemed "miraculous" given rise to a current "messianic and expansionist" in Israel that disrupts the movement and Zionism that sociologists have called nosionisme .
• From early 1969 to August 1970, Egypt leads along the Suez Canal a " war of attrition "against Israeli troops in the Sinai.
• The Yom Kippur War of 1973, triggered by Egypt and Syria to recover their occupied territories in 1967
• From 1975 to 1982, Palestinian organizations are using southern Lebanon ("Fatahland") to launch attacks against Israel through commandos or artillery attacks. See the general section of the Lebanon War.
• The Lebanon war of 1982, triggered by Israel to destroy Palestinian bases in Lebanon.
• The war against the Israeli occupation of Lebanon between 1982 and 1985 by mainly Lebanese and Palestinian organizations, usually supported by Syria and Iran. The organization most notable of the period (but not only) is Hezbollah , an organization of large dominant Shiite.
• The war waged by Hezbollah against Israel's continued military presence in southern Lebanon from 1985 to 2000, and against the Army of South Lebanon , Lebanese militia allied with Israel. Despite maintaining a dispute over an area of 6 square km, known as Shebaa Farms , Hizbullah's attacks fell sharply between 2000 and 2006.
• The conflict with the Palestinian organizations in the West Bank and Gaza Strip from the early 1990s. Initially, the organizations involved are essentially the Hamas and a href = "Jihad_islamique_palestinien" title = "Palestinian Islamic Jihad"> Islamic Jihad, and from late 2000 (second intifada ), the armed wings of other Palestinian nationalist movements ( especially Martyrs Brigades Al-Aqsa ).
• The Israel-Lebanon conflict of 2006 , which opposed the Israeli military to civilian and Hezbollah fighters.
• The war against Hamas in the Gaza Strip in late 2008 and early 2009. During this offensive, more than 1400 people including 300 children, women and elderly people find death, the Palestinian side and ten soldiers and three civilians killed, the Israeli side.

Demographics

The Israeli Jewish population passes in the same time 650 000 in 1948 to 5.3 million Jews in 2006.

Economic Development

Between 1948 and 2005, Israel became the first industrial power in the Middle East with a per capita income similar to that of Western Europe.

Greater Israel

After the 1967 war, a profound debate will split Zionism: what proportion of territories occupied after the 1967 war to be annexed by Israel?

• A current, rather to the left and center, believes that these annexations be limited.
• Rightmost one school of thought advocates the "Greater Israel": the annexation of the entire West Bank and Gaza Strip. For this current, it is in Israel's interest. But population growth and the Arab intifada Palestinian drove the majority of optical power to a partial withdrawal of the territories.
• Finally, the religious Zionist stream also defends the Greater Israel, not only as a right or interest in Israel is primarily a divine obligation. He opposes this to another current Jewish religious Zionist.

This debate refers to the definition of the objective of Zionism: a secular state for Jews (border sum all secondary), a secular state for Jews in the biblical borders, or a Jewish state within the borders submitting to biblical God's law?

See chapter: The question of a Greater Israel from 1967 to 2005.

See also the detailed article: Israeli settlements.

Current policies of Zionism

Zionism brings together diverse currents ranging from extreme right to extreme left.

All share the desire to create a Jewish state. But they have historically divided on three fundamental questions:

• Territorial objectives: Zionism is there to establish a Jewish state:
  • anywhere ( Zionism territorialist )
  • any territory in Palestine (prevailing view on the left and part of the right)
  • or any biblical Palestine ( Eretz Israel ) (prevailing view right on the far right and among religious Zionists )?
• Social objectives: that the society should create Zionism should it be Marxist ( Poaley Tzion ), Social Democrat ( Mapai ), liberal (General Zionists, Revisionist Party ) and even fascism ( Brit Ha'Birionim )?
• The place of religion: that the society should create Zionism should it be an atheist (Marxist Canaanite ), opened on religion, but without (some of the most left and right) or religious ( religious Zionism )?

There were other differences (the use of force / violence in the state building, for example), but these three areas account for the fundamental currents Zionists.

At the present time, these themes fall into three main groups within Israeli society:

• the post-Zionism , who wants to give direction to the secular state of Israel, normalize relations with the Palestinians and in which some see even a form of Zionism ;
• the nosionisme , heir to the Revisionist Zionism and religious Zionism , which claims the purely Jewish Israel, the territories of the biblical Israel and transfer of Palestinians and Israeli Arabs to other Arab countries;
• those who define themselves as the heirs of the "classical Zionism" and defending a position between the two.

The characteristics of both "nosionisme" and "post-Zionism" are not entirely foreign to "classical Zionism" but they differ by accentuating differences existing within Zionism. For Chan et al. "Nosionisme accentuates the messianic dimensions of nationalism and Zionism particularistiques while post-Zionism accentuates its universalist dimensions and standardization ^Far-left

It is the mission left Poale and Hashomer Hatzair , which will give the latest Mapam (1948).

Both parties have been created before the First World War. The first claims to Marxism , socialism and the second Russian populist, with strong influence anarchist.

They want a socialist society without religion, are supporters of a Palestinian state, but are relatively flexible on the border. Before 1948, they have even envisaged a mixed Jewish-Arab state.

The left "reformist"

David Ben Gurion

Shimon Peres at the World Economic Forum 2007.

These are the Achdut Ha'avoda (from the Poale mission) and Hapoel Hatzair who give birth in 1930 the socialist party Mapai , later renamed the Labour Party.

Both parties have been created before the First World War. The first is from Marxism, and the second Russian populist socialism. The two far-left parties listed above are their respective dissents.

Revolutionary in their origins, they have evolved after the First World War to reformism. They want a society social democrat. They are lay people, but recognizing a place of religion in the definition of Jewish identity. They are supporters of a state in Palestine , but are relatively flexible on the border. This very flexibility has led to developments and debates on significant internal territorial issues:

• In 1922, Berl Kaztnelson , the ideologue of Achdut Ha'avoda strongly opposed the establishment of the Hashemite Emirate of Transjordan, which was thus removed from the "Jewish National Home."
• In 1937, during the discussions of the Peel Commission on a possible partition of Palestine between Jews and Arabs, David Ben Gurion accepted the proposal (not acted upon) a Jewish state on only 15% of Mandatory Palestine , but was outvoted within the Mapai.
• In 1947, the Mapai has accepted the partition of Mandatory Palestine between a Jewish state on 55% of the land (but not the Jewish part of Jerusalem), alongside a Palestinian state. Following the refusal of the Palestinian division, David Ben-Gurion refused to fix the borders of the state, opening the possibility of future territorial claims.
• After the Six Day War of 1967, the leader of the left wing Mapai (Achdut Ha'avoda) Yigal Allon , a plan proposed annexing 30% of the West Bank and part of the Gaza Strip, a plan which was not not formally adopted by his party. The Labour Party but in 1967 passed a "Law on Jerusalem," which connected to the municipality the Arab part of the city and some neighborhoods and surrounding villages.
• In 1985, Shimon Peres , Labor Prime Minister, has proposed giving most of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to a Jordanian-Palestinian confederation.
• In the summer of 2000, Labor Prime Minister Ehud Barak has proposed in the negotiations at Camp David with Yasir Arafat 's creation of a Palestinian state on 88-90% of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip , but without the part of Arab Jerusalem.
• For the 2006 elections, the Labour Party has proposed a partition of Jerusalem, attributing to a future Palestinian state and Arab neighborhoods of Jerusalem.

These developments and positions are not exhaustive.

The best-known leader of the reformist left is David Ben Gurion. It also included Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin.

The moderate right

Chaim Weizmann

This is especially the General Zionists. The historical leader, until the creation of Israel, Chaim Weizmann.

They exist as a school of thought since the founding of Zionism in the late nineteenth ^century.Theodor Herzl was near. They are organized as a party in 1922.

The General Zionists are the second group founder (electoral significance) of the Likud in 1973. They are supporters of economic liberalism. They are lay people, but giving up the religious definition of Jewish identity. They are supporters of a Palestinian state, but are relatively flexible on the borders (at least before 1967).

The secular nationalist right

Ze'ev Vladimir Jabotinsky

This is especially Revisionist Party , founded in 1925, who gave birth in 1948 to Herut. This will be the main founder of the Likud group in 1973.

The historical leader Vladimir Jabotinsky , who will be succeeded Menachem Begin. The revisionists are supporters of economic liberalism. They are lay people, but giving up the religious definition of Jewish identity. They are supporters of a Palestinian state within the borders of Eretz Israel ("Eretz Israel"). For years they have claimed the annexation of the entire Palestine Mandate , but also Jordan. This last topic has been gradually abandoned. But among the insignia of Betar , their youth movement, there are always representations of the land of Israel, including Jordan.

Since the late 1990s, this trend has had to cope with population growth and the Arab Palestinian uprising ( Intifada ).

The majority of the Likud has agreed to waive a portion of the "Land of Israel" to ensure the Jewish majority in the State of Israel.

The more moderate rallied the party Kadima in late 2005, after Ariel Sharon and Ehud Olmert , the most nationalist Likud remained behind Binyamin Netanyahu. But even there, there is the abandonment of Greater Israel: Netanyhaou proposed in early 2006 to abandon 40% of the West Bank and most of the Gaza Strip.

The religious right nationalist

The rav Kalischer , a founder of the religious nationalist ideology.

This is especially the party Mizrahi , established in 1902 and reorganized in 1956 under the National Religious Party (NRP).

They are now mostly supporters of economic liberalism, but it has long existed a branch "working" (Hapo'el Hamizrach) rather attracted by a process "social democrat". They are followers of a religious state, or Halacha , Jewish religious law, would be an important element in the definition of civil law. They accept, however, democracy. Nationally, they have long been moderate. But after the victory of 1967 (occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip), they have hardened their position, especially after 1977.

The majority of religious Zionists today adheres to the Greater Israel. Unlike the secular nationalist right, which viewed the Greater Israel as an interest, and which renounces gradually under the influence of the two intifada and the Arab population growth, religious Zionists believe that it is an order divine. We can not renounce.

They are particularly active in the Israeli settlements. The NRP is now considered by some political scientists as a left-right-wing party (that was not originally). Indeed, for the 2006 elections, the National Religious Party has decided to submit the list of " National Union ", the nationalist right electoral cartel.

The far-right secular nationalist

Undated photo of Avraham Stern

It was first organized in 1931, with Brit Ha'Birionim. This is an internal faction Revisionist Party , which claims to Italian fascism. The paramilitary organization Lehi , founded in late 1940, to take over many of their contentions, at least until the death of its first leader, Avraham Stern in 1942. After the creation of the State of Israel, this current is much more active, but remains alive through intellectuals like Israel Eldad, a former leader of Lehi. We see this stream reappear after the Washington agreements of March 1979, which return the Sinai to Egypt.

The question of social organization is secondary. They have different times of the positions adopted "social" or "liberal." What is historically the center is the claim of "Greater Israel". If the annexation of the Jordan is hardly defended, that of the West Bank and Gaza Strip remains central. The question of demography Arabic will be resolved by a "transfer" to Arab countries, or by deprivation of the right to vote.
There are now supporters of this trend in many small organizations, especially in the secular trends of the " National Union "or Moledet.

Evidence of the profound transformation of the nationalist right on the issue of "Greater Israel," another party listed as the far-right Israel Beiteinu ("Israel Our Home", a mainly Russian-speaking party) of Avigdor Liberman , moved to the 2006 elections not only to leave that part of the West Bank 's most populated by Palestinian Arabs (40%), but to make a land swap with them. This is to give some parts of Israel (within its borders of 1949) to the Palestinians: those who are most populated by Israeli Arabs. Lieberman has even offered to leave some Arab neighborhoods of Jerusalem, for demographic reasons. This new approach to the radical right is no longer centered on the territory (even if the proposed annexation represents 60% of the West) but on the establishment of a state with as few Arabs as possible. This position is similar to that of Ariel Sharon and party Kadima , but more assertive: both more annexations of territories without Palestinians in the West Bank, and withdrawals of Israeli territory. This position is a complete break with the political history of the Zionist right.

But evidence for evolution of the extreme right, the March 2006 elections brought eleven seats out of 120 in Israel Beiteinu , more than nine seats in the National Union (which includes the extreme religious right and secular). Part of this success, however, must be assigned to another unique program of Israel Beiteinu: the defense of immigrants from the former USSR.

The far-right nationalist religious

Kach logo.

It expresses a radical positions in favor of Greater Israel and a religious state. Its members are found in certain factions of the National Religious Party , the Kach , or other small groups outside parliament.

This trend is very present in the colonies and in some religious yeshivot (religious schools). It rejects democracy as a non-Jewish, or at least consider it secondary. "The liberal west speaks of the reign of democracy, the rule of majority, while Judaism speaks of divine authority, which is immutable and not subject to the ballot box or the error of a majority ... It is the yoke of God, the erasure of our will to His, which is the essential principle of Judaism . "

Other common

Some marginal currents existed. They really no longer exist today:

• Anarcho-Zionism : to build a Jewish national home and not revolutionary state. This current is marginal by itself. But the anarchist doctrines strongly influenced the Hapoel Hatzair , and even more the Hashomer Hatzair movement and Kibbutzim.
• Territorialist Zionism : to build a Jewish state anywhere in the world, without reference to Palestine. This power is particularly active before the Balfour Declaration of 1917 , when the establishment of a Palestinian state, rejected by the Ottomans seemed utopian. It is organized in a "Zionist Organization territorialist" between 1905 and 1925, the date of its dissolution.
• The "cultural Zionism" of Ahad Ha'am , especially interested in Palestine as moral and cultural center, more than as a population center.
• The Canaanites , a small stream on the right, who claimed nationalism "Hebrew" and advocated the outright break with Judaism. Active in Lehi in the 1940s, before almost disappearing in the years 1960-70.
• In the margins of Jewish Zionism, one can also cite a current essentially religious, that some fundamentalist Christians (particularly North Americans). For them, the meeting of the Jews in the Holy Land will encourage the return of the Messiah ( Jesus Christ ) and the conversion of Jews to Christianity. This trend supports the colonization of Palestinian territories, and is generally opposed Israel's withdrawal from the Gaza Strip (2005). View Article Christian Zionism.

Opposition to Zionism

Zionism has led to membership and opposition. It includes these under the generic term "Zionism. We can define seven historical currents within the anti-Zionism, which sometimes overlap.

Anti-Zionism Jewish religious

Neturei Karta demonstrators

For non-religious Zionists, the Jewish state of antiquity was destroyed by God as punishment for the sins of the Jewish people. For them, only the Messiah of God will restore the kingdom of Israel . It is therefore an anti-Zionism rather special, since it does not challenge the idea of a Jewish state, considered rather as inevitable, but disputes the manner of its creation by the Zionists, ie, told by men and not God's will.

This current is historically the first, since it has been the creation of Zionism. It originally comprised the majority of Orthodox and ultra-Orthodox, although some Orthodox have from the outset supported the Zionist movement .

We note at the inter-war and especially since Israel's creation a strong evolution of this attitude.

The Orthodox are so overwhelmingly embraced Zionism. or Chassidim Satmar ).

The ultra-orthodox Ashkenazi have still not officially embraced Zionism. For cons, the ultra-Orthodox Sephardic the Shas will now see no contradiction between Zionism and religion, provided that the state take a more religious . However, for ultra-Orthodox today, all tendencies, formal or informal acceptance by the State takes nothing away from requirements that it operates according to divine law. Otherwise, Zionism, at least in its secular version, has been criticized as a revolt against God's work.

Ultimately the Jewish religious Zionism activist, originally powerful, is now restricted to minority groups. The majority of religious Jews today accepts or supports Zionism, perhaps with some reservations.

Anti-Zionism Jewish assimilationist or integrationist

Many Jews are highly integrated into their societies of origin have refused to Zionism, with attitudes ranging from indifference to hostility. Priority was given to a better integration in countries of residence, not a departure from these countries. It can be a very structured rejection, the name of nationalism in the country of residence, or a mere suspicion.

This trend was most active Zionist in the late ^nineteenth century and the first half of the ^twentieth century. The attitude has become much more favorable to Zionism since Israel's creation in 1948. Although this trend has become quite marginal, its country of origin (especially Western) always generate a limited emigration to Israel. The gradual accession to the Zionist idea of well-integrated communities, which were originally quite reluctant, therefore, has done more in the realm of ideas that the aliyah concrete (the "rise" in Israel).

Anti-Zionism and Palestinian Arab nationalism

He is a nationalist-Zionism, which includes Christians and Muslims. Nationalism is a reference to the origin of Arab nationalism and Palestinian nationalism gradually. It is supported by both current "left" and "right".

As nationalism, he favors the fate of the group he defends, and therefore opposed to Jewish nationalism and its willingness to appropriate land that is considered Arab.

Arab opposition to the existence of a Jewish state is not as homogeneous since the recognition of Israel by Egypt in 1977. Subsequently, other Arab states have recognized Israel, like Jordan in 1994, and certain Palestinian factions, as the PLO through Fatah vote in the Palestinian National Council , the legislative body of the PLO .

Anti-Zionism or anti-colonial anti-imperialist

The ^19th Congress of the Communist Party of Israel.

The anti-Zionist anti-colonial or anti-imperialist nationalism does not reject in principle, but consider that the nationalism of the colonized or "first peoples" is always more legitimate than the "colonizers". Instead of Arab nationalism or Palestinian, anti-Zionism that claims no theoretical preference for a particular nationalism. But his preference for the principle of nationalism "first peoples" is the closer of Palestinian nationalism. It is a political movement rather generally anchored to the left or the extreme left.

The condemnation by the General Assembly of the UN 's Zionism November 10, 1975 (Resolution 3379 ), was done using the anti-colonialist vocabulary (

All movements claiming the anti-colonialism or the anti-imperialism are not Zionists. Many are now accepting Israel's existence, but remain opposed to his control over the territories occupied after the Six Day War of 1967.

A mild form of anti-Zionism has also developed on the basis of this intellectual current. She did not refuse, or more, the existence of Israel, but the notion of "Jewish state", that is to say symbolically state dedicated to a class of citizens and organizing rules of Immigration more favorable for some foreigners ( Jews ) along ethnic lines. For this current, which is claimed by the Israeli Arab parties or by the Israeli Communist Party , the state of Israel should be "state of citizens" and not a "Jewish state", even if the Jews are the majority. Hence the claim of some symbolic changes (do not use the term "Jewish State") or practical (do not have immigration rules favoring one ethnic group, the judgments of land confiscation for Israeli citizens home Arabic) .

Anti-Zionism Muslim cleric

This current reminder that Jerusalem is the third holiest site of Islam , and the conquest of a Muslim land is illegitimate whatsoever . It is therefore a cause for jihad defensive mandatory for all believers.

Thus, under Article 11 of the Charter of Hamas in 1988, the struggle against Zionism is a religious obligation because "the land of Palestine is an Islamic land waqf .

Anti-Zionism and anti-Semitic

It is a hostility to Jews, which translates into hostility to their state. The word "Zionist" was widely used by anti-Semites of all stripes as a substitute for the word "Jew." American neo-Nazis and they use the term ZOG ( Zionist Occupied Government ) to designate the federal government assumed subservient to the Jews.

All historic antisemitic however, were not Zionists: the Polish government called for in the second half of the 1930s "a substantial reduction in the number of Jews in Poland "had regular contact with Vladimir Jabotinsky to organize the departure to the Palestine .

Anti-Zionism anti-nationalist

It is a principle of hostility to any nationalism whatsoever, especially if it establishes to the detriment of a population "native" colonized or expelled.

This current is now very marginal. He recruited among leftists, such as members of the Israeli Matzpen , or anarchists. He is opposed in principle also to Palestinian nationalism. "Only the rejection of nationalism and self understanding and brotherly people of Palestine can save workers from barbarism that goes into running" . "In Palestine, the State provides the indisputable evidence that it causes war precisely because of his presence "

However, before the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, this anti-nationalist vision was very widespread in the communist movement and among some Socialists. Lenin was so opposed to "the creation of an army on the earth.

This current interest today to question the character "ethnic" officially Jewish state of Israel as its existence. He generally supports the claim of Israeli Arabs a "state of citizens", even with a Jewish majority, opposed to the "Jewish state", which is considered inherently discriminatory because preferentially dedicated to national and cultural aspirations of a category of citizens, the Jews.

Anti-Zionism: Outline

He existed and exists to ujours several forms of hostility to the political project of creating and maintaining the state of Israel. Some people may also be influenced by different types of Zionism at a time.

Thus, the radical Palestinian movement Hamas is both by anti-Zionist Palestinian nationalism, religious Zionism by Muslim .

But as such, anti-Zionism is not necessarily anti-Semitic, or even pro-Palestinian. This is the case of certain ultra-Orthodox Jewish factions, for example.

Quite differentiated as to their origin or their attitude vis--vis the Jews, the various currents of anti-Zionism are also divided about the present and future existence of Israel.

For the first group, the State of Israel should not have been created, and therefore must be destroyed. This is usually the point of view of Arab nationalists and Muslims the most stringent.

For a second group, mainly ultra-Orthodox Jews, the State of Israel is a sin, and therefore must be destroyed. But a Jewish state will be recreated by the Messiah at the time of the arrival thereof. The rejection of the Jewish state to double current therefore the hope of creating a future Jewish state.

Finally for the third group of Zionists, the State of Israel must not disappear, but must evolve towards a post-nationalist, removing symbolic and practical differentiation between citizens of different origins.

Filmography

• Zillah Hershco , between Paris and Jerusalem. France, Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel, 1945-1949, Honore Champion DVD / Video
• Norma Percy , Israel and the Arabs (The war of fifty years), Set of 2 VHS

References

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