Water Supply And Sanitation In Morocco
| Morocco : Water and sanitation | ||
|---|---|---|
 | ||
| Some figures | ||
| Rate service (access to improved sources of drinking water) | 82% (2004) | |
| Connection rates to sewerage services | ||
| Continuity of drinking water services in urban areas | nearly 100% (estimated) | |
| Average consumption per day (l / d / h) | to complete | |
| Average price of water in USD / m 3) | between 0.29 and 0.66 (3.20 and 7.18 dirhams) in 2008 | |
| Part financed by the price of water | low | |
| Part financed by the general budget | to complete | |
| Part financed by external inputs | high | |
| Institutions | ||
| Responsible for water sector policy | Department of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment for managing water resources | |
| National regulator | No institution dedicated, but some regulatory functions are entrusted to the Ministry of Interior | |
| Service operating in urban areas | A national operator, ONEP, 4 private operators ( LYDEC , Redal, Amendis and SMD) and 12 Boards | |
| Service operating in urban areas | About 4,500 users associations (2004) | |
The area of drinking water and sanitation in Morocco has seen in recent decades, a dramatic increase of access to water. To a lesser extent, access to sanitation has also increased. The water is delegated to private operators in four cities - Casablanca ( LYDEC ), Rabat / Sale (Redal), Tangier and Tetouan (amendment) - while it is provided by municipal utilities in twelve other cities and the National Drinking Water (ONEP) in 532 small and medium-sized cities. ONEP also produces water that is sold to authorities and private operators. It also provides sanitation in sixty municipalities.
The remaining challenges are the low level of wastewater treatment (only 20% of the water collected is treated), connection to drinking water in rural areas - especially on the sparsely populated - and Maintenance and operation of water systems in rural areas (20% would not be functional). In 2005, the government launched a "National Sanitation Programme (NAP). Its ambitious goal of achieving 60% treatment rate of water collected and 80% rate of connection to health in urban areas by 2020 . Regarding the connection of potable water in informal settlements in large cities, the program NHRI ( National Initiative for Human Development ") allows connections to contribute financially to" social "water and sanitation made by operators dans les grandes villes.
Summary |
Water resources
Water resources in Morocco are mainly conventional resources (surface water and groundwater). Yet the non-conventional water resources such as the reuse of treated wastewater and desalination of sea water are growing more and more.
Conventional Resources
Water resources in Morocco are, on average, about 22 billion m 3 per year is 730 m 3 per capita per year. Before the drought years 1990 and 2000, water resources was still estimated at about 29 billion m 3 , . Water resources are mobilized 20 billion m 3 of which 16 billion is surface water and groundwater 4 billion. Morocco has 128 large dams with storage capacity is 17 billion m 3, more than the annual flow of all surface water. In 2004, about 13.5 billion m 3 of water were used, approximately 67% of resources mobilized. The uses of water were distributed according to the following proportion: 83% for agriculture and 17% for industry and drinking water . This observation must be qualified because the resources are not evenly distributed in space (the north is less arid), nor in time (the rains are concentrated in winter). The quality of the resource is degraded in several basins, particularly in the basin Sebu .
Domestic and industrial uses accounted for 2.28 million m 3 in 2003, of which 0.7 million m 3 (31%) are produced from underground resources and 1.58 million m 3 (69%) from ' surface water . The groundwater resources are overexploited, particularly in the Souss-Massa where irrigation dominates an industrial scale.
In rural areas, according to a 2002 census, 53% of systems of drinking water were supplied by wells, 16% from books managed by ONEP or boards of drinking water ( taps on the main supply systems), 17% from sources and 8% from boreholes. For the remaining 6%, information available does not allow to define water resources mobilized .
Cleaning and reuse of treated wastewater
There are 2009 more than 100 sewage treatment plants ( WWTP ) mainly in small and medium-sized cities within the country. Only 20% of collected wastewater is treated. The largest WWTP in the country is the city of Tangier with a capacity of 218.000 m 3 per day. Completed in October 2009 and managed by the private concessionaire fines, the plant treats wastewater to a primary level before discharging into the Atlantic Ocean . Sewage treatment plants managed by the Boards are as follows, in order of magnitude .
- Marrakech , 118 000 m 3 per day, primary treatment by activated sludge;
- Meknes , 96 000 m 3 per day, by primary treatment lagoon;
- Agadir , 51 000 m 3 per day, secondary treatment settling anaerobic - infiltration percolation tertiary treatment of a portion of discharges for reuse;
- Settat , 17 000 m 3 per day, tertiary treatment lagoon;
- Beni Mellal , 11 000 m 3 per day, activated sludge secondary treatment;
- Deroua , 2 000 m 3 per day, primary treatment ponds.
There is a STEP in Nador , which is down due to flooding by the sea She was initially charged to a municipal authority before being transferred to ONEP which, in turn, built a new STEP inaugurated in June 2010. The performances are variable: the STEP Agadir seems to work well as that of Beni Mellal be stopped. The largest WWTP under construction in 2010 are:
- A new STEP Marakkech (90,000 m 3 per day);
- A STEP in Fez. Funding for the latter, originally scheduled in the framework of external cooperation, will be provided by Moroccan banks ;
- A STEP Oujda using the method of aerated lagoons and a capacity of 40,000 m 3 per day (started in 2008). The treated water will be reused for irrigation of about 1,000 ha of agricultural land .
Among the first STEP in Morocco were the stations in small and medium-sized cities using various technologies. These first 28 STEP stopped working shortly after being put into service because of technical and financial means of Commons who have not organized their operations. This experience led to the decision in 2000 to transfer responsibility for the remediation of intermediate and rural communes to the national drinking water: ONEP . Until 2009, ONEP has completed construction of 43 STEP, mostly lagoons as well as activated sludge and some trickling. The performance of these stations are better than those of the first stations operated by municipalities, partly thanks to the skills of ONEP but also because the lagoons require little maintenance and no source of energy.
The planned reuse of treated wastewater is little used in Morocco. Given the tension over water resources in Morocco, the reuse of treated wastewater can meet only part of the application. In addition, there is currently no institutional framework for the reuse of treated wastewater and no mechanism for cost recovery from users. At Marakkech, part of treated wastewater from the new WWTP will be reused for watering golf courses. Tertiary treatment and distribution of treated wastewater will be funded by private investors. Economy Agadir (RAMSA) makes a tertiary treatment of waste water including 300 m 3 per day are already sold at a golf course. A second tranche from the station Mzar expected to raise this reuse of treated waste water to golf courses by 3000 m 3 per day. Redal, the operator of water supply and sanitation in Rabat Sal conducted a study in 2009 to irrigate municipal parks with treated wastewater . Other small pilot reuse of treated wastewater have been initiated since the 1980s. Some of them have even been abandoned. Among the viable projects include the irrigation of a golf course at Ben Slimane in operation since 1997 with a capacity of 5600 m 3 per day . In 2009, two proposed reuse of treated waste water are also being studied in Oujda and Beni Melal. They are funded by the National Fund for Environment and planning to add tertiary treatment to the existing WWTP. The State Secretariat for Water and Environment carried out in 2009/2010 a study on this subject.
Desalination of seawater
In the context of scarce water resources, the desalination of sea water appears to be an interesting alternative for Morocco. The Secretary of State for Water and Environment has launched a study on this subject that should be completed late 2009. This study will consider, among other things, the long-term large desalination plants in the region of Casablanca with a capacity of 685,000 m 3 per day. Specific projects of capacity 70 000 m 3 per day were underway in 2009 .
Access to water and sanitation
In 2004 , according to the Survey on Population and Family Health, 82% of Morocco's population had access to an improved water source. Specifically:
- 60.5% of Moroccans had a connection to drinking water in their homes or in their garden.
- 11% had access to a fire hydrant near their home.
- 5.6% had access to a protected well.
- 1.5% of Moroccans, mostly in rural areas, collected rainwater as a primary source.
- 7% were collecting water sources.
Half of these sources supplying 3.5% of the population are considered protected by the Joint Programme WHO / UNICEF monitoring of water supply and sanitation (known by its acronym in English as JMP) which collects the data for global monitoring of the Millennium. All these data access leads to an "improved water source" of 82% .
Accordingly, 18% of the population had no access to " improved water source "in 2004. These individuals are as follows :
- 1% use water from tankers, both in urban and rural;
- 7% use water from public wells are not protected;
- 4% of unprotected wells in their homes or in their garden;
- 2.5% take water directly from rivers or lakes;
- 3.5% use water from unprotected sources.
Regarding sanitation, 93% of urban population and 57% of the rural population had access to "improved sanitation" ( in: Improved sanitation ) in 2004. In urban areas 79% of the population was connected to a sewer system. 40% of rural population defecated in the open air . The poorest people are most concerned by this gap: a study by the World Bank in 2004 indicates that "sanitation is totally absent from the peri-urban areas of intermediate cities. Informal settlements in large cities are without sanitation, increasing the risk to the health of this population already exposed by his poverty .
Quality of Service
The water supply is continuous in almost all medium and large cities . Yet there are exceptions. For example, in Meknes water is often available for only two hours a day, because every time it rains the water from two sources mixes with rainwater and leaves reddish taps. The Water Authority of the city so the water cut for the rest . The inhabitants of Laayoune receive tap water for three or four hours a day, water from a desalination plant for seawater and sinks Foum el Oued being insufficient. To remedy the situation, residents store water in their homes or resort to "metfyat" (traditional tanks and covered) to recover rainwater .
History and recent events
Private operators and Protectorate
During the French protectorate from 1912, water supply and sanitation in large cities was entrusted to a private operator: Socit Marocaine de Distribution of water, gas and electricity (SMD) in the under concessions. MDS, a group company Lyonnaise des Eaux , fed the cities of Casablanca, Rabat, Sal, Tangier and Meknes. Since 1950, MDS has also managed a project to transfer important feeding Casablanca since the pool of Um er-Rbia. The production of bulk water to other cities that were not able to eat from local resources was supported by a national company: the board of industrial exploitation of the protectorate (PIAS) created early 1930s . The bases of the organization of the water sector in Morocco: concessions in major cities and national operator of water production were already raised at the time of the protectorate.
Independence and expansion of infrastructure by the State
After independence in 1956, the water was municipalizzata and entrusted to municipal utilities or directly to municipalities. Only the transfer of water from Umm Errabiaa to Casablanca remained in the hands of the SBD . The production of bulk water was assigned to a new national carrier established in 1972, the National Drinking Water (ONEP) . After the creation of ONEP, significant infrastructure has been built and access to potable water has increased significantly. Among the infrastructure projects the most important are three treatment plants on the river water Bouregreg and associated piped to power Casablanca and Rabat - while growing - in drinking water.
New Law on Water and Rural Access Program (1995)
In 1995 the government launched the PAGER ( supply program in rural drinking water ) to meet the challenge of improving access to water for rural populations. The same year, a new Water Act (Act 10-95) was passed. His goal was to change the management of water resources by adding to the increase in supply (through dams, transfers, etc.). A policy of demand management and resource protection. It was a precursor of measures to improve the efficiency of water use, improved resource allocation and protection of water quality through the application of the principle " polluter pays ". The Water Law has also been the legal basis for the creation of Basin Agencies Hydraulic (ABH), which were inspired by the Water Agency of France and Spain. In 1996, the agency of Oum Er-Rbia was first created Hydraulic Basin Agency in Morocco. In 2000, six other agencies were created. Their effective implementation is still very slow because 15 years after their creation they are still not fully operational . However, in 2009 two other ABH have been created, so that the entire national territory is covered by ABH , .
The 1990s and the delegation of public drinking water service
The performance of the water authority of Casablanca is not deemed satisfactory, the government decided in mid 1990 to bring in a private water management, sanitation and electricity to Casablanca. The company LYDEC , a subsidiary of Lyonnaise des Eaux (now Suez Environnement), obtained by treaty the right to water, sanitation and electricity to Casablanca in 1997 for a period of 30 years. This concession has opened the way for others to Rabat - Sal , Tangier and Tetouan. The concession of Rabat-Sal was attributed to Redal, a subsidiary of Veolia Environnement in 1998, that of Tangier and Tetouan Amendis , also a subsidiary of Veolia Evironnement in 2002 by way of tender.
In 2000, the 50-year concession to SMD, a subsidiary of Suez Environment, for the transfer of bulk water from Casablanca was renewed .
National Sanitation Programme
In 2000, ONEP statutes were amended to include jurisdiction sanitation (collection and treatment). At the same time the water treatment levy was introduced. Yet it was set at a low level (less than 1 dirham per m 3), far from what would be required for recovery of costs Grouping ONEP-ONE At the Cabinet reshuffle of 2007, the Ministry of Water and Environment and the Ministry of Energy and Mines have been merged, a secretary of state in charge of the remaining water and environment. The Ministry of Water and Environment was created in 2002 by bringing together skills that were at that time within the Ministry of Infrastructure and Ministry of Environment. In 2009 the Cabinet of Ministers approved the bill 40 09 for a strategic alliance between ONEP and the national electricity: ONE. The aim is to benefit rural and intermediate economies of scale already enjoyed many concessions and governed. According to media reports, the law provides for the creation of a public operator responsible for regional water, sanitation and electricity in both urban and rural areas, leading to the creation of 8 regional operators. The scheme is based on reform proposals from several studies of which was carried by the Ministry of Interior in 2004 . In November 2010 the House of Councillors approved the law. Among the many works initiated in Morocco in the field of water and sanitation over the past decade, PAGER has been recognized by the United Nations as a reference project. On the other hand, the innovative approach to aid based on the results ( in: output-based aid ) for drinking water and sanitation has been tested in Morocco. In 2004 the supply program in rural drinking water (PAGER) has received an award from the United Nations, the United Nations Public Service Awards in the category of improving the performance of public services. Through this program started in 1995, the rate of access to drinking water in rural areas in Morocco has increased considerably. In 2007 the dealers of Casablanca, Tangier and Tetouan and the authority of Meknes began to develop pilot projects for access to water and sanitation from the "results-based aid" ( in: output -based aid ). The aim was to connect 11,300 homes in poor neighborhoods, and often informal devices to water and sanitation. These pilot projects are linked to the National Initiative for Human Development (NIHD) and funded by a grant of 7 million USD from the Global Partnership for Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) of the World Bank. For the first time GPOBA, accompanying rather private partners, has provided a grant to a large public operator, the authority of Meknes. The subsidy per connection was 35%. The operators have also developed public awareness campaigns to sanitation among other markets. Investments are pre-financed by the concessionaire or operator that are reimbursed by public GPOBA once the reality check and operation of the connection has been made , . The key players in water policy in Morocco are the State Secretariat for Water and Environment (ESA) of the Department of Energy, Mines, Environment and Water and the Department of the Interior as guardianship of Commons. At the operational level, responsibilities are divided among three private operators, 12 municipal utilities and ONEP. In addition to these institutions, 9 of river basin agencies (ABH) under the auspices of the ESA is in charge of managing the resource. Overall, the sector is governed by a fragmented institutional framework which, according to a report from the 2004 World Bank "has hampered the creation of a broad and comprehensive in the industry and the development of coherent policies" . In principle, the highest authority of the sector is the Higher Council for water and climate that is under the responsibility of the Prime Minister and under the chairmanship of King Hon. It was created in 1996, replacing a High Water Council, which dated from 1981. It consists of representatives of all ministries involved in water policy, representatives of regional governors and associations. Although it must meet each year, the last board meeting of 2001 . Within government, responsibility for the policy of water supply and sanitation are shared between different departments. The Department of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment is responsible for managing water resources and dams, while the Ministry of the Interior, through his leadership and services governed granted, is in charge of guardianship boards and concessions. Finally, the Directorate of Water and Sanitation / I> (DEA) of the Department assists the municipalities in the field of water and sanitation and plays an important role in the planning of water infrastructure and sanitation. Some responsibilities of the area are in the hands of other departments. The Department of Public Health (MPH) is responsible for drinking water standards. The Ministry of Finance following the fiscal aspects of public and concession contracts and inter-ministerial commission, chaired by the Department of Economic and General Affairs, approves or rejects rate increases for water and sanitation required by operators. Nine water basin agencies (ABH) are responsible for the management of water resources. These agencies have many responsibilities. They allow or not the withdrawals and discharges into the natural environment including through the Master Plan for integrated management of water resources (PDair). They must also collect fees for withdrawals and discharges. They should also distribute grants for projects of pollution and resource conservation. Finally, they must monitor the quality of water resources, both underground and surface and their evolution. They cover the following basins: Sebu , Moulouya , Um er-Rbia , Bouregreg , Tensift , Loukkos the Souss-Massa-Draa , the Guir- Ziz Rheris-and -Sakia El Hamra and Oued Ed-Dahab Unfortunately, the resources allocated to the basin agencies are largely insufficient to enable them to perform their functions Operation Service There are 4 categories of operators in Morocco: According to the Communal Charter of 1976, amended in 2002 and 2008, utilities such as water, sanitation and electricity are the responsibility of municipalities. There are 1,547 communes in Morocco, including 249 urban and 1298 rural. Municipalities have often delegated the management of their service to dealers or ONEP. Some cities have municipal utilities in charge of the service. Sanitation in the small and medium centers is often still managed directly by municipalities that lack the expertise nor the resources to ensure efficient service. These municipalities have delegated the management of sanitation ONEP as and measure the progress of the national sanitation program. In rural areas, user associations play an important role in the operation of drinking water systems autonomous . Private concessionaires are responsible for water supply and sanitation in Casablanca , Rabat , Tangier and Tetouan. LYDEC , dealer of Casablanca is a subsidiary of Suez Environment (51%), the Moroccan insurance company RMA Watanya (15%) and investment fund Moroccan FIPAR Holding (19.75%) . A fourth dealer operates the water transfer to Casablanca. Authorities generally belong to several surrounding communities (inter-governed). Economy autonomous water supply and electricity of Nador (RADEEN) was taken by ONEP in 2007 following its failure to clean the lagoon The National Drinking Water The national Office of Drinking Water (ONEP) is responsible for planning the water supply at the national and the production of drinking water (piped treatment and large). In 2008 he also ensured the distribution of drinking water in 532 small and medium-sized centers, and sanitation in 65, again on behalf of local communities. The latter figure should rise to 191 centers in 2017 Authorities direct 40 communes directly provide drinking water to 3% of urban population (directly governed) through municipal unskilled . In 2003, 280 Communication also directly manage their sanitation. In addition, 18% of systems drinking water in rural areas are managed directly by municipalities . Users' associations are the management mode for the most common systems drinking water supply (SAEP) in rural areas. Among the more than 11 000 SAEP in Morocco, about 41% are managed directly by user associations according to a national survey conducted in 2004 and 2005 . User associations are elected by the population in general meeting. They provide the technical operation of systems by means of an operating agent hired by the association. They also charge users, collect revenues and operate their own bank accounts, including a fund for maintenance and renewal. 13% of SAEP are administered by prison managers who deal with hydrants supplied with water from taps on conveyances of ONEP. Other methods of managing the SAEP are common in rural direct control (18%) directly by ONEP (6%), with "people" (5%) and non-management modes specified (17%). The Moroccan Association of drinking water and sanitation (AMEP) is an association created in 1997 to challenge and defend the interests of water sector in Morocco. It organizes seminars and national and international conferences in Morocco. Its members also participate in international conferences outside of Morocco. In 2009 it had 120 members including operators, contractors, consulting firms and individual professionals . Ali Fassi Fihri , President and CEO of ONEP , is chairman of AMEPA . The system of water charges in Morocco is complex with different prices at each stage of the cycle: tax collection, wholesale prices, retail prices, etc. sanitation fee. The price of the water charged to final consumers in urban areas of the city depends then, the amount consumed (pricing per slice) and use (domestic, public, commercial, industrial, etc.).. Depending on whether the operator is private or public mechanisms are variable tariff revision. In general the price level is comparable to other countries of North Africa or the Middle East and does not cover the full cost of service Charge of abstraction and discharge into the natural environment ONEP and governed have to pay fees for collection and disposal to the natural water basin agencies. These charges were introduced by the Water Act of 1995. Their level is low and does not allow water agencies to cover their own administrative costs not to mention the grants they should make investments to finance pollution control under the law Prices of wholesale and Surcharges ONEP invoice delivery of water in bulk to dealers and governed. The selling price of bulk water varies from one city to another depending on the cost of water production and other factors. For example, prices of wholesale water to Casablanca, where the producer is private, are two times higher than those in the nearby town of Settat, where the operator is a public corporation . A special tax of 5% is applied to bulk water sales to finance the rural PAGER and another surcharge used to fund the provision of small towns. The same pricing structure exists for all cities in Morocco, even if the tariff level varies. Tariffs for water and sanitation is increasing as consumption rises. The residential rate is 4 slices. The first phase applies to 6 m 3 per month and the highest is greater than 40 m 3 per month. The price level of each slice varies from one operator to another. The water fountains that are prevalent in the neighborhoods and the medina is provided without charge. In some cases, the fountains are managed by a caretaker / manager who charges users. According to a report by the World Bank, the fountains are free pro-poor. Operators are yet conducive to the promotion of private connections to ensure their income . The number of free public fountains is decreasing. Tariffs for water and sanitation in urban areas were indirectly raised in 2006 during the passage of the first 8 m 3 6 m 3 . The average price of Sanitation ONEP was 1.50 dirham per m 3 in 2009 . In urban areas a "participation in the first settlement is paid to operators of water and sanitation while creating a connection nine. The level of this tax depends on the length of the connection but also the length of the facade of the house in urban areas or the ground surface . The program NHRIs can dispense with the EPP in very poor neighborhoods . PEPs averages vary from 220 to 500 USD for water and 880 to 1 650 USD for sanitation in 2004 . According to another source in 2008 PEPs were billed by ONEP only 1600 dirhams (about 145 USD) The EPP ONEP is much lower than that of the governed Share of household expenditures According to census data from 1998/99, total expenditures for water and sanitation are of 84.8 dirhams per person per year in urban areas and 147.4 dirhams per person per year in rural areas, 1.8 and 2.9% of total expenditure per capita . Rates in rural areas are significantly higher than in urban areas. Cost recovery in this sector remains a challenge. ONEP is theoretically self-sustaining through revenue from water sales, but receives 150 million dirhams a year for water supply in rural areas and half of its investments sanitation are covered by the budget of the government and municipalities . Authorities rely heavily on participation in the first institution to secure their income . Investments in water and sanitation have increased significantly between 2003 and 2005. In urban investments for water supply increased from 0.9 to 1.5 billion dirhams in rural areas, investment in production increased from 0.3 to 0.6 billion dirhams and sanitation from 1.1 to 2.8 billion dirhams. The total investment has doubled from 2.8 to 5.7 billion dirhams (337 to 687,000,000 U.S. dollars) . The per capita investment in water and sanitation is 21 USD per capita per year, a relatively high level compared to other middle income countries Financing Investments are financed both by the tariff, government subsidies and international cooperation (grants and subsidized loans). There are also cross-subsidies ( equalization ) in the activity. For example, the wholesale price of water by ONEP to authorities and dealers is higher than the cost of production. The difference is used for cross-subsidization of rural water and sanitation . Similarly, according to a report by the World Bank in 2008, the electricity would be overcharged. These additional revenues would be used partly to finance the purchase of bulk water from ONEP, which in turn helps to subsidize ONEP, within the limits of this funding indirectly from other loss-making activities. International cooperation plays an important role in the sector of water and sanitation in Morocco. International actors provide both funding and technical assistance. In 2002-03, the African Development Bank , the European Commission , followed by the World Bank in 2007, have provided budgetary support to the government. This assistance is linked to the performance of certain reforms , France, Italy , Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, the European Union and the World Bank . A more recent example is the financing of the National Sanitation Programme-ONEP by France, Germany, the EIB and the European Commission. Germany has supported the water sector in Morocco since the early 1980s and was among the first to support the Moroccan government's efforts to increase access to water in rural areas and promote sanitation in small and medium centers. German aid is managed by KfW in respect of investment projects, the GTZ is in charge of technical assistance and training InWent. In 2009 the total projects approved by KfW was 407 million euros. All are made by ONEP in small towns and rural areas . GTZ provides assistance to the ESA and three of the Hydraulic Basin Agencies ( Tensift , Souss-Massa, and Umm er-Rbia). The project of 12 million began in 2007 and expects to take place until 2017 . The African Development Bank (ADB) has funded 9 projects of drinking water in Morocco since 1978. The total investment is 180 million USD until 2006, profit of 20 Moroccan cities, especially Tangier. Ongoing projects are the responsibility of ONEP: 9 projects for water and sanitation, concern the rural population of 4 provinces and plan to treat wastewater in three cities ( Khouribga , Oued Zem and Boujad ) and 10 drinking water projects approved in 2008 concerned Khenifra , Taounate , Settat , Marrakech and Tamesna and their suburbs . In 2003, the African Development Bank has also funded a sectoral adjustment program Islamic Development Bank In 2006, the Islamic Development Bank has granted two loans of 270 million dirhams (about 27 million euros) for the water supply. These projects are implemented by ONEP . In 2009, projects under the World Bank concerning a loan of USD 60 million granted to ONEP in 2005 for water and sanitation and a donation of 7 million for the Global Partnership based aid Results (GPOBA) which aims to increase the connection to water and sanitation. The bank is also the source of a loan of 100 million USD to support the National Initiative for Human Development (NIHD), in which water and sanitation are essential . The World Bank also supported the Moroccan sector policy through budgetary support of 100 million approved in 2007. She has hired nine projects totaling 500 million in water and sanitation in Morocco since 1972. Belgian cooperation is involved in Morocco since 1965 and drinking water is a pillar of this cooperation. Belgian cooperation in the sector has concentrated in the south zone in Souss-Massa-Draa and Tafilalet. Since 2006 the Belgian cooperation also supports the sewerage in this area . In 2009 Belgium has doubled its budget for cooperation with Morocco to 80 million euros for four years, keeping its concentration in the water sector as a two priority areas. The presence in the region of Souss-Massa-Draa will be maintained while increasing activities in the regions of Eastern and Northern . The Spanish government supports several projects of water and sanitation in Morocco, mainly in the north, including a proposed 15 million euros made by ONEP in the provinces of Alhucemas , Nador , Taunat and Tazaand which started in 2006 . At the management of water resources, Spain had partnerships with the Hydraulic Basin Agency of Molouya in 2006-2007 and the Hydraulic Basin Agency Loukkos between 2003 and 2009 . USAID has supported the agency's water basin Souss Masa between 1999 and 2005 . Water and sanitation is a priority sector of cooperation between France and Morocco since 1992. In 2007, the French Development Agency (AFD) had invested 130 million euros in water and 145 million in sanitation. AFD is both a partner of ONEP in projects of water supply and sanitation in semi-rural (Tinghir N'Sour Kahf, Beni Chick Goulmima, Souk El Harbi, Had Kourt ) and several large boards, particularly Agadir and Oujda Japan Since 1994, JBIC has provided 3.6 billion dirham lending ONEP. In 2008, JICA has provided a grant of 13.6 billion yen (about 90 million euros) to finance drinking water in the provinces of Chefchaouen , Taounate and Khnifra . This project covers 408 villages (douars) for a population of 241,335 inhabitants and will run until 2013. It is the largest funding provided by Japan to ONEP . The European Union is funding the water sector in Morocco through donations from the European Commission and loans from the European Investment Bank (EIB). The European Commission is providing grants through the Investment Facility for the neighborhood (IVF) in partnership with European public finance institutions such as the EIB, the AFD and KfW. In 2002 the Commission also financed budget support for policy support water sector in Morocco and in particular the protection of water resources. The program objectives were the implementation of the Water Act of 1995, reducing the state budget and improving the efficiency of the sector and institutions . The EIB has been involved in projects for water and sanitation in six large cities (Marrakech, Settat, Meknes, Agadir, Oujda and Fes), and many smaller centers. Between 1997 and 2006 they made 10 loans totaling 283 million euros. In 2006 a loan of 40 million has been allocated to ONEP to clean up the pool of Sebu, the most polluted river that runs through Morocco's Fes and Meknes . In 2002, in parallel with the gift of the European Commission, the EIB granted a loan of 120 million euros to support the sectoral policy for water . Points remarkable
Water supply in rural areas: PAGER
Help based on results (Output Based Aid - OBA)
Players in the water sector in Morocco
Policy and regulation
Management of water resources
Concessions
Self-Governed
Users Associations
Moroccan Association of drinking water and sanitation
Financial aspects
Water Prize
Retail Price
Participation in the first settlement: PPE
Cost recovery
Investments
International cooperation
Germany
African Development Bank
World Bank
Belgium
Spain
USA
France
European Union
See also
Internal Links
External Links
References
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