Waalo
Waalo (or Oualo) is a region centered on the delta of the Senegal River , in north-west, around Saint Louis, Senegal.
One of the ancient kingdoms from the collapse of the empire Wolof of Djolof the sixteenth century , the kingdom of Walo was located in northern Senegal and southern Mauritania and occupied a strategic position between the Arab-Berber and black Africa. Njurbel Its capital was located south of Mauritania today.
The inhabitants are called Waalo Waalo-Waalo.
Summary |
Geography
The climate is north Sahelian even desert. The region has been affected by drought in major one thousand nine hundred and seventy-two - 1973 and 1983 - 1984. The soils are often salty. The inhabitants are mainly Waalo Wolof or sedentary Fulani nomads there also counts some groups Moors.
History
The king bore the title of Waalo brak. This kingdom had many wars between the various dynasties wanting to rule the kingdom. Three dynasties vied for power: the original Loggar Moor, the home Dyoos Serer, and Fulani Tedyek home. The majority peoples in Waalo are Wolof , the Fulani , the Toucouleurs the Sarakholls and Moors Trarza. Waalo is considered, in Wolof oral traditions, as the birthplace of the language and culture of Wolof, following the melting pot of different peoples of the region. Ndiadiane Ndiaye , mythical ancestor of the Wolof, long before the empire Djolof which he is the founder, was elected leader in place, after people amazed by his wisdom and miraculous apparitions. Before his arrival in the region, landowners Serer , lamane clan Ngom, and Fulani clan Diaw, occupied the premises, the time of the Ghana Empire or Wagadou. The word brak, name of the sovereign, would be derived from Barka Mbooc Bo (Mbodj), name of first successor Ndiadiane Ndiaye. For others, it would come from the word Arab-Berber, or Barka Baraka, meaning benefactor.
The kingdom has long fought against the Moors Trarza north, Toucouleurs wanting Islamize the kingdom very refractory to Islam , although Muslims have always lived with people practicing the traditional religion. In Waalo women were known for their courage. In oral Waalo are often mentioned the bravery of women against the enemies of the kingdom. The great mass suicide of women in the village of Nder in Waalo in 1820 was an act of resistance against the Moors. Queen Waalo Ndjeumbeut Mbodj , who ruled until his sister ndata Yalla Mbodj , was married in Dagana June 18, 1833 Sidya ndata Yalla Diop resistant Waalo
Sidya Diop was the son of Queen ndata Yalla Mbodji and Bthio (Governor of Western Walo) Sakoura Diop. It was, just as Lat Dior , El Hadj Oumar Tall or Alboury Ndiaye , one of the greatest resistance against colonialism in Senegal, particularly in Waalo. Despite this it is much less known than the other resistance against colonialism in Senegal.
Sidya Diop was born in Nder in 1848, which took place on Tuesday 7 March 1820 , the great mass suicide of women Nder, which his grandmother, Fatima Yamar Khouryaye Mbodj, participated. He was born two years after accession to the throne of his mother in 1846, died Ndjeumbeut. Sidya Diop belonged to the dynasty of Tdyek.
At the age of ten, Sidya Diop became heir to the throne Waalo, but too young to rule, he was rejected by the French, and is the Loggar Fara Penda Madiaw Khor Diaw will be installed as Brak. Proponents for the reign of the young Sidya begin a fierce struggle against the French decision.
Between 1858 and 1859, when the Waalo was completely conquered, the French began a major crackdown, several villages were burned and several local leaders and resistance fighters who led the guerrilla like Yuga or Faly Birane Gaye, will be killed or sent into exile in Gabon. Note that the villages of the island of Dialang Dialagne or were burned, as evidenced by the sea Review of FWA. Birane Gaye was a nobleman of that country as being a Diaadior. A little later, while the cousin Sidya Diop Ndiack Mbodji Zandi, was appointed district chief of Nder by settlers in order to calm the revolt supporters Sidya Diop, it will be sent to St. Louis at the School Hostages son of chief, in order to assimilate into French culture. The earth, Faidherbe made his adopted son. Sidya, after going to Algiers , the Imperial High School in 1861, returns to St. Louis or the Faidherbe entered the Brothers' school. Faidherbe renamed Sidya Leon Diop. Good student, he was noticed by his intelligence, his ability for military strategies. Indeed he was appointed lieutenant in 1868 at the age of 20.
Installed as district chief in Nder, Sidya realized the reason Faidherbe had put in the School of hostages in order to kill him in any spirit of resistance against the settlers. From this realization, he refuses to raise taxes, very high, with residents of the township, organized a mass enrollment Waalo. He also began to forge links with a number of local resistance. But one day the princes of Waalo gathered for a ceremony at Royal Mbilor. Sidya part of the nobility went there. Arriving at the ceremony, Gueweul ( griot ) from the royal court refused to sing the praises of Sidya Diop, because for one, he had betrayed his people, as likened to Western culture and Western Dress. This event aroused forever Sidya Diop, who went to the river where Braks take their royal bath before the inauguration. He was braiding his hair in the manner of Tiedos and never gave up the French colonial administration, as well as everything connected with it, including the French language. After that he was recognized by all his fellow Waalo Brak, and will do everything to free his kingdom. He joined the struggle of Lat Dior Cayor and Amadou Ba Cheikhou, marabout Toucouleur Fouta. He organized, he and his Tiedos, a great insurrection. Resistant to several allies, they fought very hard the settlers. He managed to recover the annexed provinces. The settlers eventually agreed Sidya Diop as Chief Superior Waalo, because the fight was very tough for the French. This event also helped to create a dynamic and facilitate the struggle of Lat Dior, which had become of Cayor.
Sidya Diop was now head of a powerful army, known by the settlers in their writings as powerful and effective. Only the cities of Richard-Toll , Dagana and Lampsar refused to submit to the new Brak, and stay on the French side. Yamar Mbodji, the royal family, organi Diooss with the French campaign against Sidya Diop, and managed to organize a coup against the Sidya Brak, who deposed by force, took refuge in Mauritania with his cousin Ely Ndjombtt king of Trarza. Waalo to the settlers resumed looting, fires, executions of supporters of Sidya. Trarza Sidya sent letters of appeal for aid to King Djolof Alboury Ndiaye, and Lat-Dior, 23 June 1875 and 12 July 1875.
Lat Dior Diop Ngone Latyr was now an ally of the French, in particular Colonel Briere de l'Isle. Together they organize the capture of Sidya Diop. Lat-Dior answered the call Sidya Diop, and sent troops to Bangoy, but it was really an ambush. Sidya Diop went there alone with his staff. Once there, the troops sent by Lat Dior killed 12 of his officers Sidya captured, wounded him and took him to St. Louis at the governor Valerius was the 21 December 1876. Betrayed by Lat Dior, Sidya in St. Louis will be tried by a colonial court on 17 January 1877. In February he will be deported to Gabon in an asylum on an island called Neuger Neuger in full rain forest , at the age of 28 years. There, Sidya won the sympathy of the settlers officers, who decided to bring him back to Senegal under the pretext that he was mentally ill. He boarded a ship bound for Dakar, but once arrived in Dakar, the Governor Brire de l'Isle and his return will not require his immediate removal in Gabon. Bruised, knowing he can go back to Senegal, his native Sidya ndata Yalla Diop commits suicide by shooting himself in the heart, on the evening of 26 June 1877. Since 1996 the mayor of the town of Dagana keeps asking French and Senegalese authorities to proceed to the repatriation of his body from Gabon, Senegal.
See also
Related articles
Bibliography
- (En) El Hadj Amadou Seye, Walo Brack (2003), Dakar, Maguilen Edition.
- (In) Boubacar Barry , "The Power and Mercentile Subodination of Economy: The Kingdom of Waalo 1600-1831," in The Political Economy of Under-Development, Dependence in Senegal, Rita Cruise O'Brien (edited by), Sage Series on African Mod. and Dev., Vol. 3, p. 39-63.
- (In) Victoria Bomba Coifman-, History of the State of Wolof Jolof Until 1860 Including comparative data Wolof From The State of Walo, Madison, University of Wisconsin, 1969, 395 p. (Thesis)
- (En) Mansour Aw, the establishment of the colonial administration Waalo (1855-1878), Dakar, Dakar University, 1979, 176 p. (MA thesis)
- (En) Boubacar Barry, The kingdom of Walo Ngio Treaty in 1819 to the conquest in 1855, Dakar, Dakar University, 1968, 172 p. (Master's thesis under the same title published in Bulletin of IFAN, B, 31, 2, p. 339-444)
- (En) Boubacar Barry, The Kingdom of Waalo since the founding of the French colony of St. Louis around 1659 to its annexation to the French colony of Senegal in 1859, Paris-Dakar, IFAN, Paris I, 1970, X-404 p. (3rd cycle thesis, reprinted with an afterword as The Kingdom of Waalo. Senegal before the conquest, Paris, Karthala, 1985, 421 p.)
- (En) Mbende Cisse Ndiaye, Research on the role of women in Walo and Cayor, Dakar, Universit Cheikh Anta Diop, 1992, 40 p. (DEA)
- (En) Amadou Hamady Diop, The Relationship between Waalo and Trarza 1858-1902. Critical study of sources, Dakar, Universit Cheikh Anta Diop, 1992, 39 p. (DEA)
- (En) Mamadou Gaye, Sidiya Joop (1848-1878) The route of the virtual brak Waalo, Dakar, Universit Cheikh Anta Diop, 1999, 151 p. (MA thesis)
- (En) Moussa Gueye, Strong Waalo in the first half of the nineteenth century, Dakar, Universit Cheikh Anta Diop, 1996, 36 p. (DEA)
- (En) Tourrand JF, livestock in the agricultural revolution in Waalo, Senegal River delta, CIRAD, Montpellier, 2000, 165 p.
- The Ogo Dya Amadou Diaw Bakhaw "Prince Sidya ndata Yalla Diop of Senegal forgotten national hero" newspaper New Horizon Dakar
External Links
- (En) World Statesmen.org (list of rulers of the ancient kingdoms of Senegal)
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