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Vocabulary And Concepts Of Buddhism
Much of the vocabulary and concepts of Buddhism is difficult to translate into French, without losing the meaning and scope of the original terms.
This article lists some Buddhist concepts among the most important, a short definition and a translation into languages where they exist.
Languages and schools listed cover:
- the French (Fr.);
- the Pali (p.) and Thai (th), used in the canon of Buddhism Theravada ;
- the Sanskrit (s), primarily used in Buddhist Mahyna ;
- the Tibetan (Tib:), Buddhism Vajrayana ;
- Oriental languages are used particularly in the T'chan , the Zen and schools of Pure Land :
- Chinese (cn);
- Japanese (JP.);
- Vietnamese (vi.).
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A
| Definition | Etymology | Translations |
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| Abhidhamma Pitaka , the third section of the Pali canon (the Tipitaka ), devoted to presentations of psychological and philosophical teachings of Buddha. |
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| acariya bed. "Professor," one of two teachers for a new monk, the latter being called Upadhyay. |
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| Agama or Nikaya , Buddhist texts in Sanskrit. |
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| Alayavijnana , Consciousness basis Almighty, also see Yogacara |
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| Amitabha , the Buddha of the main schools of Pure Land. |
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| Anagarika , a white-robed monk in the Theravada, waiting a few months ordination as a |
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| anapanasati , a form of breathing meditation. |
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| anatta , the Buddhist concept of impersonality. |
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| anicca , impermanence. |
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| arahat , a person who has attained enlightenment. |
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| Bodhi Tree The Tree under which Gautama attained enlightenment |
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| right mindfulness practice to be attentive to the thoughts and actions in the present moment, without trial. The seventh part of the Noble Eightfold Path. |
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B
| Definition | Etymology | Translations |
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| bhava Become, existence. The tenth link in the Co-dependent |
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| bhikkhu bed. "Beggar", Buddhist Monk |
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| bhikkhuni Nun (or nun) Buddhist |
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| bija bed. "Seed" metaphor designating the origin or cause of phenomena, such as used by the school Yogacara. In Tantrism , phoneme whose vibration is the essence of a seed-aspect of reality. |
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| bodhi enlightenment or illumination |
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| bodhicitta , the "Spirit Awakening" developed by the Bodhisattva |
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| Bodhisattva who practices with the hope of becoming a Buddha to liberate all beings from suffering by encouraging them to enlightenment. |
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| Buddha A Buddha or, Gautama Buddha |
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C
| Definition | Etymology | Translations |
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| caitasika , mental factor. |
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Five periods of 500 years, five sub-divisions of the following the parinirvana the historical Buddha (Cn: Jp: Vi:
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| co-arising , interdependent origins, see pratitya-samutpada. |
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D
| Definition | Etymology | Translations |
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| Dalai Lama in bed. 'The lama's wisdom as vast as the ocean ", the most important leader of Tibetan Buddhism |
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| dana generosity or donation may designate the development of generosity |
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| dhamma / dharma may designate the Buddhist teaching on the phenomena or the phenomena themselves. |
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| dhammavinaya The Dharma and the Vinaya (the "doctrine and discipline") united. This term refers to the teaching of Buddhism for monks. | ||
| dhatu elements; classified into four or eighteen elements |
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| dhyana , meditation stage, see samatha |
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| doan In Zen , the person who strikes the bell signaling the beginning and end of zazen |
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| dokusan Conversation between a student and his Zen master. This is an important element of practice, providing an opportunity to discuss any difficulties or demonstrate understanding. |
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| dukkha Suffering, dissatisfaction, see Four Noble Truths |
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F
| Definition | Etymology | Translations |
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| fukudo In Zen, who hit the disabled |
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G
| Definition | Etymology | Translations |
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| Gassho used to show the gesture recognition, palms together, used in Zen but shared by many Eastern cultures. The act also expresses the request, respect, prayer. In Shingon , it is a mudra or Inkei. See Namast. |
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| geshe University degree obtained after lengthy studies for nine years or more. |
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| gongan bed. "Public affair" meditation technique developed in the Chan / Seon / Zen , consisting of about problem defying rational solutions, see Koan. |
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H
| Definition | Etymology | Translation |
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| Han In Zen monasteries, wooden board struck at sunrise, sunset and the end of the day |
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| Hinayana , lit. "Vehicle lower" derogatory term used by the Mahayana doctrines aimed to describe enlightenment as auditor or solitary Buddha , as opposed to Buddha |
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I
| Definition | Etymology | Traductionss |
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| ino bed. "One who brings joy to the assembly," in Zen , one of the leaders of a sesshin ; in Zen temples, the person responsible for maintaining the Zendo (meditation hall) |
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J
| Definition | Etymology | Translations |
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| jhana meditation contemplative most often associated with samatha |
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| jisha In Zen, one that supports a senior monk |
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K
| Definition | Etymology | Translation |
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| Karma , lit. "Action," The law of cause and effect |
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| kensho In Zen illuminaton; same meaning as but is sometimes used to describe an initial experience of enlightenment |
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| khyenpo or an academic equivalent of a doctorate in theology, philosophy, psychology and |
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| kinhin practiced Zen Meditation walking |
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| Koan A story, question, an insoluble problem for the reason but accessible to intuition |
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| kyosaku In Zen, a stick used to strike the shoulders during zazen , to help overcome fatigue or reach satori |
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L
| Definition | Etymology | Translations |
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| Lama A teacher or master Tibetan equivalent of the Sanskrit |
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| line version of an official branch of historical Buddhist teachers, by extension, may designate a group of practitioners |
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M
| Definition | Etymology | Translations |
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| Madhyamaka , the middle path, Buddhist school founded by Nagarjuna. Madhyamika is a supporter of this doctrine. |
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| mahasiddha In Tantric Buddhism, eccentric yogi associated with higher spiritual attainments, a siddha is a supernatural power holder, siddhi. |
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| Mahayana , lit. "Great Vehicle", a major branch of Buddhism practiced in China, Tibet, Japan, Korea, Vietnam ... |
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| Maitreya , the next Buddha |
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| makyo In Zen, unpleasant thoughts, simple distractions or illusions that occur during the practice of zazen |
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| Mappo The era of the late Dharma. A period supposed to begin 2,000 years after the death of the historical Buddha and during 10000 years. It is believed that during this era degenerate chaos will not awaken. View Three periods. |
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| moksha Liberation |
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| mokugyo wooden percussion instrument generally in the shape of a fish |
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| In Zen mondo, short dialogue between a student and his teacher. |
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N
| Definition | Etymology | Translations |
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| Buddha nature 's ability to attain enlightenment |
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| Expression namo showing reverence, devotion. Often placed on the forehead of an object of veneration, as the forehead of a Buddha or a sutra ( Nam (u) Myoho Renge Kyo ). Defined in the Sino-Japanese Buddhism askimy: based on his life, devote themselves Derivatives:
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| nirvana extinction, enlightenment |
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| Nikaya , lit. "Volume", the Buddhist texts in Pali. |
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Noble Eightfold Path
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O
| Definition | Etymology | Translation |
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| oryoki set bowls used in the ceremony Zen meal |
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| osho term used to address the monks Zen. Originally restricted to senior monks, the appropriate term for any male member of the clergy Zen |
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P
| Definition | Etymology | Translation |
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| panca skandha The five aggregates that constitute an individual: |
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| Paramartha Ultimate, as opposed to conventional, in relation to reality or truth, see also samvrti |
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| Paramita bed. "Gone beyond" or "reach the other shore," usually translated as "perfection". -Beyond the samsara , the practice of Mahayana to the nirvana |
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| parinirvana The nirvana "complete" (after death) |
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| prajna "wisdom" |
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pratitya-samutpada "Co-conditional," the presentation of the conditioned nature and condition of each phenomenon. Sometimes translated as "interdependent origins," "conditioned genesis" .. A famous formulation of the conditional co-production are the twelve-membered (Sanskrit: dvdagaprattyasamutpda;Cn: shrynyan; Jp: innen juni; Vi Nhan Duyen thap nhi), which are:
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| Purisa All Buddhist practitioners; sangha and laity |
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R
| Definition | Etymology | Translation |
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| Renaissance renewal of existence |
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| Rinpoche , lit. "Precious", the rebirth of a Tibetan master, see also Living Buddha ) |
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| Rinzai Zen School teacher sudden enlightenment and the study of , see also Linji |
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| Rohatsu Day traditionally honored as the day the Buddha's first sermon. The Buddha attained enlightenment under the bodhi tree, celebrated on December 8 or 8 of the 12th lunar month. |
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| Roshi , lit. "Teacher", an honorary title given to the Japanese Buddhist masters |
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S
| Definition | Etymology | Translation |
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| Samadhi has two distinct meanings: (1) concentration, and (2) establishment in the wake. | samadhi in Pali and Sanskrit |
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| samanera / shramanera A novice monk, who after a year or at the age of 20 years may be ordained, becoming Bhikkhu |
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| samatha Tranquility, meditation technique for concentration. Distinct from the Vipassana meditation. |
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| Samsara Cycle of rebirth, or Wheel of Life |
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| samu Work, designed as a part of the practice of selfless Zen.Travail the benefit of the community. |
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| samvrti Conventional, as opposed to absolute truth or reality, see also Paramartha |
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| Sangha The Buddhist community |
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| satori enlightenment and understanding. Japanese term for illuminatiion. |
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| sayadaw meditation master Burmese | ||
| sensei teacher, Zen Master |
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| sesshin Zen meditation retreat in which practitioners meditate, eat and work together for several days |
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| shikantaza "Just sit" is the main method of meditation in the Soto school of Japanese Zen |
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| shunyata Emptiness, see also Nagarjuna |
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| sila "moral", "ethics": precepts |
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| Soto Zen School teacher shikantaza , see also Dogen |
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| stra texts considered transcribing the words of the Buddha |
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| Sutra Pitaka The second basket of the : A Collection of all the teachings of the Buddha |
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T
| Definition | Etymology | Translation |
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| tanha thirst, or desire |
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| tanto In Zen, one of the principal leaders of a sesshin. In a Zen monastery, the Tanto is the person teachers, monks and lay practitioners, how to sit, walk, bow, and sing |
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| tantra esoteric religious practices, including yoga , the mantra ... |
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| Tathagata The "Thus Come One" or "Thus-Gone", one of the ten epithets of Buddha |
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| tathagatagarbha Buddha Nature, or seed of enlightenment |
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| teisho Teaching by a Zen master during a sesshin. Rather than an explanation or the exposure of a concept for a teisho is to demonstrate the achievement. |
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| tenzo In Zen, the cook of a sesshin. In Zen monasteries, the one who has the responsibility of the kitchens. |
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| Theravada bed. "The Way of the Elders," The most orthodox branch of Buddhism |
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Three periods
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The three poisons three causes of all creation of karma :
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Trailokya The three "worlds":
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Trikaya The three "body" of Buddha:
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Tipitaka The "Three Baskets"; barrel containing the sacred texts of Buddhism ( Pali )
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| trsna see tanha | ||
| Living Buddha reincarnation of a Tibetan master |
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(sometimes refers to any incarnation) or(hof)
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U
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| upadana Attachment, the 9 th link in the co-arising |
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| upasaka A Buddhist layman |
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| A lay Buddhist upasika |
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| upaya Means used to teach, may not correspond to ultimate reality. The term was first used as a criticism against other schools, then served to warn against the doctrinal commitment. Also translated as "Skilled Methods," skillful means. In the Mahayana (see the Lotus Sutra ), "salvific expedients" that the Buddha used to liberate beings. |
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