Vietnam

• 279 - 258 BC. AD : legendary Hung dynasty, ruling over the Van Lang ;
• 257 - 208 BC. AD : Kingdom of Au Lac ;
• 208 BC. AD : foundation by General Zhao Tuo of Viet Nam (Viet countries of the South ");
• 111 Ave. AD : Invasion of Viet Nam by the Han (Chinese);
• ^Second century : Foundation of the Kingdom of Champa in Annam , in the region of Hue ;
• 446 : invasion of Champa by the Chinese;
• 679 - 868 : General protectorate of Annam ;
• 938 : Revolt of Ngo Quyen , who founded an independent state and declared himself emperor;
• 965 : insurgency Twelve Lords , who proclaimed themselves independent;
• 968 : victory Dinh Bo Linh on the Twelve Lords and foundation of the Empire Unified Djaya Co Viet ;
• 979 : Dinh Bo Linh assassination; attack Hoa Lu , the capital of Champa by troops led by Ngo Nhat Khanh, one of the Twelve Lords;
• Nine hundred eighty - 1 009 : L Dynasty prior to Djaya Co Viet;
• 981 : victory of Emperor L Djaya Viet Hanh on China Song ;
• 982 : destruction by Le Hanh Djaya of Indrapura , the capital of Champa;
• 983 : A Vietnam proclaimed himself king in the field;
• 1010 - one thousand two hundred twenty-five : the Ly dynasty Djaya Vit;
• 1018 : Viet sent by the emperor of an embassy to China to bring back the basic texts of Buddhism ;
• 1025 : Start of Nam Tien, the "march to the South" (colonization of Champa by the Djaya Co Viet);
• 1054 : The Djaya Co Viet was renamed Vit Djaya;
• 1070 : Foundation to Thang Long ( Hanoi ) Temple of Literature, devoted to Confucianism ;
• 1145 : invasion of Champa by the Khmer ;
• 1,226 - 1400 : Dynasty Tran Djaya Vit;
• 1374 : Prohibition speak the Cham in Vietnam country;
• 1,400 - 1407 : Dynasty in Ho Vit Djaya, the country's invasion by China of the Ming ;
• 1418 - one thousand four hundred twenty-six : War of Liberation of Viet Le Loi ;
• In 1428 - one thousand seven hundred eighty-eight : L Dynasty after the Vit Djaya;
• 1470 : end of the kingdom of Champa ;
• 1516 : Landing of Portuguese sailors, the first Westerners in Vietnam;
• In 1527 - 1592 : Dynasty Mac ;
• 1600 : dividing the land in the Northern Kingdom and Southern Kingdom;
• 1771 : revolt of the brothers Ty Sn ;
• 1788 : Quang Trung , one of the Ty Sn, proclaimed himself emperor;
• 1802 : victory of Gia Long against the Tay Son dynasty of the early Nguyen ;
• 1858 : French landing at Da Nang ;
• 1865 : Founding of the French colony of Cochin China ;
• 1884 : Founding of the French protectorate over Tonkin ;
• 1930 : Founding of the Indochinese Communist Party ;
• 1940 : invasion of Indochina by the Japanese Empire , and occupancy agreement with the Vichy authorities ;
• 1941 : foundation of the Viet Minh and the beginning of the Vietnamese resistance;
• March 1945 : Japanese coup against the French declaration of independence from the Empire of Vietnam;
• August 1945 : August Revolution , Japanese surrender and abdication of the Emperor Bo Djaya ;
• 2 September 1945 : Proclamation by Ho Chi Minh independence of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam
• 1946 - one thousand nine hundred fifty-four : Indochina War ;
• 1949 : Creation of the State of Viet Nam in the South by the French administration, with the head of state Bo Djaya and Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem ;
• 7 May 1954 : French defeat at Dien Bien Phu ;
• 20 July 1954 : Signing of the Geneva Accords , the country's partition at the ^17th parallel north, a state communism , the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV or North Vietnam), founded by Ho Chi Minh and, south, the Republic of Vietnam (RVN or South Vietnam), nationalist regime and market economy proclaimed by Ngo Dinh Diem ;
• 1956 : refusal by the President of the Republic of Vietnam , Ngo Dinh Diem , to hold elections early arrival of U.S. military advisers; reactivation networks Viet Minh in the South;
• 1959 - one thousand nine hundred seventy-five : Vietnam War ;
• January - February 1968 : Tet Offensive ;
• 2 March 1973 : signing of the Paris Agreements: Richard Nixon withdrew most of its troops;
• 30 April 1975 : Defeated South North's victory and the Viet Cong , the end of the Vietnam War ;
• 2 July 1976 : official reunification in a Socialist Republic of Vietnam with Hanoi as its capital, in the same time, Saigon became Ho Chi Minh City ;
• 20 September 1977 : Vietnam's admission to the United Nations (UN);
• June 1978 admission to the Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)
• 1979 : Vietnam, ending the regime of the Khmer Rouge. Occupation of Cambodia ;
• February - March 1979 : Conflict in the Sino-Vietnamese ;
• 23 July 1980 : First Vietnamese cosmonaut launched into space Pham Tuan ;
• 1986 : beginning of the policy of economic opening of Vietnam ("Doi moi");
• September 1989 : Vietnamese troops finally left Cambodia;
• 4 February 1994 : lifting the U.S. embargo on Vietnam;
• 28 July 1995 : Vietnam's admission to the Association of Asian Nations South-East ASEAN ;
• 11 January 2007 : Vietnam's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO);
• 16 October 2007 : Election of Viet Nam to the position of non-permanent member of the Security Council of UN.
• 18 April 2008 : launch of first satellite sponsored by Vietnam VINASAT-1.

Geography

Topography

The Phan Xi Pang (Mount Fansipan) is the culmination of the country, with 3143 m.

Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia , bordered to the west by Laos and Cambodia and north China. It is bordered by China Sea, Gulf of Tonkin and the Gulf of Thailand. It has an area of 331,690 km ^{2 of} which 4200 km ² of territorial waters. Its long maritime border is 3260 km. It is shaped like an "S" stretched, the ends are separated by 1650 km.

Vietnam is composed of three major regions, called Bo:

• to the north, Tonkin (Bac Bo), with the major cities Hanoi and Haiphong ;
• center, the Annam (Trung Bo), crossed by the Annamite chain , with major cities like Hue and Da Nang (formerly Turan );
• south, Cochin (Nam Bo), with the main city Ho Chi Minh City.

Topography

The mountains and plateaus occupy two thirds of Vietnamese territory. The region of Thanh Hoa , on the Chinese border at Lao Bao Pass (near Da Nang ), its western border is formed by the Cordillera of North Truong Son, born of the Tibetan plateau. The Cordillera stretches from South Pass of the Clouds , south of Da Nang area, to that of Lt.

Ethnicity

Vietnam is composed of several ethnic groups, spread throughout the country. The most important is that of Viet (or Kinh), of Mongolian origin. Also include the Khmer, Cham, Hoa and the Hmong.

Climate

The Vietnamese climate is like tropical and south subtropical humid north, with monsoons , the humidity rarely drops below 85% in the plains. By cons, in mountainous areas (Dalat, Sapa), the climate is drier and winters can be harsh. There are two seasons: the dry season (November to April in the south and from February to August in the middle) and the wet season (May to October in the south and from September to January in the middle).

Because of differences in latitude and the varied terrain, the climate varies considerably by region. During the winter or dry season, that is to say between November and April, the monsoon winds from the north-east, along the China coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin , where they reap many moisture. The dry season is not the only comparison with the rainy season.

During the rainy season, warm air of the Gobi Desert rises and the moisture of the oceans is drawn across Asia. Heavy rains poured on Vietnam. The rains are important in some areas torrential in others, and range from 1200 mm to 3000 mm. Almost 90% of precipitation occurs during this season. There are frequent rainfall of 200 to 300 mm in 24 hours. These heavy rains may occur at any season. During the typhoon season from September to December, rainfall of 1000 mm in 24 h may occur.

The average temperature is generally higher in the plains to the mountains and plateaus. It varies from 5 C in December and January, more than 37 C in April. The seasons are more pronounced in the northern half of Vietnam in the south, where the temperature differs little between 21 and 28 C.

Subdivisions

City Hall in Ho Chi Minh City.

Politics

National leaders at the meeting of the APEC Viet Nam in 2006.

Vietnam is officially a " Socialist Republic ". Only one party is allowed, the Vietnamese Communist Party that controls all the country's political institutions. Section 4 of the Constitution stipulates: "The Communist Party of Vietnam, posting vanguard of the working class, the faithful representative of the interests of the working class, the working people and the whole nation, a follower of Marxism-Leninism and the thought of Ho Chi Minh , is the force leading the State and society " ^Economy

Planting of coffee in Viet Nam. Viet Nam is the second largest coffee producer.

Wars, significant military spending and planning of the economy have greatly weakened the economy of Viet Nam. It records, however, since lifting the U.S. embargo in the mid -1990s , a sharp recovery in the economy coincided with a gradual economic liberalization, like its neighbor China. Since the 2000s , there was even talk of an economic takeoff because the rate of real GDP growth rose from 4.7% in 2001 to 7.8% in 2007 , although it declined to 6.3% in 2008 and 5.3% in 2009 due to economic crisis .

Tourism

Ha Long Bay

Cham architecture in the center of the country

Hoi An

Hue (Hue)

Tourism is a marked increase from year to year. Vietnam welcomed 4,253,740 tourists in 2008 .

Country of origin of tourists coming to Vietnam in 2008

1. China
2. South Korea
3. United States
4. Japan
5. Taiwan
6. Australia
7. Thailand
8. France
9. Malaysia
10. Singapore

Major cities visited

• Hanoi , the capital.
• Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon ), the largest city in the south.
• Hue , the imperial city during the Forbidden City in China. Unesco World Heritage.
• The city of Hoi An , a UNESCO world heritage.
• The European City Lt.
• Cham Temples remnant of a lost civilization in the region of Da Nang.
• Nha Trang , famous for its beaches and bay.

Natural sites

Both are remarkable natural sites, world heritage of Unesco :

• the Ha Long Bay ,
• the national park of Phong Nha-Ke Bang.

The rest of Vietnam also has beautiful scenery. We may retain the following sites, whose characteristics facilitate tourist access:

• the Mekong Delta ;
• Bay of Nha Trang (Islands of the Moon);
• the seabed and coral reefs of Da Nang.

Health

Vietnam is affected by tropical diseases usually identified in the region. We also suspect the dioxin contained in defoliants ( Agent Orange ) dispersed by the U.S. Army during the war (to clear the jungle and hunt the guerrillas hiding there) to be responsible for an abnormal rate of birth defects. Dioxin still kills every day in Viet Nam in each kilogram of "Agent Orange, there were 30 mg of poison. The health consequences of war could also understand the toxicological or ecotoxicological impacts other components of "conventional" weapons. Moreover, industrial pollution, agricultural (fertilizers, pesticides) and urban (increased traffic, leaded petrol ...) increased significantly.

Number of deaths, Vietnam is the country most affected (from 2003 to 2005 ) by the avian flu , in front of Indonesia , which became in 2006 the country most affected by the virus H5N1. From 2005, control measures against the epidemic zoonosis and have therefore appeared to bear fruit.

Assessments of global GNP and per capita

Transport

Defense

Demographics

Youth organization

Demography of Vietnam is characterized by a combination of population in the coastal plains, deltas, mainly Red River and Mekong.

Since the end of the Second World War until 1954 , the population grew annually by 1.5% and 4% from 1954 to 1960. From 1960 to 1975 , the increase has stabilized at 3% before falling to 2.2% until the 1990s. Since then, annual growth of the population is 1%. These high rates have been matched in the South-East Asia, as other countries in the Indochinese peninsula, Cambodia and Laos. They led to a doubling of the population in 32 years.

They are explained by a steady decline in mortality since 1945 , reaching the current 7 -albeit with significant disparities between ethnic groups-and especially infant mortality, relatively low compared to other Asian countries. Meanwhile, fertility rates and birth rates have remained at high levels until the 1970s , to the tune of six births per woman and 40 . More recently, as did China, the government of Vietnam has limited the number of Children' two per family, so that the birth rate has undergone a steady decline until reaching 18 today. Vietnam has completed its demographic transition.

Culture

One Pillar Pagoda ( Hanoi )

The ancient city of Hoi An

Languages

Main article: Languages of Viet Nam.

A pagoda in Ho Chi Minh City

The official language, Vietnamese is now written using an alphabet derived from the Latin alphabet. This romanization is called Quoc Ngu , it stems from the desire of the Catholic missionaries of the seventeenth ^century to capture in a phonetic language which was then transcribed in the writing system derived from Chinese characters Vietnamese ( Chu Nom ). The Jesuit Alexandre de Rhodes establishes as the first language dictionary Annamite, transcribing the Vietnamese phonemes based on the phonetics of Portuguese.

Use of this transcription alphabet is imposed by the French government in 1918 and became the official method of writing from Vietnam to the independence of 2 September 1945.

Viet Nam is part of the Francophonie : indeed, the country, a former French colony, has a French-speaking minority (about 150,000 francophones "real" in the country) mainly consists of people of older generations. Today, young Vietnamese prefer the English (2.5 million English-speaking real minimum) and any number of Vietnamese who have basic English, which makes about 5 million Vietnamese who have mastered to varying degrees the English, although French is taught in many schools across the country.

Mandarin Chinese is widely spoken (2 million speakers, at least), even if much of the Chinese Vietnamese speak Vietnamese. There are still 12,000 Russian-speakers (with the USSR from 1960 to 1980). Before the 2007-2008 crisis, the Russian knew a revival, with the rich Russian tourists (oligarchs), from the economic boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. There are also 50 000 germanophones, a phenomenon linked to the return of Vietnamese from the former GDR, from 1989 to 1999. There is a revival of the German past few years (growth of tourism, large contingents of German tourists, the largest trade and tourists outnumber the French). In addition, there is again a strong immigration of Vietnamese in Germany with multiple exchanges and many return trips. German is the third Western language spoken, after English and French and is becoming increasingly important.

The Khmer (Cambodian) retains some 500,000 speakers, mainly in the south near the former Saigon.

Furthermore, Vietnam is experiencing a great linguistic diversity, since it has 75 languages belonging to different families:

• Austro-Asiatic ( Viet , Muong , Khmer );
• Tai-Kadai (languages Tay );
• Hmong-Mien ( Hmong );
• Austronesian ( Cham , Jarai );
• Sino-Tibetan ( Chinese ).

Codes

Viet Nam has codes:

• LIFE , according to the list of country codes IOC ;
• VN , according to the list of international codes of plates ;
• . Vn , according to Internet domain names;
• Watercraft , according to the standard ISO 3166-1 (list of country codes), code alpha-3;
• Watercraft , according to the list of country codes used by NATO , code alpha-3;
• VV , according to the list of prefixes ICAO airport codes ;
• XV , according to the list of prefixes ICAO aircraft registration.

References

1. 2001 Constitution , the site of the University of Perpignan
2. https: / / www.cia.gov / library / publications / the-world-factbook / geos / vm.html
3. https: / / www.cia.gov / library / publications / the-world-factbook / geos / vm.html
4. Viet Nam is 116 ^out of 178 countries in the index of perceptions of corruption in 2010 Transparency International (en) Corruption Perception Index 2010 Results
5. https: / / www.cia.gov / library / publications / the-world-factbook / geos / vm.html
6. IRIN, " VIETNAM: rising inflation undermines the poor and undermines the success against poverty "
7. https: / / www.cia.gov / library / publications / the-world-factbook / geos / vm.html
8. http://www.vietnamtourism.com/f_pages/news/index.asp?loai=2&uid=8611
9. The Embassy of France in Vietnam is estimated that there would be 150 000 "speakers speaking real "200 000" French casual "and 120 000 learners of French, about 470 000 speakers" real "or" partial "(see The teaching of French in Vietnam. For the Consulate General of France in Ho Chi Minh City, there are about 100 000 " French real "200 000" occasional Francophones "and 210 000 learners of French, a total of 570 000 speakers (see La Francophonie in Vietnam in the South: status ). In 1990, the High Council of Francophonie estimated at about 70,000 the number of people speaking real Vietnam, mainly in older age groups of population. The Report of the fact-finding mission to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on the Francophonie and the teaching of French , presented on ¹ October 1997 in the Senate, indicated that about 100,000 people, irrespective of audience, enjoyed a teaching French. In 2005 there would have 570,000 Francophones in Vietnam. Gieling Pierre, who noted that "the numbers are very variable," features a total of 375 000 current or occasional users ( Look at Francophonie in Vietnam Today , August 2001.

See also

Bibliography

• Nhan Nguyen, Leon-Paul Schwab, Vietnam, my land, my soul, PIPPA editions, collection "Roaming" ( ISBN 978-2-916506-15-9 )

Related articles

• Administration of Vietnam
• Culture of Vietnam
• Demography of Vietnam
• Vietnam's economy
• Geography of Vietnam
• History of Vietnam
• Languages of Vietnam
• List of ethnic groups in Viet Nam
• Tourism in Vietnam
• Universities in Vietnam
• Sedang

External Links

• Category Vietnam directory dmoz
• The law of Vietnam on Jurispedia

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