Victor Emmanuel Ii Of Savoy

Victor Emmanuel II
King of Italy
Painting held at Palazzo Madama in Turin representative Victor Emmanuel year of his coronation as King of Sardinia
Reign
17 March 1861 - 9 January 1878
Dynasty	Savoy
Full track	King of Italy King of Sardinia Prince of Piedmont Duke of Savoy Comte de Nice
Predecessor	Proclamation of the Kingdom
Successor	Umberto I of Italy
Heir	Umberto I of Italy
Speaker (s) of the Council	Camillo Cavour Bettino Ricasoli Urbano Rattazzi Luigi Carlo Farini Marco Minghetti Alfonso Ferrero Giovanni Lanza Agostino Depretis
Other functions
King of Sardinia
Period 1849 - 1861
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Monarch
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Predecessor	Charles Albert of Savoy
Successor	Emirates to Italy
Prince of Piedmont
Period 1849 - 1861
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Monarch
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Predecessor	Charles Albert of Sardinia
Successor	Emirates to Italy
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Biography
Birth name	Vittorio Emanuele, Maria Alberto Eugenio di Savoia Fernando Tommasso
Birth	14 March 1820
	( Turin, Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia )
Deaths	9 January 1878
	Rome ( Italy )
Father	Charles Albert of Sardinia
Mother	Maria Theresa of Habsburg-Tuscany
Spouse (s)	Marie Adelaide of Habsburg-Lorraine
Descent	Princess Marie-Clotilde de Savoie Umberto I of Italy Prince Amedeo of Savoy Prince Oddone of Savoy Princess Maria Pia de Savoie Prince Charles-Albert Prince Victor Emmanuel Prince Victor Emmanuel
Residence (s)	Palazzo Carignano Pitti Palace
Kings of Italy

Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy , born on 14 March 1820 at Turin , who died on 9 January 1878 in Rome , Italian Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia is a prince of Savoy. He is the prince of Piedmont , Duke of Savoy , Earl of Manchester and King of Sardinia from 1849 to 1861 and then the first king of Italy from 17 March 1861 until his death.

Achieving the unification of Italy gives him the title of Father of the Homeland (Padre della Patria), he is also nicknamed King gentleman (Re Galantuomo). As King of Sardinia, surrounded by great ministers as Massimo d'Azeglio and Camillo Benso di Cavour Count modernized the kingdom.

Childhood

Carignan palace , designed by Guarino Guarini : a plaque placed on the facade recalls that Victor Emmanuel was born in this place

Victor Emmanuel is the eldest of Charles Albert of Savoy-Carignan and Maria Theresa of Tuscany.

He was born in Turin in the palace of the paternal family and spent the first years of his life in Florence , his father had fled with his stepfather to escape the wrath of his uncle after the serious political disturbances in March 1821. In the Tuscan capital, her education was entrusted to Giuseppe Dabormida tutor who educates the children of Charles Albert, with military discipline.

Because of the enormous difference in appearance with his father who appears at an early age, voices are beginning to doubt that Victor Emmanuel is the son of the royal couple, but it is a child of popular origin taken to replace the true son of Charles Albert, crib death, during a fire.

Some modern writers gave credence to this hypothesis, challenged for over a century, basing their deductions, besides the obvious physical differences, the studies of the minutes prepared by the Corporal Fire on the fire that grew in part from the Florentine palace which was the newborn and his nurse. It is unlikely that a fire could have killed the nurse and save the child.

As to the alleged real father of Victor Emmanuel, already in the nineteenth ^century , traveling the name "Tanac", a butcher with a shop via Senese 16, outside the Porta Romana, in the Poggio Imperiale .

Youth

Monument in Genoa
Photo Alfred Noack , ca 1870

When in 1831 , his father Charles Albert was appointed to succeed Charles Felix of Savoy , Victor Emmanuel the following in Turin where he is entrusted to the Count Cesare Saluzzo di assisted by a group of tutors including General Hector Gerbaix of Sonnaz , theologian Andrea Charvaz , historian Lorenzo Isnardi and the lawyer Giuseppe Manno.

The efforts of the tutors have little effect as Victor Emmanuel proves refractory to school preferring horses, hunting and fencing.

He was appointed general and married his cousin Maria Adelaide of Habsburg-Lorraine in 1842.

He has an intense relationship with Laura Good with whom he has a daughter Emanuela ( 1853 ) Roverbella it does Countess.

Charles Albert, hailed as supreme reformer concedes the Albertine Statute in 1848 and declared war on the Austrian setting in motion the long process known as the Risorgimento Italy. It comes into Lombardy with Piedmont and Italian troops hastened to his aid. The results of the first war of Italian independence proved to be quite bad for the Kingdom of Sardinia , abandoned by its allies, 23 March 1849 , after the battle of Novara , Carlo Alberto sent General Luigi di Cossato FECI treat surrender with Austria. The conditions are very hard and provide for the presence of an Austrian garrison in the strongholds of Alexandria and Novara. Charles Albert, attended by Wojciech Chrzanowski , Carlo Emanuele La Marmora, Alessandro La Marmora , Carlo Cadorna , Victor Emmanuel and his other son Ferdinand of Savoy , signed his abdication, and with a false passport, moved to Nice where he went exiled to Portugal.

The same night, shortly before midnight, Victor Emmanuel II went near a house of Vignale which awaits the General Joseph Radetzky to handle the surrender with the Austrians, it was his first action of the sovereign. In addition to accepting the conditions of the victors, Victor Emmanuel II provides assurances of its determination to act against the democratic party (in the political terminology of the time, turned towards union with other Italian states and the joint acquisition of war against Austria) which his father had given many freedoms and what had led to war.

The Austrians hope that the young Victor Emmanuel II abandons the Albertine Statute, but the king keeps the constitutional guarantees, why he is nicknamed "King gallant man" (Re Galantuomo).

Proclamation of Moncalieri

Painting held at Palazzo Madama in Turin representative Victor Emmanuel year of his coronation as King of Sardinia

The official talks between Victor Emmanuel and the Field-Marshal Radetzky stand all day 24 March 1849 , still Vignale and the agreement was signed on March 26 to Borgomanero. Victor Emmanuel promises to dissolve the volunteer corps of the army and gives in to the Austrian fortress of Alexandria and the territories lying between the Po , the Sesia and the Ticino , plus reimbursement of war damages amounting to 75 million of French francs , astronomical amount for the time. The armistice agreements, because of Article 5 of the Albertine Statute must be ratified by the House to sign the peace treaty.

On 29 March 1848 the new king to appear before parliament to swear loyalty and the next day he dissolved the same institution causing elections.

30 000 voters who go to the polls on July 15 elected a parliament too "democratic" which refuses to endorse the peace that the king has already signed with Austria. Victor Emmanuel, having enacted the Proclamation of Moncalieri , again dissolved the parliament and ensure that new ideas have elected less liberal. The new parliament consists of two-thirds of moderates favorable to the government of Massimo d'Azeglio. On 9 January 1850 peace treaty with Austria is ratified.

The sacking of Genoa

The day after the armistice of Vignale , the city of Genoa , opposed the armistice, rose against the Sardinian monarchy also pushed by former Republican ideals. The entire garrison was driven out of town.

Victor Emmanuel II sent a body of Bersaglieri supported by artillery and commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora , the powerful bombing and devastation of the actions perpetrated by Bersaglieri lead to the capitulation of the Ligurian city, there are 500 casualties population.

Victor-Emmanuel wrote a letter of commendation to La Marmora (April 1849 ), it defines the people of Genoa "vile and foul race of scoundrels .

Arrival of Cavour at the head of government

Already a candidate for parliament in April 1848 , Cavour enters the chamber in June of that year with an independent political line. This is the promulgation of laws Siccardi providing for the abolition of privileges for the Church, already abolished in many European states, which will get him out of the shadows. These privileges are for the ecclesiastical court ecclesiastical absconded secular clergymen, asylum, legal impunity of those who seek refuge in the church, and mortmain . Active participation in discussions about Cavour laws earned him the public interest and the death of Santorre di Santa Rosa , he became the new minister of agriculture, plus the load, in 1851 , Minister of Finance Governance Azeglio.

Proponent of the political marriage (connubio) , Cavour became the 4 November 1852 Prime Minister of the kingdom despite the aversion of Victor Emmanuel II to feed him.

The Crimean War

Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy

Cavour saw in the Crimean War an opportunity to bring the issue of Italian citizenship at the international level thanks to the conference will not fail to conclude hostilities. It is for him to engage with the the France and UK allies of Turkey against Nicolas ^I of Russia , which occupies Wallachia and Moldova , when Ottoman possessions.

With the approval of Victor Emmanuel, Cavour began negotiations to secure French and British assurances that the issue will be addressed in the treaties. Finally, on 7 January 1855 , the French and English pose as a condition of entry into the war in Piedmont in two days. Victor Emmanuel hesitated to re-dissolve the chamber and impose a government supported the war. But Cavour convene the same night the council of ministers and at 9 o'clock in the morning after a night which saw the resignation of Dabormida, it confirms the participation of the Kingdom of Sardinia in the Crimean War.

It Alfonso La Marmora who commanded the expedition which sailed from Genoa on the east and consists of 15 000 men. Relegated to the back under British command in La Marmora manages to engage his troops to victory in the Tchernaya which rehabilitates the Sardinian army and allows Victor Emmanuel II as king victorious trip to London and Paris to raise awareness Governments in the Italian question.

In October 1855 Russia calling for peace is signed at the Paris Congress. As expected, Piedmont uses this international meeting to address the cases of Italy and condemns the government absolutist Ferdinand II of Naples , announces serious disorders and speaks of oppression by a foreign government.

The Austrian government feels challenged and Karl Buol , Minister of External Affairs of Franz Joseph ^I of Austria , said the following: "Austria does p had the right to admit that Count Cavour was assigned to the court of Sardinia to raise their voice on behalf of Italy. "

Disputes arise between Turin and Vienna due to propaganda articles, Buol and Cavour ask another official apology. On March 16 the Austrian diplomats ordered to leave Turin on March 23 is the turn of diplomats Piedmont: the diplomatic relations are broken.

The secret agreements

Camillo Benso, Count Cavour, Chairman

In this tense international climate, the bombing of Felice Orsini against Napoleon III paradoxically leads the Franco-Piedmontese while Austria was hoping for a rapprochement with France. The French Emperor is cleverly convinced Cavour that the Italian situation has reached a critical point and needs to be taken over by the Sardinian government.

Under the pretext of holiday Switzerland , went to Plombires Cavour, where he secretly meets Napoleon III. The agreements provide for the sale of the Savoy and Nice to France in exchange for French military aid if attacked Austria. If Napoleon accepts the creation of a kingdom of Upper Italy, anxious not to alienate the Catholic French, except in central Italy (the Papal States). During the same meeting, Cavour and Napoleon announce the marriage of Prince Napoleon and Marie-Clotilde de Savoie.

The "cry of pain"

The news of the encounter filter Plombires despite all precautions. Napoleon III is no great secret of his intentions, he speaks in these terms to the Austrian ambassador: "I am sorry that our reports are not as good as in the past, I beg you to connect to the Emperor my personal feelings towards him are unchanged. Ten days later, on 10 January 1859 , Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont is for the parliament with the famous phrase of "cries of pain," the original of which is kept in the castle Sommariva Perno ^{Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy}

The Italian states in 1859

April 29, between the Austrian army in Piedmont; 30, she has Novara, May 2 is Vercelli, Biella 7. The Piedmontese army was further south and expects the French. The Austrians arrived at 50 km from Turin. Vienna, suggested fighting on the Mincio where the Austrians had defeated the Piedmontese army in 1848. The Austrian army therefore turned around and lost the opportunity to address separately the Piedmontese and the French.

Napoleon III took command of the Franco-Piedmontese army on May 14 and the Austrian army was arrested in Montebello (20-21 May) by the French. Then the Franco-Piedmontese stop the Austrian army to Palestro and Magenta and into Milan on 8 June 1859. The hunters of the Alps (Cacciatori delle Alpi), 3500 men ill-equipped, commanded by Giuseppe Garibaldi , quickly occupying Como , Bergamo , Varese and Brescia and walk towards the Trentino. Now the Austrian troops withdraw from all Lombardy.

The battles of Solferino and San Martino are decisive: shortly before the Battle of San Martino, Victor Emmanuel II addresses the troops in Piedmont: "Fiui, oi oi auti piuma San Martin San Martin year fa fe hurt! "(The guys, or we take San Martino and the others we are making San Martino ).

Insurgent movements erupt all over Italy: Massa , Carrara , Modena , Reggio , Parma , Piacenza. Leopold II of Tuscany , worried by this turn of events, decides to flee to northern Italy in the camp Emperor Franz Joseph. Napoleon III, noting that the situation does not follow the plans and Plombires beginning to doubt that his best wishes to stop at the Upper Italy began negotiations on an armistice with Austria ( July 5 ) that Victor Emmanuel should accept while plebiscites in Emilia Romagna and Tuscany allow their attachment to the Piedmont: the October ^1, Pius IX severs diplomatic relations with Victor Emmanuel.

The building, which was created, finds himself in trouble on the occasion of the Peace of Zurich (it) signed by the Kingdom of Sardinia 10 , 11 November 1859 provides for the restoration of the sovereigns of the duchies and construction a federation of the Veneto and Austria with the pope as their leader. Few months later, the opportunity to complete the unification of the peninsula appears, starting with Garibaldi wants volunteers for Sicily but Cavour states consider the Sicilian expedition as an adventurous and dangerous action for the survival of the state Sardinian while leaving to Garibaldi Find necessary supplies cartridge Talamone. Cavour and King should ensure the ambassador of France and Prussia not to be aware of the ideas of Garibaldi.

Victor Emmanuel Teano to meet Garibaldi.

Having defeated the Neapolitan army in Sicily, Garibaldi gave the island to Victor Emmanuel King of Italy. It already gives the impression of wanting to continue marching on Rome. Such a project thwarted Piedmontese intervention of Napoleon III in Lazio.

Victor Emmanuel, the head of Piedmontese troops invaded the Papal States and defeated his army at the Battle of Castelfidardo before marching on Naples . Napoleon III can not tolerate land invasions and papal repeatedly sought to dissuade Victor Emmanuel to invade Marche informing the September 9 , that: "If the troops were to enter into VE States of the Holy Father I'd have to oppose it ... Farini had said something quite different policy VE.

The meeting between Giuseppe Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II, made history as the "Teano meeting" held on 26 October 1860 : The sovereignty of Victor Emmanuel II is recognized in all territories of the ancient kingdom of the two Sicilies .

Cheers VERDI

Cheers Verdi is the slogan of anti-Austrian insurrection in northern Italy that uses the device name of the composer Giuseppe Verdi to the propaganda of Italian unity by ictor V E R mmanuel oi D 'and I taly with the entrance of Victor Emmanuel in Naples, the proclamation of the kingdom seems imminent, especially after the surrender of Francis II from his fortress of Gaeta.

Victor Emmanuel is replaced by the parliament Cavour, the first meeting, on Feb. 18 , includes members from all areas annexed . On March 14 , the parliament proclaimed the birth of the Kingdom of Italy as indicated in the article: "Victor Emmanuel II took for himself and his successors the title of King of Italy." The formula is contested by the left would have preferred a title combining the people and the member Brofferio proposes to change the article "Victor Emmanuel was proclaimed king by the people of Italy" eliminating the number of Title II for "Victor Emmanuel I of Italy. The proposal is not approved. The new name would have institutionalized the first new sovereign state, conservation of II extends the sovereignty of the kingdom of Sardinia on the rest of Italy. When, in 1874 , Victor Emmanuel decided to celebrate the jubilee (25 years of crowning), it attracts criticism from those who did not fail to note that Jacques VI of Scotland had chosen the name Jacques ^I. becoming sovereign of England and Henry III of Navarre had done the same thing, becoming Henry IV of France.

Rome capital

Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy

In Italian unity, it still lacks important elements including the Veneto, Trentino, Friuli and Latium. The project is to make Rome the royal capital and Torino lost a 400 year old rule. From 21 to 22 September 1864 bloody riots broke out in the city just decided to transfer the capital to Florence known. They have resulted in a thirty dead and over two hundred wounded. Victor Emmanuel receives the honors of the Florentines and 30 000 officers of the court moved to the new capital.

After the alliance with Prussia against Austria, 21 June 1866 Victor Emmanuel left the Pitti Palace to the front to win the Veneto. The Kingdom of Italy was defeated at Lissa and Custoza but thanks to the victory of Prussia, Austria gave France the Veneto, which in turn gives it to the kingdom of Italy.

Rome is the last territory is not yet included in the new kingdom: Napoleon III still supports the Papal States , where his troops are stationed. Victor Emmanuel did not want to take a formal decision and Urbano Rattazzi , who is prime minister, hopes that an uprising of the Romans did not take place. The defeat of the Battle of Mentana ( 1867 ), opposing the troops again Garibaldi Franco-Vatican raises doubts about the success of the company that will take place after the fall of Napoleon III in 1870 again through Prussians. On September 8 the last attempt to get Rome by peaceful means fail and the September 20 General Raffaele Cadorna opens a breach in the Roman walls. Rome fell. A plebiscite was held on October 2 giving a strong majority in the annexation and November 9 , parliament has Rome as its capital .

The Roman Question

With Rome the capital of the page ends Risorgimento , even though it lacks the land irredente. Among the problems that range from illiteracy to the robbery , industrialization, the right to vote, there is the Roman question. Although the pope recognized the honors of Head of State, an annual pension and control over the Vatican and Castel Gandolfo , Pope Pius IX refused to recognize the Italian state and forbids Catholics to participate in civil life in the kingdom. Moreover, the Pope's excommunication inflicted at the House of Savoy, Victor Emmanuel II and his descendants with them and to all those involved in Italian politics. Excommunication is removed only at the threshold of death of the sovereign.

Death

The last moments of Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, lithograph Ettore Ximenes, v. 1878

On the evening of 5 January 1878 , after sending a telegram to the family of Alfonso La Marmora , who died recently, the Victor Emmanuel II feels bad. In the days seem obvious signs of malarial fevers and January 7 , his days are numbered, the news is disclosed to the public.

Pius IX, when he learns the imminent disappearance of the sovereign sends a priest to give last rites to the king, that his entourage refused fearing that the generosity of Pius IX hides a secret purpose. It is the chaplain of the court who administers the sacrament to Victor Emmanuel.

Victor Emmanuel II dies in Rome on 9 January 1878 , after 28 years and 9 months of reign in the chair where he had been sent out of Pius IX in charge of announcing his excommunication.

The king had expressed a desire to be buried in the Piedmont in the basilica of Superga , but Umberto ^I , at the request of the municipality of Rome, agreed that the body remains in Rome in the Pantheon.

The Vittoriano

Il Vittoriano

To celebrate the "Father of the Fatherland," the city of Rome established a project in 1880 by the will of Umberto ^I of Italy (Savoy), which necessitated the destruction of part of the medieval city still and destruction Tower of Paul III. The building was to remind the Temple of Athena Nike at Athens. Today, it contains the tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan

Designed by Giuseppe Mengoni , the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II joined the Place de la Scala in Milan Cathedral and was conducted during his reign from 1865. The initial project was designed to achieve a great architectural work equal to those made in Europe and create a gallery in the heart of the bourgeois city.

His descendants

He married in Stupinigi on 12 April 1842 his cousin Maria Adelaide of Habsburg-Lorraine , with whom he had eight children:

• Princess Marie-Clotilde ( 1,843 - 1 911 ) Bride 1859 to Prince Napoleon-Jerome Bonaparte (1822-1891)
• Prince Umberto , Prince of Piedmont ( one thousand eight hundred and forty-nine - 1878 ) and King of Italy ( one thousand eight hundred seventy-eight - nineteen hundred ) in 1868 married his cousin Margaret of Savoy (1851-1926)
• Prince Amedeo , King of Spain ( one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one - one thousand eight hundred seventy-three ) and Duke of Aosta ( 1845 - 1890 ) married in 1866 Vittoria Pozzo della Cisterna in 1888 and then to his niece Laetitia Bonaparte
• Prince Oddone Eugenio Maria , Duke of Monferrato ( Turin , 11 July 1846 - Genoa , 22 January 1866 )
• Princess Maria Pia ( 16 October 1847 - 17 July 1911 ) married in 1861 to Ludwig ^I, King of Portugal (1838-1889)
• Prince Charles Albert, Duke of Chiablese ( Turin , 2 June 1851 - Turin , 22 June 1854 )
• Prince Victor Emmanuel ( Turin , 7 July 1852 - Turin , 7 July 1852 )
• Prince Victor Emmanuel, Count of Genoa ( Turin , 8 January 1855 - Turin , 17 May 1855 )

Rosa Teresa Vercellana Guerrieri (nicknamed La Rosina Bella or La Rosina) was one of the mistresses of the king whose lineage descends from the Earls of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda. They married morganatically to Rome on 7 November 1869 and they had two children Vittoria Guerrieri and Emma Guerrieri Mirafiori.

Decorations

And Savoy decoration Italian

Grand Master of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation

Grand Master of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

Grand Master of the Military Order of Italy

Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Italy

Grand Master of the Civil Order of Savoy

Silver Medal of Military Valour

Gold Medal of Military Valour

Gold Medal of the liberation of Rome 1849-1870

Medal commemorating the War of Independence , 7 bars

Foreign decorations

Knight of the Order of the Garter

Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece

Knight of the Order of St. Joseph

Military Medal

Commemorative medal of the Italian Campaign of 1859

Portrait of Victor Emmanuel II

Andr Adolphe Eugne Disdri		Alessandro Duroni about 1859	Alessandro Duroni
c. 1879	Tranquillo Cremona

Monuments to Victor Emmanuel II

Turin	Milan	Verbania	Perugia
Florence	Genoa	Rome	Verona
Naples	Venice

Preceded by	Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy	Followed by
Charles Albert	Duke of Savoy Comte de Nice 1848-1861	attached to France
	a href = "Liste_des_rois_de_Sardaigne" title = "List of kings of Sardinia"> King of Sardinia Prince of Piedmont 1848-1861	USA to Italy
Proclamation the kingdom	King of Italy 1861-1878	Umberto I

Notes

Bibliography

• (It) Gasparetto P. Francesco Vittorio Emanuele II, Editore: Rusconi Libri, 1994
• (It) Mack Smith. Storia d'Italia. Roma-Bari, Editori Laterza, 2000. ( ISBN 8-84206-143-3 )
• (It) Silvio Bertoldi. It's re sea FEE Italia di vita di Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia. Milano, Rizzoli, 2002. pp. 317.
• (It) Lorenzo Del Boca. Maledetta Savoia. Casale Monferrato, Piemme, 1998. pp. 287.
• (It) Lorenzo Del Boca. Indietro Savoia!: Controcorrente storia del Risorgimento. Casale Monferrato, Piemme. 2003, pp. 281.
• (It) Pier Francesco Gasparetto. Vittorio Emanuele II. Milano, Rusconi, 1984. pp. 241 (the fast).
• (It) Denis Mack Smith. Vittorio Emanuele II. Milano, Mondadori, 1995. pp. XIII -329 (Oscar Saggi, 436) (1 ed. Bari, Laterza, 1972).
• (It) Paolo Pinto. Vittorio Emanuele II: He re avventuriero. Milano, Mondadori, 1997. pp. 513 (Oscar storia, 136).
• (It) Gianni Rocca. Avanti Savoia!: Miti e disfatte fecero che l'Italia, 1848-1866. Milano, Mondadori, 1993, pp. 334 (the saw).
• (It) Aldo A. Mola. Monarchia della Storia in Italia. Milano, Bompiani, 2002.
• (It) Angelo Manna. Briganti Furono loro, dei fratelli quegli assassini d'Italia, Napoli, Sun Books, 1996, pp. 186.

See also

Internal Links

• Risorgimento
• Italian policy of Napoleon III
• History of the border on Mount Blanc

External Links

Sources

• (It) This article is partially or entirely from the article in Italian entitled " Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia "(see the list of authors )

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