Urban Ii
| Urban II Pope of the Catholic Church | |
|---|---|
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| Birth name | Eudes or Odo of Chtillon Lagery |
| Birth | 1042 Chatillon-sur-Marne or Lagery |
| Election to the papacy | 12 March 1088 |
| Enthronement | 12 March 1088 |
| End of the pontificate | 29 July 1099 |
| Predecessor | Victor III |
| Successor | Paschal II |
| Antipope | Clement III |
| Lists of Popes chronology Alphabetical | |
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Eudes or Odo of Chtillon Lagery, born in Chatillon-sur-Marne or Lagery in 1042 and died in Rome 29 July 1099 , 157thpope under the name of Urban II ( 1088 -1099).
Summary |
Early years
Born in the nobility of Champagne in 1042, in the Marne , Eudes was a student at Reims of the schoolmaster Bruno , later founder of the Carthusians , also known as Bruno of Cologne. He received training as a monk Benedictine , he became the first canon and archdeacon in Reims. It is then a monk at the Abbey of Cluny in 1067 , becoming the Grand Prior Pope under the name of Urban II After the brief pontificate of Victor III , successor of Gregory VII summoned the bishops Odo supporters of the Gregorian Reform to Terracina , in the Lazio : Rome is in the hands of supporters of Clement III. There, he was elected pope and consecrated 12 March 1088 under the name of Urban II. His first act is to affirm his loyalty to the work of Gregory VII, he renewed the condemnations of the latter in terms of church discipline : simony (spiritual goods traffic), nicolaism ("incontinence" of the clergy) or investiture clerics by the laity. However, it appears more flexible than Gregoire, including cases of clergy ordained by bishops simoniacs or schismatics: he considers ordination as valid, earning criticism from theologians like Bonizo Sutri , Deusdedit or Bruno of Segni. To make it more flexible sentencing, he applied the doctrine of waiver by Yves de Chartres. It saves William II of England in conflict with Anselm , the Archbishop of Canterbury who wishes to ensure independence of the Church vis--vis the king. By the same logic, it reinforces the papacy by the Hispanic kingdoms and Sicily vassal states of the Holy See. Urban II continues to build on the Order of Cluny and sovereigns. His position is difficult. He can not return to Rome, occupied by Clement III. He then stayed for 8 months Troina in Sicily , under the protection of the Norman Roger of Hauteville , who is currently completing the reconquest of the island on the Muslims ( 1061 - 1091 ). He returned to Rome late 1088/dbut 1089 escort Norman but is driven by Henri IV in the following year. By its moderate policy in France and England, it creates a Roman party in his favor, isolates the emperor. He must personally confront the schism of the imperial party, which he triumphed with the help of Conrad , son of Henri IV. In 1093 , Urban II may return to Rome. He bought the surrender of the Lateran Palace the following year, and knocked down the castle of St. Angelo in 1098 , thus completing his reconquest of the city. His policy becomes more stringent. The exemption, which places the abbeys under the direct responsibility of the pope, is widely practiced, involves all Cluniac establishments. The canons regular are created, the legates reused, primates established. He chairs the Councils of Piacenza and Clermont in 1095. During the first, it invalidates all the ordinations performed by Guibert of Ravenna after his conviction. He also condemned the theses of Berenger of Tours says that, against the theory of transubstantiation , the symbolic presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Finally, answering the call of the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus , he urges Western Christians to defend those of the East. The Gregorian reform to bear fruit. The church is independent and Clement III is isolated. The values of the Church completely assertive in feudal society. The action of kings is influenced by the oath of coronation : to maintain justice, defend the weak. Looting, private wars were fought by the Peace of God with leagues for peace, police forces organized by the bishops. Urban II embodies the Truce of God at the Council of Clermont in 1095 , which suspends the time devoted to war. In Clermont, from 18 November 1095 to November 26, with 13 archbishops and 225 bishops, Pope Urban II presides over a council that we have a few pieces of cannon (that is to say the prescriptions of the Council). He reiterated the condemnation of lay investiture, and forbids clerics to honor a layman, even the king. He solemnly proclaims the Truce of God or God's peace, already announced in previous synods. This was also the opportunity he renews the excommunication pronounced by Bishop Hugh de Lyon of France against King Philip I , to her remarriage Bertrade de Montfort. Finally, on November 27, he launched the appeal at Clermont that will cause the first crusade , designed by him as a way to unify Western Christendom under papal authority. Later, he shall fix the beginning of the crusade to 15 August 1096 and to provide spiritual direction, he named Adhemar de Monteil , Bishop of Puy , the military command back to Raymond IV of Toulouse. Meanwhile, he encouraged the Reconquista , or reconquest of Spain occupied by the Moors. This call appears to contradict the traditional values of the Church. This is actually the culmination of a reflection of the Church on the war and the existence of causes "just". This council is also in the continuation of the Gregorian reform and the empowerment of religious power over the laity. The themes of the council and the call will be relayed by preachers like Peter the Hermit to the success of the crusade. Urban II died on July 29 1099 , shortly after the conquest of the city of Jerusalem (July 15). It was beatified 14 July, 1881 by Leo XIII. Successor of Gregory VII
The Council of Clermont
Death and posterity
See also
Notes
Related articles
Bibliography
External Links
Preceded by Urban II Followed by Victor III 
List of popes Paschal II
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