Umar Caliph
| Umar ibn al-Khattab | |
 The empire of the caliphate of Umar at its peak, 644. | |
| Title | |
|---|---|
| Caliph and Commander of the Faithful | |
| 23 August 634 - 7 November 644 | |
| Predecessor | Abu Bakr as-Siddiq |
| Successor | Uthman ibn Affan |
| Biography | |
| Date of Birth | 584 |
| Place of birth | Mecca , Arabian Peninsula |
| Date of death | November 7 644 |
| Place of death | Medina , Saudi |
| Father | Ibn al-Khattab Nufayl |
| Mother | Hintimmah bint Hashim |
| Children | `Abdullah `Abd al-Rahman (al-Akbar) `Abd al-Rahman (al-asghar) `Abd al-Rahman (al-Awsat) `Asim Fatima Hafsa `Iyad `Oubaydallah Rouqayyah Zayd (en) (al-Akbar) Zayd (al-asghar) Zaynab |
| Residence | Medina |
change  | |
Omar ibn al-Khattab . He died in Medina on November 7 644 , murdered by a captive Persian , Uthman ibn Affan succeeded him a few days later, having been appointed by a committee of relatives of Muhammad. Sunnis regard him as the second of the " rightly guided caliphs "( Rashidun ) after Abu Bakr as-Siddiq and nicknamed Al-Farouq while in contrast, the Shiites consider his election as a coup to prevent the takeover of Ali ibn Abi Talib and is directly responsible for the death of Fatima in 632 , a daughter of Muhammad and wife of `Ali .
Summary |
Childhood and Origins
Umar was born in Mecca in 584 and was part of the clan of Banu `Ad, clan responsible for arbitration between the various tribes .. Janine and Dominique Sourdel point out that from Tabari , it would be between 582 and 591 . Imam An-Nawawi relates that he was born 13 years after the Battle of the Elephant which is located to 569 - 570 and `Umar said himself that he was born 4 years after the war of al-Fujjr ( 580 ) , . His father, Ibn Al-Khattab Nufayl was known for his intelligence and his mother, Hintimmah, was the daughter of Hashim ibn al-Mugheerah of the tribe of Banu Makhzum (en). Umar was a man of middle class and was seen as a ruthless man. He used during his teenage years to care for her father's camels in the plains of Mecca. Lorsqu'Omar was caliph, he said: "My father, Al-Khattab, was a ruthless man and made me work hard. If I was not working, he used to beat me and make me work until exhaustion. " .
Despite the low literacy rate of the Saudi during the pre-Islamic Umar learned to read and write during his youth. Although it was not a poet, he developed a love for poetry and literature . According to the tradition of the Quraysh , Umar learned martial arts, riding and wrestling. Physically he was very tall and strong and became a renowned wrestler , . Tradition describes him as a talented orator and, because of his intelligence and charisma, he succeeded his father to arbitrate conflicts between tribes .
Umar followed the traditional profession of Quraysh. He became a merchant and traveled to Rome and in Persia and met various scholars and studied these companies closely. However, it is seen as someone who never managed to prosper commercially , . He was also known to consume wine regularly .
During the lifetime of Muhammad
His earlier opposition to Islam
In 610 , when Muhammad began to spread the message of Islam , Umar forbade the traditional religion of the Quraysh that Muslims saw as the idolatry. Like many Quraysh at the time, he used to drink wine with his companions . He participated in the persecution of Muslims and was one of the fiercest opponents of Islam because "his clan spirit and stubbornness caused him to concentrate against all logic to ancestral traditions. " . He firmly believed in the unity of the Quraysh and saw the new faith of Islam as a cause of division and discord among the Quraysh.
Umar took charge of torturing a servant of the Bani Mu `ammil who had converted to Islam in order to make him renounce his new faith. He was working hard on her but she was saved by Abu Bakr gave him freedom by buying. After all this persecution, Muhammad asked Muslims to emigrate to Abyssinia , which made enraged Umar: "This is all the fault of Mohammad! It separates the son of the father and brothers to each other. Certainly, that is Muhammad is the cause of this disorder, and it must stop this agitation! " . Then he began to consider killing Muhammad .
His conversion to Islam
Umar himself converted to Islam in 616 or 617 , three days after that of Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib . Ibn Ishaq in his book Sirat an-Nabi (Life of the Prophet) reported that Umar decided kill Muhammad when he learned the conversion of his sister Fatima bint al-Khattab and her husband to Islam. While he was on his way he met his best friend `aym ibn Abdillah Nou who had secretly converted to Islam and informed him of his intentions. Nou `aym was surprised and said:" You claim to want to eliminate Mohammad, while its propaganda has its supporters even within your family! "And added:" Your sister has denied your religion! "This in order to be trimmed its attention from its primary objective. He understood what this meant and turned around to go home. Meanwhile, al-Khattab ibn Arat reciting Sura Ta-Ha. Umar knocked at the door screaming. Khattab, the married to Fatima, hastily left the room and heard her voice. Fatima hid her under his sheet cloth and opened the door. Umar questioned them briefly what they were doing and rushed Khattab. Fatima intervened to defend her husband and confessed their conversion to Umar who reacts violently beating her face with an object he had in his hand, causing it to bleed profusely. She said: "O son of al-Khattab, I submitted myself to God, do what you want! . When he discovered the sheet, he asked her to give him but she refused saying he was not worthy to touch it because it was not purified but she wanted it especially should not destroy it. Umar lowered his tone, made ablution and even when she ends her show. Tradition tells the emotion that crossed Umar reading the verses and that's when he uttered the statement of faith ( shahada ). It would then go to Mohammed , who was in the house of al-Arqam down the hill as-Safa, informing him of his conversion. He knocked and Muhammad ordered that he was open, despite the reluctance of people present and the threat of Hamza. Umar then informed them of his conversion. Tradition says that people present shouted Allahu Akbar so strong that all the inhabitants of Mecca heard it. Then Umar Muhammad questioned:
"O Prophet of God, are we on the Truth? "The Prophet replied:" Of course! Then Umar said: "In that case, why hide? 'Umar said: "We went out in two groups, Hamzah and myself at the head of each. We entered the precincts of the Ka'bah , and when I looked at the side of the circle of Quraysh, I saw sadness on their faces, as I've never seen the like. That day, the Messenger of God called me . "
From `Abdullah ibn` Abbas , the first man to have publicly announced his conversion to Islam was Umar. The Muslims could now go to the precincts of the Ka'bah before they could approach. `Abdullah ibn Umar , the most illustrious of her children was 6 years old at the time of the conversion of her father who, was aged 26 or 27 years . Since that day he defended the Islam and became one of the companions of Muhammad. His nickname of Al-Farouq comes from its expenses of arbitration, mediation and the embassy during the pre-Islamic. It means "he who makes the distinction between good and evil, justice and injustice and determine" . Umar then went to a Quraysh so that everyone knows the story. He was advised Jamil ibn Ma `al-Joumah March because he was known to be a reporter. Umar crossed the road and the latter hastened to send the news to all circles of Quraysh. They then threw themselves on him to hit until the heat of the sun obliged him to stop. The most violent of these was `ibn Rabi` a Otba but Umar had the better of him. Umar said to them:
Since that day, Muslims could visit the sacred enclosure. Umar could also benefit from the protection of Al-`Aas ibn Wa` Did he Shahmir Abu `Amr, who was part of Bani Sahm protection, he declared himself to the crowd then dispersed . `Abdullah ibn Mas` ud said about the conversion of Umar:
Departure for Medina
In 622 , due to the growing popularity of Islam in the town of Yathrib , later renamed Medina , Muhammad ordered Muslims to Emigration there. It was at this point that the Hijra. Muslims generally migrated during the night so as not to be bothered by the Quraysh except Umar who said openly in broad daylight. He tied his sword around the waist, put on his bow at the shoulder, took the arrows in hand, then walked toward the Ka'bah in order to perform the Tawaf and make two units of prayer. He then went to the Quraysh and said: "May these faces be disfigured! God humbles the nose! Whoever among you wants his mother losing her children are orphaned or his wife or widow, follow me beyond this valley! , . Umar then went to Medina along with his cousin Sa `id ibn Zayd and some poor who followed him after he converted .
Life in Madinah
Medina became the new center of Islam and religion began to spread rapidly across the Saudi. When Muhammad arrived in Medina, he Mapped immigrants ( Muhajiroun ) with the inhabitants of the city ( Ansar ) in a pact of brotherhood. Thus Umar was related to Muhammad ibn Maslamah (en). He also befriended with another resident of Medina and worked on the farm of date palms on alternate days, where the other day was to stay with Muhammad to follow his teachings . Later, under the Caliphate of Umar ibn Muhammad Muslamah was assigned to the accounts office as chief inspector. Muslims were left in peace to Medina for about a year before the Quraysh decide to raise an army to attack them. In 624 , Umar participated in the first battle between Muslims who opposed the Quraysh of Mecca at the battle of Badr. He also participated in the Battle of Uhud in 625. In the second phase of the battle, when the cavalry of Khalid ibn al-Walid attacked the Muslims from behind, which led to the defeat of the Muslim army, the rumors were spread Muhammad had died, which put the Many Muslims in disarray. Umar also believed these rumors, but then he heard the Prophet was still alive and went to join him at the mountain of Uhud to prepare the defense of the hill facing the Meccan army, which was sitting down cons . Later this year, Umar participated in part of the campaign against the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir. In 625 , Hafsa, Umar's daughter married Muhammad . In 627 , he participated in the Battle of the Ditch and the expedition against the Banu Qurayza . In 628 , he participated in the expedition Hudaybiya and was one of the witnesses of the treaty . In 628 , he took part in the Battle of Khaybar. In 629 , Muhammad sent reinforcements Amr ibn al-As to Dhat as-Sallasil and that Abu Ubayd ibn al-Djarrah who had under his command Abu Bakr and Umar and finally defeated the enemy . In 630 , Umar participated in the conquest of Mecca. The same year he fought at the Battle of Hunayn (in) and the seat of Taif (en). He also participated in the Battle of Tabuk , under the command of Muhammad , whom tradition says he would have funded the preparation of the expedition with half of his own fortune. Umar was present at the farewell sermon of Mohammed in 631 .
Death of Muhammad
Muhammad died on 8 June 632 at Medina and the new greatly affected Umar. He threatens to hit the head of him who would repeat that the prophet had died and at this time that Abu Bakr the future caliph came to the crowd by declaring:
"Anyone who loved Muhammad, they know that Muhammad died, and he who loved God, let him know that God is alive and never dies. "
Then Abu Bakr recited the following verse from Quran :
"Mohammed is a messenger - messengers before him have passed. If he died, then, or if he was killed, would you turn your steps? .During the caliphate of Abu Bakr
During his brief caliphate, Abu Bakr remained mostly busy managing the various expeditions (houroub al-Ridder). Umar was one of his top advisers and secretary. It was probably with Khalid ibn al-Walid , one of the principal architects and strategists who was behind the collapse of the rebellion in Arabia. At first Umar opposed military operations against the rebel tribes, because he wanted to benefit from their support in the event of a possible Roman or Persian invasion but later it seems he changed his mind and eventually agree to practice the strategic warriors raid of Abu Bakr to crush the rebellion. In 632 , Khalid ibn al-Walid succeeded in uniting the Arab tribes in Arabia after several consecutive victories over the rebels. During the caliphate of Umar, the latter would rather try to avoid wars to consolidate his power in the territories conquered rather than continuing to expand the empire by continual wars . Before the Battle of al-Yamamah , Umar Abu Bakr tried to convince recalled Khalid ibn al-Walid who killed Malik ibn Nuwayrah (in) , a leader of the rebellion of the conquered territories not. Umar had been duped by the brother of Malik would have to believe that he was Muslim and that despite this, Khalid ibn al-Walid killed him to marry his wife, Layla bint al-Minhal (fr) , who was renowned for her beauty in Arabia. Abu Bakr refused to accept the opinion of Umar who continue to insist Khalid eliminate even after the conquest of Iraq by the latter. This became a major issue between Abu Bakr and Umar and an important chapter in the history of the expansion of Islam.
It was Umar who advised Abu Bakr to collect the Qur'an as a book, following the deaths of 300 master reciters during the battle of al-Yamamah. In 634 , Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor shortly before his death.
Appointment as caliph
When Abu Bakr became ill, he became concerned over his succession and suggested the name of Omar. The notables of Medina were in agreement on this choice. Abu Bakr summoned Uthman ibn Affan to make a will in this direction. The next day Abu Bakr died .
His caliphate
The political administration and civil
He was the first caliph to be called Amir al-Muminin ( Commander of the Faithful ").
Reforms
He is the institution of the era of the Hegira , the new Muslim calendar, which sets the date to July 16 622.
The battles and military expansion
Taking of Damascus
Upon taking office he changed his army chief, for different reasons depending on the version, replacing the winner of the Battle of Yarmuk , Khalid ibn al-Walid by Abu `Ubayd ibn al-Jarrah. Ab `Ubayd Khalid kept at his side.
The Byzantine armies were in Damascus and Emesa ( Homs ), where the emperor Heraclius stood back. The siege of Damascus lasted several months (two to six depending on version). There was war machines used to send missiles at the opposing army. Damascus finally get to delivering half his wealth to the Muslim troops (January 635 635 or September ). The Byzantine emperor withdrew to Antioch ( Antakya ). In 637 Abu Ubayda takes Baysan , Tiberias and Fahil. The south of Syria and is under the control of Muslims.
Conquest of Iraq and Persia
Omar would then enjoy the relative weakness of Persia to attack. There was scarcely a volunteer for this mission and only Abu Ubayd ibn Mas `ud volunteered. He was appointed head of the army of Iraq . He goes to Al-Hira with the army of Medina joining the army in Iraq was coming. A fight took place in Namarq . In this battle immense booty and many prisoners had fallen into the hands of Muslims . He crossed the Euphrates and goes to the fortress of Kaskar . It is a victory that gives Muslims control Mesopotamia.
The Persians launched an attack towards Hira with an army led by its General Bahman: 30 000 men and thirty elephants. The two armies face each side of the Euphrates. A bridge was built so that the Arabs can go on the other side of the river hence the name "Battle of the Bridge" given to this confrontation (October 634 ). Elephants maddened horses of the Arabs, they are left to battle on foot and this time they neglected elephants and down the Persian army. But an elephant in battle overthrew Abu `Ubayd ibn Mas` ud and crushed. Arab armies have retreated and recross the bridge .
Two battles took a few thousand dead Bowayb and Baghdad. Yazdegerd III became the new ruler of the dynasty of the Persian Sassanid. He first tries a negotiation with the Arabs. The final battle took place at Al-Qadisiyya (c. ). It lasted four days in between Rostam Farrokhzad commanding the Persian army with its elephants and 120 000 men and Sa `ad ibn Abi Waqqas ( ) who could not participate in the battle itself, due to temporary paralysis which affected his right leg. There were at least 30,000 dead on the side of the Persians and Rostam was killed. The victory of Muslims has brought the region permanently, renamed al-Arabi Iraq in the Arab-Muslim .
Main article: Battle of al-Qadisiyya.To prevent an aid to Persian armies happens by the sea, Omar founded the city of Basra at the mouth of the Euphrates and installed the Arab garrison.
Conquest of the cities of Syria
Omar left the rest of Iraq's army and handed the Syrian campaign. Abu `Ubayd was ordered to take possession of Emesa ( Homs ). Reinforced the Byzantine fortifications and an army led by Heraclius moved to Antioch ( Antakya , Turkey) to Edessa ( Urfa in Turkey) for help if necessary Emesa. The siege began in the winter of Emesa. It is an earthquake that aided the Muslims in collapsing part of the fortifications.
Omar has established the rules of conduct for Christians and Jews, giving the basis of the status of "protected" ( dhimmi ) in a society dominated by Muslims in a text called the Pact of Umar
Main article: Covenant of Umar.There were two towns to take: Chalcis ( Hadir Qinnasrn or al-`Iss Syria) and Caesarea (Caesarea in Palestine). Chalcis is the earliest it was conquered first.
Umar then named Mu `awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan at the head of the army charged with attacking Caesarea. The Byzantines were put to flight and 80 000 of them were killed ( 636 ).
Fall of Jerusalem
Omar then sent Mu `awiyah accompanied by `Amr ibn al-Aas to conquer Jerusalem. From Damascus, the Arab armies roamed the pilgrimage route in the approach to the Byzantine general charged with defending Jerusalem, named Artabun, fled to Egypt (January 637 ).
In Jerusalem , the patriarch Sophronius wanted to deal directly with Umar and the latter come in person in the city. Umar gave his protection to the inhabitants of the city after a letter delivered to the patriarch. It guarantees the protection of Christian sites and ordered his men not to destroy them and not used as dwellings. The story of Eutychius said that Umar ibn al-Khattab visited the Church of the Resurrection and stopped to sit on his porch, but at the time of prayer, he left the church and made his prayer outside. He feared that future generations do the guise of a prayer for him inside the church to transform it into a mosque. Eutychius added that Omar bin al-Khattab had written a decree forbidding Muslims to come together in this place to pray. Umar also went on the esplanade of the temple at the spot where, according to the Qur'an, Muhammad was taken to heaven at night . Having inspected the scene, he said his prayers where now stands the Al-Aqsa Mosque.
He ordered the construction of the mosque al-Sakhra Qubbat on the current location of the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem , the place that Muhammad visited the night ( Isra travel at night) and where s is flown to heaven riding the winged horse Buraq.
Omar gave the Palestine , Jerusalem and the Mediterranean coast a href = "Yazid_ibn_Abi_Sufyan" alt = "Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan" class = "mw-redirect"> Yazid bin Abi Sufyan. Abu `Ubayd is the governor general of all these regions.
Changes of Ctesiphon
Iraq's army had rested, she went into battle under the command of Sa `ad ibn Abi Waqqas. Yazdegerd III abandoned his capital Ctesiphon and all its treasures without a fight.
The leak Yazdegerd III continues to Ray (Iran). Omar decides not to continue, "the Arab conquests had done enough for this year and the salvation of Muslims is better than many booty Foundation of Kufa
Omar began looking for a site to build a new capital. The site of Kufa near al-Hira was chosen. Sa `ad ibn Abi Waqqas built a palace. He transported the palace gates of Ctesiphon in it. Some of the inhabitants of Ctesiphon followed suit by moving to Kufa. Umar sent a messenger to burn the palace and builds. This palace was restored during the reign of Mu `awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan who became the royal residence .
Second Battle of Emesa
Throughout my 17 years of the Hegira ( 638 ), there was no campaign of conquest as the Arabs were busy building of Kufa. Part of the Christian population of Iraq had led to Emesa to rejoin the Byzantines. There was an army under the walls of Emesa. Abu `Ubayd immediately called for reinforcements. Yazid bin Abi Sufyan came to Damascus awiyah bin Abi Mu `Sufyan came to Caesarea and stayed at Khalid Bin Walid Chalcis to raise an army in waiting for reinforcements from Iraq. Khalid bin Walid finally arrived and he advised Abu `Ubayd attempting an exit. A four-day battle ensued. Byzantine three thousand were made prisoners.
A plague ravaged Syria and especially the village of Emmaus , she made two notable victims: Abu `Ubayd bin Abi Sufyan and Yazid ( 639 ) .
Conquest of Egypt
`Amr ibn al-` As went to Egypt through Palestine, he received reinforcements from Iraq.
It keeps these territories their previous administration, and not trying to forcibly convert his new subjects Christians or Jews because Islamic law assigns them a status of dhimmi, the price of a specific tax. The Arab troops were kept in isolation in a newly built fortified cities and are paid with the spoils of conquest.
Assassination
Umar was stabbed repeatedly on 3 November 644 in the mosque of Medina during the fajr prayer by a Persian slave named Fayrouz, nicknamed Abu Lou'lou'a. He died three days later as a result of his injuries , . Umm Ayman, who was the nurse of Muhammad , said: "Today, Islam has fallen! " .
Inheritance
Preceded by Omar ibn al-Khattab Followed by Abu Bakr
Caliphs Sunni 
( 634 - 644 ) Uthman Notes
- His real name Abu Hafs state Umar ibn al-Hatab nufayl ibn al-'Adawi qura
- Ahmed, Nazeer, Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad To The First World War, American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, 2001 34. ISBN 073885963X.
- a and b Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal. Chapter Death of Umar
- a and b Ibn Kathir in al-Bidaayah wa al-Nihayah, part 7.
- In Arabic : al-Faruqi () the equitable Encyclopaedia of Islam by Mufti M. Mukarram Ahmed, 2005, p. 42
- Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy, A Critique of Saqifa, Restatement of History of Islam and Muslims World Federation of KSI Muslim Communities, United Kingdom, ISBN 0 95 09879 1 March
- Ordon Abu Muhammad, Fatima The Gracious , Ansariyan Publications Qum, The Islamic Republic of Iran
- His year of birth is very uncertain. "At the time of his death he was fifty-five, others say fifty-seven years, and still others say he was seventy-one years or from a different tradition that he was sixty-three ( Tabari (trans. Zotenberg Hermann), The Chronicle , Actes-Sud / Sindbad, coll. "THESAURUS", "Omar, son of Khattab," p. 260 ). "It gives birth to between 582 and 591.
Janine and Dominique Sourdel, Historical Dictionary of Islam, ed. PUF, ( ISBN 978-2-130-54536-1 ) give 591
(Ar) / gives 583- War which pitted several tribes of Arabia during the pre-Islamic. This is due to a problem of licentiousness which occasioned the murder of a member of the Bani Kinana during the holy month.
- The four Caliphs, Hassan Amdouni , P. 121. Ed. Al Qalam (2005), ISBN 2-909469-07-7
- Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal , ch. I p. 45.
- a and b Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal , ch. I.
- Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari , History of the Prophets and Kings
- Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal , ch. I p. 40-41.
- Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal , ch. I.
- Tabqat ibn Sa'ad. Chapter Umar ibn Khittab.
- Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal , ch. I p. 47
- (en) Witness-pioneer.org - Khalifa Umar ibn al-Khattab: Islamic Actions and Social Mandates
- Mahmud Hussein (Gaghar Elnadi and Adel Rifaat), Al-Sira, Islam's prophet narrated by his companions, vol. I, Hachette Literature, coll. "Plural", 2006, 550 p. ( ISBN 978-2 - 01-279291-3 ), p. 447
- Al Farooq, Umar by Muhammad Husayn Haykal , ch. I p.51.
- The four Caliphs, Hassan Amdouni , P. 131. Ed. Al Qalam (2005), ISBN 2-909469-07-7
- The four Caliphs, Hassan Amdouni , P. 132. Ed. Al Qalam (2005), ISBN 2-909469-07-7
- Al Farooq, Umar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal Ch I p. 53.
- Tarikh Umar ibn al-Khattab, Ibn al-Jawzi , P. 11.
- a and b The Four Caliphs, Hassan Amdouni , P. 135. Ed. Al Qalam (2005), ISBN 2-909469-07-7
- a and b in Tahthib Tartib wa Al-Bidaayah wa al-Nihayah, Ibn Kathir , published by Dar al-Wathan publications, Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (2002) compiled by Dr. Muhammad ibn Shamil did Sulami, P. 170, ISBN 979-3407-19-6.
- Muhammad, the final jewel of the prophecy, Safiyyu Ar-Rahman Al-Mubrakfr, P. 149. Ed Ennour House (2002) ISBN 2-910891-44-5.
- Sahih al-Bukhari , 1 / 545 and Sira Ibn Hisham , 1 / 349.
- The four Caliphs, Hassan Amdouni , P. 136. Ed. Al Qalam (2005), ISBN 2-909469-07-7
- Serat-i-Hazrat-i-Umar Farooq, Mohammad Aadil Allias, P. 30.
- The four Caliphs, Hassan Amdouni , P. 143.
- Armstrong, P. 152.
- Let `Otba ibn Malik, Mu` adh ibn be Afra `` depending on version
- The four Caliphs, Hassan Amdouni , P. 144.
- Serat-i-Hazrat-i-Umar Farooq, Mohammad Aadil Allias, P. 40-41.
- Serat-i-Hazrat-i-Umar Farooq, Mohammad Aadil Allias, P. 42, Sahih al-Bukhari.
- a and b Tabqat ibn al-Saad book of Maghazi, P. 62.
- Sahih al-Bhukari book of Maghazi Ghazwa Zaat-ul-Sallasal
- Serat-i-Hazrat-i-Umar Farooq, Mohammad Aadil Allias, P. 56.
- As-Suyuti, The History of Khalifah Who Took The Right Way (The history of the caliphs who took the right path, London (1995), p. 54-61.
- Medieval Islamic Political Thought, Patricia Crone, P. 18.
- Tabari, ibid, p. 121
- Tabari, ibid p. 124. Tabari hesitates between the two dates, but seems to prefer the latter.
- Tabari, ibid p. 128
- Namarq or Namraq: unidentified location near Kufa
- Tabari, ibid p. 129
- Kaskar: fortress on the right bank of the Tigris downstream from Ctesiphon opposite the site of the future city of Wasit.
- Tabari, ibid, "Bridge Battle", pp. 133-138
- imprecise Date: Tabari, ibid, p. 153 indicates "for the fourteenth year of the Hegira" So in 635 or early 636. Janine and Dominique Sourdel, Historical Dictionary of Islam, ed. PUF, ( ISBN 978-2-130-54536-1 ) indicate "March 636 or 637"
- Tabari, ibid p. 141-156
- Tabari, ibid p. 159-160
- Qur'an , "The Night Journey", XVII , 1, (ar)
- Tabari, ibid p. 168
- Tabari, ibid p. 172
- Tabari , ibid P. 180
- The four Caliphs, Hassan Amdouni, page 236. Ed. Al Qalam (2005), ISBN 2-909469-07-7
See also
External Documents
- Tabari , The Chronicle (Volume II) , Actes-Sud ( ISBN 2-7427-3318-3 )
- (In) The Caliphate, ITS Rise, Decline and Fall, by William Muir CHAPTER I, 11 AH Death of Muhammad, Abu Bakr Election of 'Umar,' Ali Abu 'Obeida
- Janine and Dominique Sourdel, Historical Dictionary of Islam, ed. PUF, ( ISBN 978-2-130-54536-1 )
- Mahmoud Hussein (Gaghar Elnadi and Adel Rifaat), Al-Sira, Islam's prophet narrated by his companions, vol. I, Hachette Literature, coll. "Plural", 2006, 550 p. ( ISBN 978-2-01 -279,291-3 ), 'Umar ibn al-Khattab ", p. 447-451
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