 |  |  |  Reign | Thutmose III |
|---|
| Period | New Kingdom | | Dynasty | Eighteenth Dynasty | | Function | Pharaoh | | Predecessor | Thutmose II
Hatshepsut | | Takeover | On the death of Thutmose II
Full powers to that of Hatshepsut | | Dates of reign | -1504 to -1452 (by DB Redford )
-1504 to -1450 (by EF Wente , Van Siclen)
-1490 to -1436 (as E. Hornung , RA Parker , AH Gardiner )
-1479 / -1478 to -1425 (as J. von Beckerath , the British Museum , J. Malek , N. Grimal , Murnane, D. Arnold , I. Shaw , KA Kitchen , R. Krauss , C. Aldred )
-1479 to -1424 (as AD Dodson )
-1467 to -1413 (as HW Helck ) | | Duration of reign | 52 years, 7 months | | Successor | Amenhotep II | | Transfer of power | Natural death | | Burial | Not Found | | Date Discovered | Unknown | | Discoverer | Unknown | | Excavated by | ? |
At the end of his life, he probably shared power, willingly this time, with the future Amenhotep II, son of the Great Royal Wife , Hatshepsut Mrytr. The Warrior King Thutmose III, the American Egyptologist James Henry Breasted called "the Napoleon of ancient Egypt," continues the policy of conquests of his father and carries the New Empire at its peak. It campaigns in Nubia , where it exceeds the 4th cataract , and Syro-Palestine, where the battle and siege of Megiddo is the most famous episode. During his sixteen (or eighteen) military expeditions in Asia, it would have captured 350 cities, making the most of the territories west of the Euphrates , he crossed the course of a campaign against the kingdom of Mitanni. The event was commemorated by a stone border that the king had erected on the west bank of the river, beside that of his grandfather Thutmose I.. The first Asian campaign, it leads to the head of ten thousand soldiers is 22/23 in the year of his reign (25th day, 4th month of the season Peret , year 22). She was taken to remove the threat posed by a coalition of princes around the King of Kadesh , a vassal of the king of Mitanni. Thutmose III wins the battle of Megiddo (to 14/15 April -1457). Although significant advantage, the Egyptians did not take the city because of their lack of experience in the onslaught of heavily walled cities. Thutmose III then decided to put the seat by surrounding the city by a moat. The last harvest was confiscated by the Egyptian, after a siege of seven months the city finally get to not die of hunger, his ship the surrender Palestine to Thutmose III. The king then continues northwards and subjects the country until the Litani. Syria was conquered during the sixth season with the capture of Kadesh. Ports Phoenician undergo a year later, during the seventh season. In the year 33's reign, the wars in Asia lead to a direct confrontation with the Mitanni. The army carries canal boats built Byblos through the desert to cross the barrier of the Euphrates. It reached the country Qatna, near the modern city of Homs , ravaging the region of Carchemish , then crosses the "great river Naharina, while the enemy flees Mitannian" like herds of goats from the mountain " . The following campaigns are used to stabilize the borders of Egypt to the Euphrates, thus stopping the expansion of Mitanni. Syro-Palestinian cities, now ruled by princes whose children were taken hostage, retain some autonomy, but are subject to the tribute by Egyptian administration reinforced by troops stationed at strategic locations. In Nubia , the king is going beyond the 4th cataract and engraved with a href = "Kenissa" class = "new" title = "Kenissa (non-existent page)"> Kenissa another stele-border alongside that of his illustrious grandfather Thutmose I.. The consequences of this policy of conquest is a huge influx of wealth in Egypt, as war booty or annual deliveries. Palestine and Syria are sending wine , of oil , cattle and sheep, horses , the silver , the copper , precious stones, weapons, chariots, servants and princesses for the royal harem. The Phoenicia book of wheat , the copper and the tin , it also lends its fleet for military operations. From Africa comes the gold , the ivory and ebony. The Assyria provides lapis lazuli as a "tribute of homage" (C. Lalouette) and Hatti gemstones. The region of Punt sends the frankincense and myrrh. During his reign, Thutmose III established Egypt at the center of a vast empire including the country of Kush and the Syro-Palestinian corridor. The contributions of the conquered territories - unforgettable ("what we bring") and Baku ("work product") - allow a massive construction program to the glory of Amun and his royal protection. King builder  Granite statue of Pharaoh Thutmose III This warrior-king is also a great builder, like his predecessors. At Karnak , it continues the work of transformation of the temple of Amun-Re , which is richly endowed. There is particular build the Akhmenu or "hall". "Taxes levied annual tributes as" decided by the king, "will be for my father divine offerings of Amun. My Majesty offered him all sorts of resources even in gold , silver , lapis lazuli , turquoise , copper, black, bronze , of copper and the tin , colors in very large quantities " Economy At the time of Thutmose III, the price of beef is about two ounces of gold, it is still today (at an average price of gold) the same order of magnitude . Burial Thutmose III died on the last day of the seventh month of its fifty-third year of reign. He is buried in the Valley of the Kings. His tomb ( KV34 ) is one of the largest in the cemetery: it measures just over 76 m long. The magnificent sarcophagus of quartzite of the king still holds the burial chamber. The wall decoration of the tomb consists mainly of scenes and texts extracted from the Amduat book , The Book of what is in the Other World. Notes - cf. AH Gardiner , P. 444
- -1479 / -1478 to -1425 according to J. von Beckerath, J. Malek, N. Grimal, Murnane, D. Arnold, I. Shaw, KA Kitchen, E. Krauss, C. Aldred
Other specialist advice: -1504 to -1452 (DB Redford), -1504 to -1450 (EF Wente, Van Siclen), -1490 to -1436 (E. Hornung, RA Parker, A. Gardiner), -1479 to - 1424 (AD Dodson), -1467 to -1413 (HW Helck). - The name does not necessarily mean that she is the daughter of Hatshepsut.
- cf. C. Lalouette , P. 293.
- cf. K. Sethe , p. 743-744)
- Alain Master Gold Is the universal currency that we currently lack (R. Mundell) or is it a barbarous relic (Keynes)?:
"The demonetization of gold in the twentieth century marked a dramatic departure when one considers that since the great civilizations of ancient trade was settled in gold. Egypt is rich in the yellow metal has a way to make a monetary standard from the Middle Kingdom. Under Thutmose III, it takes 60 grams of gold to buy an ox. In the second millennium BC, gold is stamped in Cappadocia, Assyria, China and the world's seventh century Hellenized than the monetary revolution is acquired. "
Bibliography - Books referenced in the text
- Alan Henderson Gardiner , Egypt of the Pharaohs, Oxford University Press, 1961 and 1964 and 1974 posthumous ;
- Claire Lalouette , Thebes or the birth of an empire, Fayard , Paris, 1986, ( ISBN 2-08-081328-5 )
- Claire Lalouette , Memoirs of Thutmose III, Calmann-Lvy , Paris, 1997 ;
- Kurt Heinrich Sethe , Urkunden der 18. Dynastie, Heft 1, Publisher unknown, Leipzig, 1905, 1906 and 1927. .
- Other articles
- Donald Bruce Redford , The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 16, Brill, Leiden, 2003 ( ISBN 9004129898 ) ;
- Peter A. Clayton , Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames and Hudson, New York, 1994, 1996, November 2006 and January 2007 - American University in Cairo Press, Cairo, 2006 ( ISBN 0-500-05074-0 ) - In French, with Florence Marujols , Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Story reign by reign of kings and dynasties of ancient Egypt, Casterman, Paris, 1994 and 1995;
- Florence Marujols , Tuthmosis III and the co-regency with Hatshepsut, Pygmalion, Paris, September 2007 ( ISBN 978-2-8570-4897-7 ) .
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