Origins of name As place names, its various names (and their supposed origins) show the presence in that territory millennium populations of Latin languages ( Romanian ), Finno-Ugric ( Hungarian , Szkely ) or Germanic ( Saxon )
Moreover, Ion Maiorescu noted in LR von Heufler: sterreich und seine Kronlnder (Austria and countries of the Crown) that "Transylvania" comes from Celtic , because if one believes the introduction by Leibniz ardal had Celtic the same direction as the Romanian word Tara (country). But the Scordisci ( Celtic people ) settled in Transylvania from the Dacians (Thracians from the north).
Arde could also be derived directly from Indo-European, with the sense of "forest" (see Forest of Arden , England, and forest Belgian of Ardennes ).
History
Before the formation of the principality
Medal struck by the Romans to mark the founding of the province of
Dacia.
The region was in the ancient world , the political center of the kingdom of Dacia (the Thracians from the north), with its capital Sarmizegetusa in the mountains.
In 106 it was conquered by the Roman Emperor Trajan (Marcus Nerva Traian Ulpius) and became the Roman province of Dacia Felix , with its capital Ulpia Sarmizegetusa Traiana. The Roman province only partially corresponding to the limits of the future of the Transylvanian Middle Age.
After the departure of the Romans in 271 , the region entered a long period of "documentary diet" for historians, since written sources are scarce as everywhere in Europe. Nevertheless, a Christian presence is well documented from the fourth century , while language and toponymy show a long cohabitation of populations of different origins. For example, the river Arie (in Hungarian Aranyos) takes its name from the Latin Auraneus (prospector), the town of Svdisla / Szent Lszl-comes from the Slavic Vladislav Sveti (Saint Ladislaus), while the country Trnava has a name in Romanian Slavic and Hungarian names of origin Finno-Ugric (Kkll) (respectively meaning 'thorn' and 'plum'). The names of mountains (Pietrosu, Gain, Codru, Pleu, Capatana, etc..) Nearly every Romanian, show that the " Vlachs "(as they then called Latinos ) lived mainly at the foot of the mountain where they engaged in extensive livestock, especially sheep (it was still the traditional way of life for most Romanians in Transylvania nineteenth century ).
From the fourth century , there were succeeded by the Huns (of Turkic ), the Gepidae (of siblings ), the Avars and the Bulgarians (other Turkic) and Slavs ). A known example for archeology time of great migrations consists Gepidae the graves of Apahida.
Middle Ages: A vassal principality of the Kingdom of Hungary
From the ninth - tenth centuries, the Magyars , who speak a language group Finno-Ugric , installed first at the northern Black Sea (Etelkz country) then the center of the Danube basin , gradually extending their authority to the mountains that surround the basin. Towards the east they are the Apuseni Mountains , the Carpathians ), towards which becomes for them "the land beyond the forest": Transylvania. So they adopt Christianity Catholic , Magyars, called "Hungary" or "Hungarian" by confusion with their allies Onoghours extend their dominance over local populations predominantly Slavic and Vlach, reporting to the Orthodox Patriarchate of Ohrid , and more precisely the Patriarchate of Pec and the Eparchy of Turnu-Severin. The diocese Catholic of Alba Iulia was founded at that time, to counter the orthodoxy of these populations. Later, the new lords Hungarians settle in the eastern part of Transylvania of mercenaries, Szkely (HUN szkelyek), settlers of uncertain origin (Finno-Ugric? Turkish? Mongolian?), but Hungarian. Also become Catholics, they take over the border guard.
To develop the region, King of Hungary called on the German settlers (called Saxons although many do not come from Saxony) which records the privileges and rights in 1224 (degree of Andreanum). They settled on royal lands (Fundus Regius) where they are based - they say - seven cities (hence the German name for Transylvania Transylvania ). They consolidate their privileges will be permanently abolished in 1876. However, the Romanians of Transylvania gradually lose their political rights and are reduced to serfdom after the uprisings in Bobalna in 1437 and Gheorghe Doja / Dzsa Gyrgy in 1514. The stiffening of orders and privileges after the first of these uprisings led in 1438 to the establishment of the Unio Trium nationum , which freezes the Transylvanian society in a social order fundamentally unequal that will last until the eighteenth century and the Transylvanian Revolution of 1784.
Parish Church
Saxon to
Sibiu (German Hermannstadt).
The eleventh century to the early sixteenth century , Transylvania was a principality with its own institutions and laws, independent of the Kingdom of Hungary, but a vassal of him. The reigning prince, styled voivod , is knighted by the King of Hungary. The prince is known as John Hunyadi (Romanian Iancu de Hunedoara , Hunyadi Jnos in Hungarian) (Romanian-born by his father), who won the Battle of Belgrade (Nndorfehrvr) in 1456 against the Ottomans , and father of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (in Hungarian Mtys Hunyadi, Romanian Matei Corvin). In the sixteenth century, the Hungarians in Transylvania extend the system of counties ( hu: vrmegye , ro: megieuri ). To develop the mines, the king of Hungary called on German settlers (called Saxons , even if they do not all come from Saxony , about 10% were novel to speak ( Walloons , Lorraine), as reflected in various references wallen ). Their privileges and rights are enshrined in 1224 in the diploma Andreanum). They settled on royal lands (Fundus Regius) where they melt, they say, seven cities (hence the German name Siebenbrgen of Transylvania). They consolidate their privileges, which will be abolished in 1867 , together with the Principality of Transylvania, which was then attached to the Kingdom of Hungary within the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy.
In the Middle Ages, the Vlachs in Transylvania, Romance-speaking populations, had originally been organized into "vlachflds" territorial communities nominated by them Tari (Latin terra). Historians define them as " popular fiction "or" Wallachia ". As the Romanian aristocracy (the boyars ), ordered to abandon the orthodoxy or go, leaving the country towards Wallachia and Moldavia beyond the Carpathians , the Transylvanian tariff were in turn integrated into the counties of Hungary and to Saxon strongholds during the thirteenth and fourteenth century , pp. 13 to 19. :
There were also "vlachflds" on the outskirts of the Principality of Transylvania properly-known:
Until 1366 , Transylvania had a political organization which, in addition to the Magyar aristocracy, the Saxons , the Sicilians and Vlachs ( Romanians ) were represented at the Diet (University nobilibus, Saxonibus, and Syculis Olach). They together formed a third state (congregatio generalis) can propose and pass laws, and be delegated to take executive measures concerning public order, relations between ethnic groups and professional guilds, and even military matters.
But in 1366 , by the Edict of Turda , King Louis I of Hungary Redefines Affordability congregatio generalis and the Diet is now conditioned by membership in the Catholic Church. Although the decree does not mention it openly, it excludes the majority Romanian Orthodox, that is to say the majority of Transylvanian. Romanian nobility must be converted (and Magyarization) or exile (in Moldavia and Wallachia ), and the end of tariff or "vlachflds" abandoned by the nobility place the Orthodox Vlachs living in bondage , submission. From there, only the Catholics, Hungarian, Szkely and Saxon are recognized as "nations" ( Unio Trium nationum of 1438 ). Transylvania suffered the brunt of the unrest of the late Middle Ages in Central and Eastern Europe: serfdom generates large peasant revolts (Gheorghe Doja jacquerie in Magyar Dzsa Gyrgy in 1514 ), the stiffening of orders and privileged, civil wars that threaten the prosperity of cities, and economic decline.
The Principality of Transylvania (XVI-XVII centuries)
The Turkish invasion of the Ottomans in the Danube basin and the disaster Hungarian Mohcs (1526), cause the disintegration of medieval Hungary, after nearly ten years of struggle against the Turks and dynastic battles between Zapolya the Jagiellonian and Habsburgs to the throne of Hungary. While Hungary is becoming a central pashalic Ottoman, Habsburg of Austria captured the Western Hungary and Northern Hungary (now part of Slovakia ), Royal Hungary, while Transylvania was given to John I Zapolya by Peace Nagyvrad in 1538. But two years later the king died, leaving a coveted throne of the Holy Roman Empire in the hands of his son Jean II of Hungary , one hastens to elect king, under regency of his wife Isabelle and his Councillor Giorgio Martinuzzi.
But Suleiman keeps his ambitions of conquest: Fifteen years after it returns Mohcs his armies in Hungary, which penetrate up to Buda , without manifest desire to govern by himself: he wants to leave Transylvania to the river Tisza , to John II, against 10,000 forints per tax year. Transylvanian Parliament accepts these conditions and student at John Sigismund as Prince of Transylvania, thus removing any right to the Habsburgs. However in 1546 , the sultan requested the postponement of two towers located west of Transylvania, Gheorghe and the monk, still finding the will of the Turkish conquest of RAM, enter into negotiations with Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Empire , this which led in 1549 to the Convention Nyirbator , recognizing the rights of Ferdinand on Hungary in exchange for the security of Transylvania. By learning the secret clauses of the treaty, the Queen Mother is close to the Sultan and he denounced the "traitor monk, asking in exchange for the safety of his son and his accession to the throne of" king of Transylvania. "
But war broke out and the queen mother fall against the Austrian armies. She is forced to resign with his son, Ferdinand resumed the throne of Hungary, and Transylvania is recognized as an independent state, a kingdom with its head appointed Martinuzzi voivod , the war with the Turks being hung diplomatically. On 16 December 1551 , however, Ferdinand is assassinated Martinuzzi, which he distrusted, which has the effect of calling the sultan in the race. In early 1552 , he recalled the Queen Mother and son on the throne of Hungary, the emperor could not retaliate weakened. On 12 March 1556 , the Transylvanian Parliament decides to bring back the queen mother Isabelle and her son, while the Emperor Ferdinand, in his letter to the Sultan, stated the surrender of John Sigismund in Transylvania. Transylvania is now an independent monarchy, but will soon accept it as before the Wallachia and Moldavia , the status of vassal of the Ottoman Empire. Vassal does not yet attached, so the maps that show Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia as Ottoman territories, are false. Indeed the three voivodates retain their autonomous status of Christian states, their armies, their institutions, their laws and their ambassadors. The Treaty of Speyer , the 10 March 1571 , signed by Emperor Maximilian and Prince, to endorse this position in Transylvania.
Transylvania is a principality headed by an elective Vojvoda Hungarian (including the prestigious families Bethlen or Bthory ), and where the powers of the diet are real. The "Vlachs" are Exlusive: they are orthodox. During the Reformation , when the Counter-Reformation raged in France and the Habsburg dominions ( Austria , Bohemia , Hungary Royale), the Transylvanian Diet, by the Edict of Tolerance of 1571, going mostly to Protestantism, or Lutheran (adopted by the Saxons), or Calvinist (adopted by the Szeklers Western) or Unitarian (adopted by a party of Hungarians). In this edict from Transylvanian tolerance, these four denominations (professed by the aristocrats, bourgeois and freeholders, or Hungarian-speaking germanophones) were "accepted" (recept), while the Orthodox faith of the majority of Transylvanian (professed by Romanian-serfs) is only "tolerated" (Tolerate). From the perspective of the Magyars and the Saxons, is a Golden Age of Transylvania in the seventeenth century , but from the perspective of the peasantry, mostly Romanian and Orthodox (even though the ethno-religious criteria does have the same value at that time than today), it is a dark age. Throughout this period, most of the time the Transylvania Voivodes, like their counterparts in Moldavia and Wallachia, are playing a double game: they pay tribute to the Ottomans while recognizing, on several occasions, the distant authority of the Habsburgs.
After the death of John Sigismund the 14 March 1571 , Stephen Bathory was elected voivod of Transylvania. The Sultan agrees with this decision, considering Bathory as the legitimate successor of John Sigismund, but ordering a close diplomatic cooperation between the Prince Bthory and the Bey of Buda , first officer of the Sultan in Hungary. But in 1575 , the Polish gentry inquiry Bthory, engaged to Anne, sister of Sigismund II Augustus , becoming king of Poland , and he agrees, leaving Transylvania with his brother Christopher. Follow the Princes Sigismund Bthory , forced to resign in 1596 after a defeat against the Turks, a few passages of Rudolf II , to be returned by the nobility in 1601 , recalled that nobility Sigismund, who abdicated again in 1602 , following a another defeat, against the Holy Roman Empire this time. This time Stephen II Bocskai , a former adviser Bthory, who was elected prince of Transylvania in 1605 , then King of Hungary, which he abandoned in accordance with the will of the Ottoman Empire, which grows in the Holy Roman Empire recognize this fact.
It should finally be mentioned for this period, the brief conquest of Transylvania between November 1599 and August 1600 by the Prince of Wallachia, Michael the Brave (Mihai the Brave), condottiere service of the Habsburg emperor in Vienna but then acting on its behalf staff and briefly uniting Transylvania to Wallachia and Moldavia : This episode, relatively minor at the time, was considered by Romanian historians, from the Romantic age ( nineteenth century ) as a "premonition" training of Romania today. But does any factual support this thesis Even worse: he has legalized same serfdom in Wallachia.
On arrival in power of Gbor Bthory , son of Stephen, the sultan gave up the annual tax for three years. Gbor urges talks with the emperor for an alliance against the Turks, but his adviser, Gabriel Bethlen , inform the sultan that he sells in 1613 the right to remove the monarch. On 21 October 1613, the Transylvanian Parliament, summoned by the Sultan, Prince Bethlen elect. He was a Protestant prince, who wanted to unite the Protestant countries against the Catholic Habsburg absolutism. In 1619 , he enlisted in the Thirty Years War on the side of Bohemia , joined in 1626 through his marriage to Catherine of Brandenburg , in the Netherlands , the Denmark and Poland. He died in 1629 and the candidate endorsed by the Turks, George I Rkczi , succeeded him, continuing its fight against Ferdinand, who died in 1637 , the Thirty Years War when entering its final period, a conflict between Germans and French allies Rkczi. This application 1643 , in exchange for a military alliance not desired by the Sultan, a military protection of France and Sweden , without desire for possession of Hungary and Transylvania. A secret agreement between Louis XIV and with Prince Rkczi complete 1645 data.
The sultan, however, sees a dim view of this prince who becomes too strong and has great allies, and banned the prince wishes to continue its military. In December 1645 , Prince obeyed, and withdrew its troops from Moravia , signing peace in Linz with Ferdinand III , ending the participation of Hungary and Transylvania in the Thirty Years War. In 1648 , the Peace of Westphalia which ended the Thirty Years War , they act as sovereign power in the negotiations. It was in 1699 that sovereignty ends, when the Habsburgs conquered Transylvania and makes a archduchy incorporated into their empire.
The direct rule of the Habsburgs (1690-1867)
Iohann Haller, governor of Transylvania in 1750.
From 1688 - 1.69 thousand , the region came under the control of the empire of the Habsburgs who just regaining the Danube basin after 150 years of Ottoman occupation. The Emperor a href = "% C3% L A9opold_Ier_du_Saint Empire" alt = "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor"> Leopold agrees to recognize the autonomy of Transylvania (Diploma Leopoldinum) but He set up a governor, surrounded by a Council (Gubernium), to represent him personally in what is becoming, little by little, a mere province of his empire. The Catholic religion takes an important place in 1698 and part of Orthodox agree to recognize the authority of the Pope ( Greek Catholic church in Transylvania ). Greek Catholics in Transylvania open schools and will drive the emancipation of the Romanians, developing a spirit of resistance that will prohibit and persecute between 1946 and 1989 during the period of communist.
This is the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries centuries under the influence of the spirit of the Enlightenment , that are beginning to develop modern national consciousness . In the late eighteenth century , an embryo of Romanian bourgeoisie is still formed, and its demands are made by the thinkers of the Transylvanian School ( Scoala Ardelean ). Between 1784 and 1792 , they demanded recognition of the Romanians as "fourth nation in Transylvania, especially in the ( Supplex Libellus Valachorum , translated text in Paris Mercure de France, and even inspired the American Declaration of Independence or one of Human Rights and the French citizen). The Transylvanian revolution of 1784 failed, but the Habsburgs realize that we must "make concessions" and Joseph II , filled with the spirit of Enlightenment, conducted between 1781 and 1787 bold reforms: abolition of serfdom, dismantling of privileges Orders (Hungarian, gall, Saxon) from the Middle Ages. But rejected by the Magyar aristocracy, these reforms are overturned in 1790, in the context of the French Revolution, which frightens all the imperial courts of Europe.
These reforms put the Romanians on par with other "nations" of Transylvania recognized, are a shock to the Hungarians in Transylvania , but also noble citizens, who are beginning to demand the abolition of archduchy and the annexation of Transylvania ( Uni) to the "Greater Hungary" also including the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. The Szkely , Hungarian language, identify with, too, increasingly, the "national cause" Hungarian. From that time the Transylvania will increasingly become the issue of national struggle and identity politics, it is still not fully emerged at the beginning of the XXI century. In 1848 , the romantic nationalism of the " Springtime of Peoples "who fight for freedom and democracy against the tyrant rulers, quickly revealed its limitations and naivete in Central Europe, especially in Transylvania, where the revolutions Hungarian and Romanian in 1848 fail after being opposed to each other.
In Transylvania, the situation in 1848 is unusual, as the revolutionary Hungarian of Lajos Kossuth , deeply Jacobins have taken upon themselves the claims of proponents of "Greater Hungary" and ordered the suppression of diet Transylvanian; more, they want to the Magyar language only of the future revolutionary Hungary. In this project, non-Magyars of Transylvania have no chance to see their demands. Consequently, if a minority of germanophones and Romanian-less attached to their culture, joined the program in Kossuth diets of Cluj / Kolozsvr and Debrecen , the majority is broken. The Saxons look increasingly looking to Germany to Frankfurt , battering its unification. As for the Romanians, under the banner of Avram Iancu in the great assembly of Blaj on 15 May 1848 , they formed a volunteer corps.
Kossuth's army responded by firing without warning, but volunteers Romanian mountaineers hardened by a life of privation and experts in booby traps and ambushes, the push twice in the Bihor Massif, in Abrud and Marisel (in same land where the Transylvanian revolution of 1784 was held in check Magyar hussars 64 years earlier). Among the leaders of this revolution, which resumed at pretty much the claims of the Supplex Libellus Valachorum of 1784 and 36 points in the "Nation Party of Moldova", we note the presence of Papiu Ilarian Alexandru, Ioan Axente Sever, of Simion Balint of Barnutiu Simion , Buteanu Ioan, Petru Dobra, Timotei Cipariu, Ioan Dragos Ioan Sterci-uluiu Margin of Urs and David.
The 29 May 1848 , in Cluj / Kolozsvr , held an extraordinary meeting of the Transylvanian Diet. The electoral system censal fact that the majority of Romanian-speaking countries (70% of the population) there is very little represented (over 300 members, 273 Magyar ago, 24 Romanian-germanophones and only 3). The majority of MPs, Magyar rallied to Kossuth proclaimed the annexation of Transylvania to Hungary, to the chagrin of the Romanian-but also Saxon and part of Szecklers. Even the great Hungarian poet Sndor Petfi , Transylvanian himself, took a stand against this decision.
The divorce was finally consummated between the Hungarian revolutionaries on the one hand, and Romania, the Saxons and Croats on the other. Efforts Nicolae Balcescu , mediator commissioned by the revolutionary government of Wallachia, who went to Kossuth himself in Budapest (the conversation was in French), came to nothing. Part of the Magyar army was still repress Romanian Transylvania, while at the call of Habsburg anxious to rebuild their empire , the Russian troops of Tsar already invaded Hungary revolutionary, according to the treaties of the Holy Alliance. Result: The Hungarian Revolution was crushed at the Battle of Siria (near Arad ) in 1849. Lajos Kossuth , leader of the Hungarian revolution, was forced into exile after the martyrdom of thirteen of his generals at Arad October 6, 1849. For his part Avram Iancu sank into depression, stopped to plead, to be an eccentric (he traversed the villages playing tunes of flute), was disbarred, refused a decoration given by the young Emperor Francis Joseph visits Transylvania (to thank him for having fought Kossuth) and made such a scandal against the sovereign, he was considered insane and driven manu-militari. In the eyes of the nationalist Hungarian, Romanians have "betrayed the revolutionary cause" ... and vice versa .
Following a short transition period known as the neo-Austrian absolutism: Transylvania, whose autonomy was restored for another 19 years (it was finally abolished in 1867), became de facto an empty shell, dissolved in a repressive and bureaucratic, which nonetheless pursued the modernization reforms of 1848-1849 (end of serfdom, modernization of legal codes). In 1860's Austria suffered several serious defeats in Italy and then Sadowa in 1866, and Emperor Francis Joseph should relieve pressure on nationalities. Transylvanian Diet meets in Sibiu , where for the first time, Romanians are represented and vote on equal use of three languages: Romanian, Hungarian and German in the administration ( 1863 - 1864 ). A project is presented to the Emperor of Austria, like Germany, would become a federation of seven monarchies which would be the king or the Archduke Austria, Bohemia and Moravia , Galicia-and-Lodomeria , Hungary, Croatia- Slavonia , Transylvania, Dalmatia. But, not to antagonize the magnates of Austria and Hungary, the Emperor chooses not to base the balance of the Empire as a pact with the only Hungarian: the Compromise of 1867 ( Ausgleich ) that founded the Austria-Hungary. For its part, Transylvania was incorporated into the "Great Hungary".
In Austria-Hungary, the Hungarian government (1867-1918)
After 1867, the Hungarians have carte blanche to reorganize the party of the Empire that is reserved for them ( Transleithania ): they build the project of "Greater Hungary unit. Transylvania disappears permanently administrative maps, Hungarian territory is divided into " counties "(megyek) Uniform ( 1876 ). The diet of Szeben , returned by the emperor from 1865 , is replaced by a diet at Kolozsvr that self-dissolved ( 1868 ). Parliament is now in Budapest.
After an initial period rather conciliatory , the Hungarian government conducts a policy of Transylvania Magyarization increasingly aggressive push (it peaked in 1907 with the Law School Apponyi) incorporated in a province at the time of about 55% of Romanians, 10% and 35% of Saxons Hungarians. This policy leads to an opposite effect to that intended: the manifestations of identity as a Romanian Saxon reinforce that. National associations of any type (sports, arts, culture, banking) are increasing, as elsewhere in Central Europe.
Autonomist Romanian Transylvania in 1894, during a lawsuit against them for "betrayal" by the Hungarian State (Minutes of the Memorandum).
The Romanian side, after a period of boycott (called "passive": 1867 - 1902 ), a political elite determined to shape the early twentieth century ( Iuliu Maniu , Vaida-Voievod ) which obliges the government of Hungary ( Istvan Tisza ) to negotiate on two occasions in 1910 and 1913 - 1914. In addition, the unification of Wallachia and Moldavia into a single state of Romania (autonomous 1859 , independent in 1878 ) is a strong message for the Romanians in Transylvania, even if one can speak of true irredentism. As for the Saxons who have lost their privileges in 1867 , they shall choose the path of compromise with Budapest ( 1890 ) but, with their economic and social advance, they develop strategies of resistance Magyarization and disappointed Vienna , looking for increasingly to Berlin , where they send their children to university.
During the Great War , Transylvania will become the subject of intrigues and rivalry between powers. The country is primarily concerned with the Kingdom of Romania. Romanian nationalist movements in this country since the year 1 880 - 1.89 thousand , claim the annexation of Transylvania, willingly described as "third country Romania" (with Wallachia and Moldavia), has become a leitmotif. The young Romanian kingdom, combined with the Triple Alliance and ruled by a king of Germany ( Hohenzollern ), which can hardly indulge in such ambitions. The game is changing from 1913 ( Second Balkan War ). At the beginning of the First World War , the Romanian monarchy remains cautiously neutral, trading with both sides. Fiercely Francophile, his opinion the shoot, however, for an alliance with France, the United Kingdom and the Russian empire against the Austria-Hungary , to liberate the "oppressed Transylvanian brothers" (and which were in effect culturally, but enjoyed a standard of living and higher education to Moldovans and Vlachs).
27 August 1916 , the Kingdom of Romania declares war on Austria-Hungary and Romanian troops come in Transylvania, but after several weeks of fighting and some victories (making Braov ), the cons-German offensive in the regrowth- passes beyond the Carpathians. Romania was invaded by the Germans, Austro-Hungarians and Bulgarians. Despite its resistance to Marasesti (the "Verdun Romanian") during the year 1917, ultimately the defection Russian and depletion of resources force it to surrender in May 1918 ( Treaty of Bucharest ).
In Transylvania, new associations ultra-nationalist Hungarian Romanians are hunting "traitors", and the government has a policy of rural settlement anti-Romanian. Romanian schools were closed. Some leaders and activists Romanian Transylvania are smuggled into the game of Romania remained unoccupied by the Central Powers and form a "Legion of volunteers Transylvanian" incorporated in the Romanian Army (June 1917 ). In fall 1918, when Austria-Hungary collapses, the Romanians of Transylvania proclaimed logically Union of Transylvania with Romania (Assembly of Alba Iulia , December 1, 1918 , now National Day of Romania ). The union representatives Saxon validate December 15, 1918 at Media , Hungarian meanwhile oppose December 22 of that year. The Transylvanian Romanians give them guarantees for their rights (such guarantees will be unevenly observed later: pretty good during the parliamentary democracy from 1921 to 1938, rather less during periods of dictatorship from 1938 to 1989, despite the establishment "a Hungarian autonomous region" in western Transylvania by the communist regime between 1947 and 1968). A committee chaired by the allied French geographer Emmanuel de Martonne trace the new border between Hungary and Romania, which is so far the western border of Transylvania in Romania.
The Kingdom of Romania in 1918
Following the Allied victory in 1918 , the Bukovina and Transylvania also vote their connection to the Greater Romania : the population of the Kingdom of Romania suddenly goes from 8 to 18 million inhabitants. The unification of the country is recognized (except by the Soviets) at ( Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye (1919) ). The new border between Hungary and Romania is drawn by a commission of the Agreement, chaired by the French geographer Emmanuel de Martonne. This border issue, obviously considered by Hungary as an unjust result, for long installs a dispute with Hungary, which worsens in spring 1919 when the Bolshevik government of Hungary Budapest trying to regain Transylvania. This Government is defeated by the Romanian army officers supervised by the French mission Berthelot. The Franco-Romanian occupying Budapest on Aug. 6 1919. The Treaty of Trianon (1920) issue finally Transylvania and the eastern half of the Banat to Romania, as well as various territories of Eastern Hungary.
But during the summer of 1919, the constitution of the Budapest Republic of Hungary advice by the government of Bla Kun , who takes up the project of "Greater Hungary", relaunch the war between Hungary and the Allies. Bla Kun's troops try to regain Transylvania and are repulsed by the French army Berthelot reconstituted governing the Romanian army. The cons-offensive Franco-Romanian lead Berthelot and Romania to Budapest, where they will hand over power to Admiral Mikls Horthy , who lead the anti-communist repression and will be regent of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1944.
Two conflicting stories and a legend
With claims and rebuttals Romanian Austro-Hungarian, were built around Transylvania, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, two conflicting stories of the Romanian people. The Romanian thesis, developed by historians such as Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol or Iorga said the permanence of a population Latino numerous in Transylvania from Dacia in Roman today. This is the "sedentary". He admits the presence of other people in the middle of Romanian-(Germanic, Slavic, Turkish) and is based on archeology . The thesis Austro-Hungarian and Hungarian-Germano later developed by Robert Rossler said the disappearance of Latinos after 170 years of Roman presence, and their return after many years of absence, the appeal of the kings of Hungary, from Macedonia where these Latinos have survived. This is the "migrationnisme" for whom the Romanians descend from Aromanians. It is based on the stories of Eutropius and some place names and linguistic data. The controversy between these two schools of militant history have made the whole story was suppressed and controversial Romanian purely scientific research, the results suggest that since 1500 years, Latinos, the Slavic and the other lived on an intertwined area much larger than Transylvania, from the Adriatic to the Black Sea and the current Ukraine at the center of current Greece. These controversies and the occultation result in current historical atlas to ignore any Latino presence among the year 270 and the XIV century in the basin of the lower Danube and the Balkans, which is both inaccurate and absurd as the Romanians and current Aromanians exist is that they obviously have survived the demise of the Roman Empire. Scientific data (including place names) said they were, like the Romansh , the Ladino , of Friuli , of Istria and Dalmatia , local majorities around some mountain chains such as the Dinaric, the Pindus , the Balkans, Western The Bihor Massif, the Carpathians and the southern Macin. In the plains surrounding the massive population was predominantly Slavic of the osmosis between Slavic and Romance-Romanians are from current and part of the Serbs, Bulgarians and Hungarians today, while Aromanians have instead undergone very little influences Slavic language and names confirmed. Historians may be nationalist, the past is not.
The legend of " Dracula "is linked to Transylvania. But whatever may be said some guides and tourist agencies, both Vlad " Dracula "and" TSEP (The Dragon and the Impaler) was Voevodes of Wallachia , not Transylvania. Vlad Dracul II (the dragon) the dynasty Basarab , was so named because the King of Hungary Sigismund of Luxembourg had dubbed a Knight of the Order of the Dragon Ourobore, dedicated to the fight against the Ottoman Turks. TSEP Vlad (the Impaler), its son, owed his nickname to a breach of diplomatic immunity: he impaled a Turkish ambassador, Hamza Bey, and his secretary Thomas Catavolinos because they had tried to remove it. Vlad "TSEP" rising tariffs in Wallachia Saxon merchants of Brasov , they published against him ( Gutenberg had to reinvent print) prints dealing with the monster and vampire, or showing in front of a forest pals: he was listed under the surname of his father plus one "a": "Dracula." In the nineteenth century, the Irish writer Bram Stoker was stopped in some of these prints to the Royal Library in London, and it drew the title of his famous novel, which also included elements of biology in South America (the bat vampire Desmodus rotundus). "Dracula" is not a Transylvanian legend but a legend of the romantic Victorian era, whose action takes place in Transylvania ...
Notes
- Gesta Hungarorum
- etymology of the Collectanea, Hannoverae 1717, "Celtica" on page 90.
- Mtys Unger Trtnelmi Atlasz, Vllalat, Budapest 1989, ISBN 963-351-422-3CM
- Michel has no action for the emancipation of Transylvanian Romanian peasants during his brief conquest.
- . In view of bilingualism and non-nationalist of national consciousness before the twentieth century, it is difficult to make reliable accounting by nationality before 1780: the fact whether there was a Hungarian or Romanian majority in Transylvania before 1700 Besides, currently the subject of controversy among historians nationalist Hungarian and Romanian. But these controversies have no scientific interest. All that the place name indicates, is that the Hungarians dominated the plains and along major rivers, while the dominant Romanians in the foothills (country Marmate , Oas, Crasna, Salaj, Lapus, Nsud, Gurghiu Toplita , Vlhia, Bihor, Zarand Motilor, Caras, VALCU, Montana, Haeg, Petroani, Amlas, Cibin, Fagaras and bars).
- as shown by the arguments of Bishop Greek Catholic Romanian- Micu Klein in the middle of the eighteenth century.
- Romanian
- Law Etvs on nationalities of 1868.
- A. Dragoescu (ed.), Transilvania, istoria Romniei, 2 vols., Cluj, 1997-99.
Bibliography
- Kpeczi Bla (ed.), History of Transylvania, 3 vols., Boulder, East European Monographs, 2001-2002. (English translation of a famous book, very informative and accurate but disputed because remaining attached to the point of view "Hungarian" on the issue. It was published in 1986 in Hungary. There is an abridged version available in French on the Internet: History of Transylvania, Budapest, Akademiai Kiad, 1992 ).
- A. Dragoescu (ed.), Transilvania, istoria Romniei, 2 vols., Cluj, 1997-99. (These collective volumes in Romanian are intended as a rejoinder to the three volumes led Kpeczi).
- Jean Nouzille, Transylvania, Strasbourg, Central Europe Review, 1993.
- Harald Roth, Kleine Geschichte Siebenburgen, Kln, Bhlau Verlag, 1996. (Book brief but tries to keep balance between the views controversial Romanian and Hungarian).
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