Trajan
| Trajan | |
|---|---|
| Roman Emperor | |
 Trajan imperator victorious. | |
| Reign | |
| 28 January 98 - 9 August 117 (~ 20 years) | |
| Period | Antonines |
| Predecessor (s) | Nerva |
| Successor (s) | Hadrian |
| Biography | |
| Birth | 18 September 53 Italica ( Hispania ) |
| Original Name | Marcus Trajan Ulpius |
| Deaths | 9 August 117 (63) Selinus ( Cilicia ) |
| Burial | Foot of the Column of Trajan (Ash) |
| Father | Marcus Trajan Ulpius |
| Mother | Marcia |
| Spouse (s) | Pompeia Plotina |
| Adoption (s) | Hadrian |
| List of Roman Emperors | |
Trajan ( Latin : Marcus Nerva Traian Ulpius) (officially: is a Roman emperor born probably 18 September 53 at Italica in Betic ( Spain current), death between 7 August 117 and 9 August 117 Selika ( Cilicia ). He reigned from January 98 until his death. His reign ( 98 - 117 ) marks the climax of the Roman Empire.
Trajan is the first Roman Emperor born of a province , not even Rome or Italy, and is traditionally considered the historiography of senators as the best Roman emperors. After the recent reign of Domitian marked by persecution and executions of Roman senators, and the end of the dynasty Flavian , the short reign of Nerva and Trajan especially that mark the foundation of the dynasty of the Antonines. With the conquest of Armenia , in Mesopotamia and especially of the Dacia , the Roman Empire was known during his reign, his greatest extension. In addition it extends its dominance over most land surface ever produced by the Roman Empire. Domestically, Trajan endeavor to enhance the Romanization of the provinces of the empire.
Summary |
Birth and childhood
Trajan is the descendant of a settler group which was established by Scipio Africanus at Italica in Hispania (future Betic ) south of the Iberian Peninsula , in 205 BC during the Second Punic War. His family is originally from Todi , in Umbria. However, Trajan spent his childhood in Roman cities rather than in southern Spain because his father, Marcus Ulpius Trajan , first consul of the family is the birth of his son early in his Senate career. The family is probably little time Italica The beginnings of the Emperor On the death of Nerva early 98 , Trajan gives Germany greater Lucius Iulius Ursus Servianus and succeeded him. This is the first non-Roman Emperor. In the perspective opened by Nerva, who had broken with the violence of Domitian, it maintains a policy of close Senate, which gives it a certain popularity quickly. Years 97 to 101 , he led a rather peaceful and political deals primarily with civil cases. Having been chosen as adopted and not imposed by heredity, it focuses on the constitutional nature of his power. The Senate is going to give him the title of princeps optimus (literally, "the best Emperor"). It states the usual position of the Roman authorities against the Christians, comprising the prosecution and conviction if they disturb the public order (the refusal of Christians to sacrifice to Roman gods including the imperial cult constituting an obstacle to public ). At his accession, Trajan not rushing to Rome. It remains on the Rhine and prefers to secure the loyalty of the army. His adventus, triumphant reception in honor of the new emperor, is to the summer 99. In the past, under Domitian, for example, there has been a proliferation of festivals. The conquest of Dacia (see below) allows the Emperor to abandon the gold crown. Dacia offers gold mines exploited. Mine production is intensified in other parts of the empire, as in Spain. Trajan changes the amount of gold coins. Trajan between a policy of building in Rome. A new forum is completed and is the last of the Imperial series. We also built a basilica for justice, two libraries (Latin and Greek), the temple of the divine Nerva, a large market. The location of the Domus Aurea of Nero is used for baths. A new well is dug in the port of Ostia. One dating from Claude was too small. The arm of the Tiber is split to avoid flooding and to facilitate shipping between Rome and Ostia. Trajan gives congiaires (distributions in cash or in kind at some events). The children of poor citizens receive financial assistance provided by about 5% interest on loans made to small Italian owners. These are the kinds of benefits. This system is known to feed. Trajan exchanged a correspondence with Pliny the Younger , governor from 111 to 113 of Bridge-Bithynia. Censorship seems to have been made from the letters. It is possible either for strategic reasons. Trajan may have hoped to conquer the Parthian Empire. It is then necessary to pacify the province to ensure the rear of the army in war. This match was long regarded as a fake medieval Sidonius Apollinaris (430-486) specifically said in his letters that Pliny has published nine volumes of letters (that of Pliny and Trajan is supposed to be the tenth book in this collection). However more recent studies leave little doubt about the authenticity of this correspondence . The emperor moved the Romanization of the Empire. The veterans, former soldiers, are encouraged to create a colony. City status is changing. Promotions municipal permit to change their legal status. Thus, a pilgrim city can become a municipality of Roman law, with the increase in its planning. Then in a decade, become the municipality of Roman law. The number of Roman citizens is increasing. During the first war against the Dacians (101-102), Trajan commits twelve legions, almost half of the army, which is about 100 000 men. Thus, the Emperor meets as the auxiliary body , the praetorian cohort , and a river fleet responsible for keeping the Danube. The Romans occupied the country after two years of hard fighting. The Dacians must provide soldiers, war machines and raze their fortifications. Trajan received the title and Dacicus Maximus. But Decebal king of Dacia, does not meet the conditions. Trajan fortify the northern border at the Danube. The tribe of Iazyges considers himself surrounded by fortifications and those allied with Decebalus. 105 to 107, the second war against the Dacians took place. It was during this war that became famous on his favorite general Moor Lusius Quietus that Trajan wished to be succeeded . Decebalus fled to Transylvania. In 106 , the Dacians were defeated, Decebal committed suicide and Dacia became an imperial province. The Trajan column shows 155 episodes of the war against the Dacians. It is a monument which provides us with valuable information on many uniforms and weapons of war. A portion of territory between Palestine and south-eastern Egypt is not controlled by Rome, but by an Arab people, the Nabataeans. Cornelius Palma , legate of Syria , is leading the campaign against the Nabatean kingdom from 105 to 106. The province of Saudi is created. A legion was stationed in the capital Bostra. The eastern borders are strengthened. Trajan wants to meet Alexander the Great and protect the frontier of the Euphrates too vulnerable. In 109 / 110 , King of Parthia dies: his successor Khosr place on the throne of Armenia Parthamasiris , who did not authorize the Romans. Whereas it is a violation of the compromise made with Nero , Trajan took the field against the Parthians in October 113. From 114 , the Armenia was conquered and annexed formally and Parthamasiris fled. Trajan took the opportunity to strengthen ties with its allies in the Caucasus. The following years are not well known: we know that Trajan had operations in Mesopotamia in 114 / 115. In 116 , he conquered the Assyrian and Babylonian , and down with his armies to the Persian Gulf. But the Parthians organized, and they raise the subject peoples in Rome, including Jews. The rebellion is gaining ground quickly, Assyria is rapidly lost. Trojan then attempts to return to Babylonia ruler puppet Parthamaspates , but it can not hide the failure of the annexation he projected. In 117 , the revolt is spreading: the East is on fire. Trajan returned to the West, leaving his legate with the task of bringing the army. Trajan dies of apoplexy , but according to other sources, it is believed he died of exhaustion after returning from a military expedition from the east in 117. He died at Selinus (now Selik) in Cilicia (now Turkey) to 7 August 117. According to Dion Cassius's death was kept secret a few days to allow Hadrian to succeed him. Almost immediately, all his conquests were lost. Trajan's principate thus marks for its good administration and his military experience. Hadrian , his adopted son and nephew, succeeded him. The enrichment of the imperial treasury through the conquests of Trajan allowed remarkable architectural achievements: At his death in 117 his titles were: Trajan was deified by the Senate. In the national anthem of Romania , Deteapt-te, romance! , Trajan is mentioned in the second stanza: Translate from Romanian to French gives: Presumably the name of the Emperor is present as a tribute to the origins of Romania and especially its language derived from Latin like the Italian , the Spanish ... financial affairs
Provincial Government
Foreign policy
Wars against the Dacians
Conquest of Arabia
The campaign in Parthia
The end of the reign
Architectural projects
Names and titles
Names successive
Titles and magistrates
Titulary to his death
Evocation of the name of Trajan
References
Bibliography
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