Traduction Du Monde Nouveau Des Saintes Critures
The New World Translation (TMN) is a translation of the Bible into modern English made and used by Jehovah's Witnesses. It is published by the Watchtower Society of New York who is the lawful owner. This was not the first translation to be published by the organization of Jehovah's Witnesses , but it was however the first translation of original texts Hebrew , Greek , and Aramaic originals.
Summary |
Until the publication of the TMN in 1950 , the Jehovah's Witnesses speaking countries in English generally employed as a translation of Bible 's King James Version (KJV) or the American Standard Version. In the literature they produced, the Jehovah's Witnesses are sometimes referred to other translations of the Bible in years.
According to publishers, one of the main reasons to produce a new translation was that the majority of existing versions of the Bible usually used archaic language. English has undergone significant changes since 1611 , when the King James Version was published for the first time and, moreover, many words that this version uses are no longer in common use today, or are employed in a meaning different from that in which the translators have provided . The basic model is very similar to the edition 1901 American Standard Version.
Characteristics of the translation
The Old Testament as it appears in the TMN is based on the codex Leningradensis B 19A as it was published in the Hebrew Bible (7th, 8th, and 9th Editions) by Rudolf Kittel, while the New Testament is based on the New Testament in the original Greek scholars biblical Brook Foss Westcott and John Anthony Hort (reprinted in 1948 , originally published in 1881 ). In addition to other texts were also considered such as those of Bover, Merk (United Bible Society), Nestle-Aland and others. In addition, new editions are using new texts, such as Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia ( 1967 / in 1977 ) and Novum Testamentum Graeca ( 1983 ), and also rely on new lexicons and dictionaries such as Lexis Hebraicum Veteris Testamenti ( 1984 ) of Zorell.
For the Syriac text is used the Peshitta Syriac , S. Lee, published in 1826 , reprinted by the United Bible Societies (UBS) in 1979 , whose text was translated from Hebrew, the second century after Jesus Christ. Peshitta means "simple", "vulgar" or "common ". It has been subsequently revised in using the Greek version of the Septuagint. Other Syriac versions are listed under their respective symbols in the TMN.
The TMN also refers to the Latin Vulgate as translated by Wrttembergische Bibelanstalt ( Stuttgart , 1975 ). There are about 8000 manuscripts da Vulgate Latin version was translated in 404 AD by Saint Jerome , charged to do so by Pope Damasus I.. She was featured in the Bible, official of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages in Western Europe. Other Latin versions were used and are listed under their respective symbols.
The TMN is a translation that is intended to paraphrase rather than a formal equivalence . Whenever possible, an English word was chosen for each Greek , Hebrew or Aramaic.
The translation does not contain the Apocrypha or Deuterocanonical recognized by the Catholic Church , because the translators do not recognize the canonicity of these books. However, it gives the following additional information Job 42:17 as it appears in the Greek Septuagint version. This information is however available only in the footnotes to the large version of the TMN reference. All parties challenged the New Testament are included in the text as short and long conclusions after Mark 16:8 and the story of the woman adultery in John 7:53 to 8:11, but these passages are not authoritative for the Jehovah's Witnesses who do not refer to it in their publications. Similarly, the majority of Bibles include these controversial passages while alerting the reader of the dubious nature of these.
In addition, the translation and, in general the Jehovah's Witnesses , call the Old Testament "Scriptures Hebrew and Aramaic, and the New Testament the "Christian Greek Scriptures," the second language being used to avoid confusion with the Hebrew Bible or the Greek Bible. Unlike Bibles traditional TMN immediately begins the book of Matthew (the first book of the New Testament ) with no page break.
Jehovah in the Old Testament
The proper name of God , the Tetragrammaton YHWH , is found 6828 times in the Masoretic versions of the Old Testament. Most of the translations into English of the Old Testament followed the standard convention to make the Tetragrammaton as "Lord", often in capital letters , . Some versions render the Tetragrammaton in the form of "Jehovah" or "Yahweh", but not necessarily at each location . The TMN here differs significantly from most other Bibles English rendering evenly Tetragrammaton Hebrew (Divine name) as "Jehovah" in 6827 relevant passages , . The Watchtower Society has chosen the translation "Jehovah" because she believes that "Jehovah is the best known English pronunciation of the divine name" .
In addition to the 6827 passages where the Tetragrammaton is rendered as "Jehovah", the translators of the NMT 146 cited additional examples where they believe it was originally. They cite the work on this CD Ginsburg ( one thousand eight hundred thirty-one - in 1914 ) as authority for 141 examples . The other five examples are based on a reading of the Septuagint and notes in Biblia Hebraica Rudolf Kittel's Biblia Hebraica and Stuttgartensia . Thus, the personal name of God appears at all times in the 6973 translation of the Hebrew texts part of the TMN. Such use of the name of God is according to the Jehovah's Witnesses by deep respect for the "author of our salvation" .
Jehovah in the New Testament
The Committee has established TMN the argument that the name of God was removed from the manuscripts of the New Testament after the first century. This view has been controversial. However, Professor George Howard, University of Georgia , the United States , made this comment: "When the Septuagint , which the New Testament has been used and quoted by the Church, contained in the form Hebrew the name divine , the authors of the New Testament have no doubt included the Tetragrammaton in their quotations " . As a result, the Committee used the divine name 237 times in the New Testament. In 223 of 237 times, Jehovah's reference to the Greek word Kyrios was used. In the remaining 13 passages, the word Theos which has been used. To justify his use of the name Jehovah, the Committee cited several reasons including:
- When the authors of the New Testament quote passages from the Old Testament containing the divine name, the New Testament passages that refer to contain it as well. There seventy-eight passages where this occurs .
- The passages of the New Testament suggests, according to Jehovah's Witnesses , that the name should be at these places in the manuscripts of the first century, the best example being the highlighted words of Jesus as contained in John 17: 6 where it says: "I have manifested thy name unto the men which thou gavest me out of the world ..." .
- A copy from the first century of the Septuagint about a passage from the book of Deuteronomy contains the Tetragrammaton in manuscript in the text palohbraque Greek .
- The Watchtower cites 28 Hebrew translations (ranging from 1533 AD to present) of the New Testament that contain the divine name , commonly known as the "J texts". Since the practice of using the Tetragrammaton in the New Testament has been particularly common in translations into Hebrew , these texts are cited to show that other translators have also believed that the Tetragrammaton should appear in the New Testament .
- Four examples in the book Bible in Revelation contains a Hebrew word transliterated: "Hallelujah! "(Literally:" Praise Jah! ") (Revelation 19:1, 3, 4, 6). The "Hallelujah" does not contain the full Tetragrammaton (YHWH), while "Jah" (YH) is the abbreviated form of "Jehovah" .
The view of the Watchtower Society is that the perpetuation of superstition, Jewish to make the proper name has led to the ambiguous use of the title "God" (or "Lord") in both the Old Testament that the New Testament of most translations of the Bible. D r. BeDuhn (Truth in Translation, p. 170) wrote about the traditional practice of making the Old Testament according to the New Testament in its use of "Lord" and the practice of making the TMN New Testament according to the Old Testament in its use of "Jehovah": "Both practices violate accuracy in favor of expressions preferred name for God. "
Other Features
- It translates the word "stauros" rendered "cross" in almost all other translations of New Testament , as an "instrument of torture" (the Jehovah's Witnesses , and some scholars maintain that "stauros" is relates to construction of a single piece of wood or pole rather than a cross) .
- It leaves untranslated the word "Sheol", "Hades", "hell" and "Tartar," while other translations use mainly the word "hell" for most or all the preceding words.
- It uses the "presence" rather than "coming" as the equivalent of the word Greek (parousia).
- It employs uniform with the word "soul" for the word Hebrew word ne'phesh and the Greek of (psykh).
- Unlike a lot of Bibles , it does not use subtitles. Headings are only used above the text of each page.
- Since the word "you" in English can be singular and plural, the TMN English uses "YOU" in block letters to the plural and "you" in lower case for the singular form. According to the TMN itself, this was done for greater clarity .
Statistics
Number of languages
As of 2009 , the NWT has been published in 83 languages . Translation into other languages is based on the text English made possible because of the nature of the literal English translation itself, supplemented by comparison with the Hebrew and Greek . Currently, 47 translation teams continue to translate into new languages or dialects.
The complete translation of the TMN is available in Afrikaans , Albanian , Arabic , Cebuano , Chinese (standard, simplified, Pin Yin), Croatian , Czech , Danish , Dutch , English (also in braille ), Finnish , French , Georgian , German , Greek , Hungarian , the Igbo , Ilocano , Indonesian , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Lingala , Macedonian , Norwegian , Polish , Portuguese (also in braille ), Romanian , Russian , Serbian (in Cyrillic and Latin ), Southern Sotho , Shona , Slovak , Spanish (also in braille ), Swahili , Swedish , Tagalog , Tsonga , Tswana , Xhosa , Yoruba , and Zulu.
The Scriptures Greek Christian or New Testament is available in sign language American , the Armenian , the Bulgarian , the Chichewa , the cibemba , the Hiligaynon , the Ibibio , the Braille Italian , the Kinyarwanda , the Malagasy , the Maltese , the Russian , the Samoa , the Sepedi , the Sinhalese , the Slovenian , the Sranan , the Turkish , the Thai , the Twi , and Ukrainian.
Available versions and dissemination
This version of the Bible is available in many languages and media, which include Braille , on CD-ROM and posted on the Internet. In 1985 , a large print version was published in four volumes, translated into German , in French , in Spanish and Japanese. For five years, the full MNT is available in Braille English in 18 volumes.
It was in 1961 that the TMN was available in its entirety in one volume, first in English. A second edition was published in 1970 , and a third edition with notes in 1971. In 1984 was launched with the TMN standards in English , available in Portuguese from 1987. This updated version contains approximately 125,000 marginal references, 11 400 pages of footnotes, a concordance listing the different occurrences of a word, Bible maps and an appendix of 43 items. Simultaneously, an edition was published for general use, the TMN - regular edition, revised in 1984.
Versions of the TMN were originally hard cover usually green, but now their coverage is generally flexible and frequently black or burgundy. The words 'New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures' are printed in gold on the top cover.
In 2009 , the NWT has reached a total circulation of 165 million copies and was one of the translations of the most distributed in the twentieth century .
Reviews
Translation Committee
Members of the committee that translated the New World Translation (TMN) wished to remain anonymous, with the stated purpose of ensuring that the glory goes to God and not to them . This approach has been criticized because it means that the qualifications of the translators could never be verified. In 1950 , the committee said that the real value of the TMN will know, not by revealing the names of the translation committee, but by the faithfulness of the translation to the Greek text and the help it provides reliable in terms of understanding the Word of God to humans , . A former member of Central College , Raymond Franz , said the committee consisted of translation :
- Frederick William Franz
- George D. Gangas
- Karl F. Klein
- Nathan Homer Knorr
- Albert D. Schroeder
According to William Cetnar, an ex-Jehovah's Witness who has resigned from the global headquarters of the organization in 1958 and was excommunicated from the religious movement for apostasy in 1962 , Milton George Henschel was a member of the Committee of translation .
It was also said that the translators of TMN were insufficiently qualified to perform this task, and only Franz had extensive knowledge in languages Bible. It was also criticized the size of the translation committee was very small compared to the number of translators to perform most other English translations . These criticisms are disputed by the Jehovah's Witnesses Passages controversial translation The New World Translation has also been criticized by opponents because they believe it reflects a partisan way some verses from the Bible to conform to the doctrines laid down by the Watchtower Society. The passages in question relate primarily to the divinity of Christ , but also other topics such as the immortality of the soul or the second coming of Jesus. Moreover, the presence of the name 'Jehovah' in the New Testament of this translation (237 times) also gives rise to controversy, given that the Greek New Testament manuscripts do not contain 'Jehovah', but 'Lord'. On the Internet, TMN is the subject of a denunciation from some religious groups who believe theologically oriented , and sometimes a defense on the part of followers of the movement . See also
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