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Tosafists
The tossafists (Hebrew , authors of ) are a group of about 300 medieval rabbis of the eleventh to the fourteenth century , and mostly located in the historic center of Ashkenazic Jewry in France and Germany but also in England and Italy. Most are anonymous.
They conducted Tosafot, glosses and input from more than 30 treaties Talmud that double the commentary Rashi. Some Tosafot, which are printed in the current editions of the Talmud, are called tossefot chelanou. In the classic editions of the Talmud, they are printed in mirror commentary of Rashi.
The first tossafists are the immediate disciples of Rashi, including his sons and his eldest grand-son, Samuel ben Meir. The following are their descendants and followers:
- Jacob ben Samson (early twelfth century). Disciple of Rashi.
- Rashbam (Samuel ben Meir, 1080 - 1171 ). Small-eldest son of Rashi, he served as secretary, and wrote the commentary on the Treaty of Bava Batra Babylonian Talmud. His commentary of the Bible and Talmud are as famous as its Tosafot. However, they do not equal the popularity of the comments of his grandfather.
- Rabbeinu Tam (Yaakov ben Meir, surnamed Tam-simple, perfect-like Jacob in the Bible). Born around 1100 , died in 1171 , we told him that when his grandfather died Rashi, Rabbeinu Tam, aged four, said her mother, do not worry about the light fell, I repeat! This Tosafists French was one of the most important of his time, and we owe him the main subject of Tosafot the Babylonian Talmud , and a sum of "Response", meeting in Sefer Hayachar (Book of the Righteous).
- Abraham proselytism (XII century). Originally from Hungary , he converts to Judaism , and studied with Rabbeinu Tam.
- Bekhor Schor (Joseph ben Isaac). Commentator of the Talmud, a disciple of Rabbenbou Tam, poet and Tosafists he lived in northern France including Orleans.
- Isaac ben Samuel of Dampierre said Ri (d. 1185 ). Tosafists, nephew and disciple of Rabbeinu Tam. He was one of the great figures in Halakhah in Judaism of Northern France and of Germany. He taught in the yeshiva in this city.
- Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre (d. 1184 ). Tosafists French son of Ri, he was martyred in circumstances unknown.
- Abraham ben Isaac of Dampierre the Younger. Ri successor and brother of Samson ben Abraham of Sens, he led the yeshiva until Dampierre early thirteenth century. He kept up a correspondence with Meir ben Todros Abulafia of Toledo and his funeral was described by Rabbi Perez of Corbeil.
- Yaakov ben Asher (about 1270-1340). Decision-making authority, the son and disciple of Rabbi Asher ben Yehiel (the Rosh). He is the author of the code of law Arbaa Turim (the Four Pillars).
- Moses ben Jacob of Coucy (thirteenth century). Tosafists and preacher, he brought by thousands of Jews to repentance and Spain took part in the disputation of the Talmud in Paris against Nicolas Donin, in 1240. His masterpiece, Sefer Mitzvot Gadol (seed), was written in response to the cremation of the Talmud in order to preserve legal education. The code of the oral law was one of the most popular before the Mishna Torah of Maimonides
- Yehiel ben Joseph of Paris (d. 1265 ). Talmudist Tosafists and French, he was one of the main protagonists of the Disputation of Paris in 1240. He was exiled to St. Jean d'Acre , where he founded a yeshiva.
- Eshtori haFarhi (Isaac ben Moses) was born in 1280 in the south and died about 1355 , traveled to the Land of Israel. Student ibn Tibbon, Jacob ben Machir , he was a geographer and physician. He wrote in his Sefer Kaftor wa-Ferah ("Book of the button and the flower"):
- I would also remind the date of the ruin of the small temple, the ruins of the synagogue and College de France and Provence walking occurred in my time.
Bibliography
- (He) The EE Urbach tossafists: their history, their works and their methods, Bialik Institute, Jerusalem, 1980.
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