Thora
The Torah (in Hebrew , "instruction" in ancient Greek / "Act" , .
It serves as a historical and doctrinal charter for the Jewish people, covering the history of Israel since the beginning of the world until they crossed the Jordan , genealogy and exposure to various codes of laws.
It is also accepted by Christianity, although it supports it was erased before the New Testament , and in part by the Islam that it was forged .
Instead, it is questioned as to its historical value, for the scientific and academic worlds who see a bunch of facts more or less mythical, composed during the Persian period to revive the consciousness of of the Jewish nation after its physical destruction by the Babylonian empire , .
It contains, according to Jewish tradition, 613 commandments and includes, in addition to the written ( Hebrew : , Shebikhtav Torah "written Torah"), an oral dimension (Hebrew: , Torah Shebe'al P " Oral Torah "), later compiled in the Talmud and midrashic literature .
Summary |
The Torah was, according to tradition, dictated to Moses by God at Mount Sinai.
For Jews, it has traditionally been accepted as such: the literal word of God to the Jewish people at Mount Sinai.
For many The teaching of the Torah The etymon of the word "Torah" is the same as Moreh, , "teacher" Lirot, "pull" within the meaning of "aim for a goal." Among the countless lessons recounted in the Tanakh, we can find: They do not enjoy, however, that the servant, respecting its requirements, otherwise they will be hunted as Adam was expelled from the Garden of Eden. You can (artificially) divide the service: The people believed that Moses died, a small part of the people through a new factory with a golden calf. Above all, the habits acquired in Egypt die hard: while Moses is on the Sinai, part of the people wants to build a golden calf to honor him as their god. It will wander in the desert for 40 years, until the dying generation that has known Egypt, until Moses himself, the time for Israel to learn to live by the Torah. Moses prefers her mind on the threshold of Canaan, before dying in an undisclosed location. The five books thus contain a system of laws and ethics, both complete and orderly (according to rabbinic tradition , the Torah contains 613 commandments " distinct positive - "do" - or negative - "do not" each a mitzvah , "prescription") and a historical description of the beginnings of what would become Judaism. The five books (particularly Bereshit / Genesis, the first part of Shemot / Exodus, and much of Bamidbar / Numbers) appear at first glance more like a collection of seemingly historical narratives than as a list of laws, yet many concepts, ideas and toranas commandments are contained in these "stories" to the point that some argue their historicity (see below). The Deuteronomy is different from previous books: it is written in first person, and God is not once mentioned. It is indeed, as noted above and the last speech of Moses to the recent recommendations of "Children of Israel" before he died. Many laws, however, are not directly mentioned in the Torah: they have been derived by exegesis and oral traditions, before being compiled in the Mishna , the Talmud , the Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael and other treated less often studied. The Karaites do not recognize the authority of the rabbis, they simply do not follow these laws. On the other hand, according to rabbinic tradition, at least, the stories in the Torah does not necessarily occur in chronological order, but sometimes in order of concept ("the future explaining the past," for example). This view is summarized by the Talmudic maxim (treated Pesachim 7a): "Ein moukdam ou'meou'har baTorah''" Production and use of a book of the Torah The book of the Torah are two different forms depending on its use: The Torah is the document around which Judaism is built: it is the source of all biblical commandments in an ethical framework. It is central to the weekly worship: every Shabbat , a section is read publicly in the synagogue and the faithful fought for the honor to read a paragraph. The ceremony of Bar Mitzvah is very focused on reading the Torah portion. According to Jewish tradition, these books were revealed to Moses by God , part on Mount Sinai. Various opinions circulating in the rabbinic literature on when it was revealed full: All agree however on the original full (or almost entirely) mosaic and utterly divine Torah. According to this tradition, the message of the Torah is infinite, do not stop at words. Any letter, the smallest preposition or the cedilla of the letter yud (yud koutzo shel , youd be the letter ), ornamental marks, repeated words, were put there by God in order to celer education. This applies regardless of where it appears. Examples: Cons-examples: Hears the prayer of Moses to understand this, God sends the eighth of the Yeshiva of Rabbi Akiva, where specifically, it teaches these laws. Before the presentation difficult, Moses feels exhausted, when a student dares to ask where Rabbi Akiva draws these lessons. And the latter replied: "It is a law given to Moses on Mount Sinai! An interpretation Kabbalistic principle that teaches that the Torah was only one long name of God, which was broken into words so that human minds can understand. Moreover, although this way of decomposing the name be effective, as we manage to understand, this is not the only one. According Rabbinites Jews, descendants of the Pharisees, which Orthodox Jews maintain faithfully ideology, an oral law (Torah SheBe'al Pe) was given to the people at the same time as the written law (Torah SheBeKtav), as suggested many verses, including Exodus 25:40. It was probably at the base, in addition to an explanation of the requirements of oral paraphrases of the text, explanations of such a word, discussion of this idea in that verse, but in any case closely linked to the written law, and supplementing it: many concepts are not clearly defined in the text. Ce souci de se remmorer les paroles des matres alla de pair avec une scrupuleuse exactitude dans le respect et l'application des lois. This parallel hardware was originally transmitted to Moses from Sinai, and Moses to Israel orally. In order to keep Judaism vibrant and avoid misinterpretations, it was forbidden to record the oral traditions. However, before the accumulation of material, divergent interpretations, which were sometimes held in the tiny nuances of a hand, and secondly the destruction of Judea by the Babylonians, the high assimilation rate, etc.. The ban was lifted after it became clear that writing became the only way to preserve the oral heritage of the ancients. The first to systematize the laws into categories, was Rabbi Akiva. His disciple Rabbi Meir helped them greatly. However, most of the work is that of Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi , who completed the compilation, and named Mishnah ("Repetition"). Traditions are not included in the Mishnah were recorded as Baratot ( Other views on the Torah The Christian tradition says that the laws toranas are of divine origin, and constitute the Old Testament , although some Christians believe that all laws of the Pentateuch does not apply to them as Christians. The Westminster Confession of Faith (1646), for example, divides the Mosaic laws into categories civil, moral and ceremonial, the only moral being mandatory. If the Christian Reconstructionism would restore them all to build a modern theocracy, others believe that no civil law applies to them, they have been drafted in time and circumstances of age, which is not the case of moral obligations or religious principles. The Christian positions can be summarized as follows: However, the New Testament prescribes to Christians from the laws of the Torah, including "Love your neighbor as yourself" (Leviticus 19:18; compare with the Golden Rule ), "Love thy God with all your heart, your soul and your strength "(Deuteronomy 6:4 inspired, that is to say the Shema Israel ) and all the commandments of the Decalogue (Exodus 20:1-17). And Matthew (5:17) states that it is not come to abolish the law but to fulfill ("the fullness of life"). Since the late twentieth century, some Christian groups, inspired by the Messianic Judaism , said that the laws of the Torah must be followed by Christians, with a view and a Christian perspective. The dietary laws , the seventh day , and the biblical feast days are observed (see Quartodecimans ), but with variations to Jewish rituals, but for the reason that Jesus was crucified that day). These Christians do not see the Torah as a means to accomplish the redemption, but as a means to more fully obey God. The Torah (Torah) is, with the Injil (the Gospel of Jesus would have written his own hand or under his direct dictation) and Zabur ( Psalms of David), one of three books which were revealed by God before Qur'an , which is intended as a "recall" of these three books. The word Torah is cited in many parts of the Koran and refers to all the books revealed to Moses. The Islam therefore asserts that Moses received a revelation, the Torah. However, the Qur'an criticizes the changes allegedly made by those responsible for conservation and writings by some scribes and preachers to "serve their purpose. "According to the Islamic faith, the Jewish Scriptures present would not be the original revelation given to Moses, but contain several" changes. . See Samaritan Bible. These five books are traditionally attributed to Moses. However, this assertion was challenged from the antiquity. Various theories have been proposed by scholars for their training, including the documentary hypothesis or theory fragments. Nothing is flawless, all are constantly amended, and relentlessly challenged. Some researchers have questioned the unity of the Pentateuch and are sometimes excluded Deuteronomy , then Tetrateuch speaking, or have added to Book of Joshua , forming the "Hexateuch, if not all so-called historical books , speaking then of "Ennateuque. The radical critique biblical receives little support among Orthodox Jews. The criticism of the biblical books outside the Torah (Neviim and Ketuvim) is tolerated, though a bad eye, but apply it to the Torah itself is considered wrong or even heretical. Nevertheless, some Orthodox rabbis have clearly discussed the documentary hypothesis , though it seems to contradict the creed of Shema Israel affirming the identity of YHWH and Elohim : the biblical commentaries of Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Leibush Malbim Samson Raphael Hirsch are examples of such debates. Others simply deny archeology, demonstrating that, contrary to myth, the Torah seems to report accurately customs corresponding to epochs it is supposed to tell, and that could have known of the subsequent editors, and also Archaeology continues to make discoveries that do not correspond to the letter in the Bible, often dismantle scaffolding theory of biblical criticism. What are the teachings of the Torah?
Requirements
Written Torah and Oral Torah
Christian Perspective on the Torah
Sources
Islamic Viewpoint on the Torah
Viewpoint Samaritan
Academic Perspective on the Torah: Biblical criticism
References
See also
Related articles
External Links
Comments on the Torah
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