Theological Dispute
The theological dispute is a form of debate took place culminating in the Medieval West, including the debate between Abelard and Bernard of Clairvaux ), and the discussion that Peter Abelard in his imagined .
Most often, religious leaders gathered around the princes, kings and emperors to dispute them and prove that their religion was true.
Summary |
Antiquity
In the biblical antiquity, the argument between Moses and the priests of Ra in the presence of Pharaoh is typical of this type of debate.
In Russia, the land of the Khazars , in India, but also in the Greco-Roman fashion and China, the disputation had often intended to identify what would be the state religion.
The choice of rulers were often designed by strategic considerations. Have a common religion allowed to develop relationships between a common civilization.
The baptism of Clovis must be understood in this context. By naming the king of the Franks, the church baptized at the same time all over France.
The work of Jacob Neusner address this issue and thus explain the origin of many Khazar Jews.
The tolerance has not always existed. Already Plato dreamed of burning up the public works of Democritus.
The Romans saw the Christians as a threat against the authority of the emperor.
The early Christians for their part did not see a good eye beliefs of civilizations in which they lived. Evidenced by the graffiti on the monuments of ancient Egypt, which showed that the early Christians of Egypt were not tolerant of what they called symbols of paganism.
Middle Ages and Renaissance
Thereafter, each religion has regarded other religions as not being revealed truth. Thus the first contact between Islam and Christianity were often difficult and gave rise to ruthless wars like the Crusades. In the Christian world , it was the Jews , responsible for the death of Christ , ie the Jewish people was considered deicide, into the Catholic liturgy , and Jews were excluded from a large number of functions in society.
Not everything was so black that might suggest a picture as superficial. There were exceptions to the practice of intolerance:
- The monk Gerbert d'Aurillac , was sent to Catalonia in order to complete his education, science, and it is said that he had perhaps direct contacts with the Spanish Muslim. It was nevertheless excommunicated before he became pope under the name Sylvester II to the year one thousand ,
- Saint Francis of Assisi successfully interposed between Christians and Muslims at a crusade.
- The Venetian Republic sent navigators and explorers who had to face the reality of the presence of other religions in the regions explored ( Middle East , Asia )
- Francis Xavier lived during his mission to Japan the importance of understanding the culture of the country,
- Matteo Ricci lived long in China and introduced the ritual Catholic in this specific country.
To contacts between civilizations , existing forms of exchange cultural that could be regarded as the beginning of inter-religious dialogue: Caliphate of Cordoba , Sicily at the time of Roger II of Sicily.
These examples of dialogue intercultural were based, from the Renaissance of the twelfth century , a clear philosophical foundation: Peter Abelard had written in 1142 Dialogue between a Philosopher, a Jew and a Christian, which remained unfinished. The philosopher in question was the most skeptical of the three.
The Renaissance followed this trend.
Protestant Reformation
On several occasions during the Protestant Reformation , particularly in Switzerland , theological disputes are organized, often with the cooperation of civil authorities in order to convince of the need to reform the Church .
In the following years, several fights, all ending in favor of the Protestant Reformation, are organized respectively in Baden in 1526 (after which Zwingli was excommunicated ) in Bern of 6 to 26 January 1528 then Lausanne , first to October 8, 1536 . In the latter case, the dispute was held a few days after the invasion of Vaud in Bern , already converted, led by Guillaume Farel , Jean Calvin and Pierre Viret , Protestants prevailed, allowing the government to ban Berner, on 19 October 1536 , the celebration of Mass. .
Specificities of these disputes, they do not take place in Latin , but in the local language (ie in Swiss German in most cases) and should only use arguments based on the Bible , use or references to councils or Papal decrees were excluded .
French Revolution
The French Revolution put the issue of the status of citizens in general. This concerns the priests Catholics (see Civil Constitution of clergy ) but also the people of religions other than Catholicism , including Jews who were left out of most functions.
References
- " Arguing religion "in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland online
- a and b Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) on eretoile.org. Accessed June 9, 2008
- Martin Schmitt, Historical Memoirs of the diocese of Lausanne, Vol. II, Freiburg, 1859 [ read online ], p. 296-297
- The Reformation in Switzerland: Arguments on memo.fr. Accessed June 9, 2008
- The Reformation in the canton of Vaud on bible-ouverte.ch. Accessed June 9, 2008
- Georges Andrey, History of Switzerland for Dummies, First, 2007 ( ISBN 978-2-7540-0489-3 )
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