Tenth Century

See also: List of centuries , Roman numerals

The ^tenth century begins on ¹ January 901 and ends on 31 December 1000.

Africa

• Civilization Koi-Koin ( Hottentots ) attested in southern Africa.
  • The economy is based on the Hottentots gathering.
• The Bantu are gradually invading southern Africa.
  • The Bantu have mastered the iron allowing them clearings and large-scale cultures.
• The Arab geographer Maoudi mentions the city of Sofala , installed by the Arabs in the south of the Zambezi River two centuries ago and fighting against the Wak-Wak , settled at the mouth of the Limpopo.
  • The State of Monomotapa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo, the goldfields of the current Zimbabwe , is experiencing a flourishing period through trade with the Arabs of Sofala. This exchange of gold cons of products Persia , of India , from Malaysia or China.

• Founding of Ife , the religious capital of the Yoruba and Edo, the head Odudua , of Oyo , the father of seven kings who will share the Yoruba country after his death. The religious leader (Oni), which resides in the sovereign crown Ife (the Alafin) resident in Oyo, the political capital.
  • The kingdoms Yoruba are created under the impetus of emigrants from the north, probably in the region of Nok , from the ^sixth century ( Benin and southwestern Nigeria today).
  • The indigenous elite, emerged from the ^eighth century in the centers of Ife and Igbo-Ukwu , control the exploitation of forest resources and trading with intermediaries African Sahel and savannas. Increased demand for luxury goods by elites leads to specialization of craftsmen and the development of new techniques. The method of lost wax casting for the bronze and copper, sometimes with copper north of Sahara.

• Originally from southern Arabia , the Somali are settled in their present habitat from the tenth ^century. They are divided into several tribes: the Issa in the region of Djibouti , the Dir north of Harar in Ethiopia , the Ishak in the former Somaliland British, the Darod in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia, in eastern Kenya and in the center the Republic of Somalia , the Haouiya the Dighil and Rahanouen between the Kenyan border and the river Shabelle.

• Arab traders settled on the east coast of Africa ( Manda and Kilwa ). Manda, then the most prosperous commercial cities, exports from mangrove wood, iron and ivory in exchange for fine ceramics and other luxury items.

America

• v. 930 : Civilization Toltec in Mexico.
• In Peru, the empires of the city-state of Tiwanaku and Huari morclent is a mosaic of small states.

Oceania

• Formation of the Empire Tu'i Tonga.

Asia

• In India , the Gujarat is ruled by a dynasty Chalukya.
• The Mon settled in Lower Burma.
• In the early ^tenth century sites in central Java were abandoned and it is Java that is growing.
• Samarkand reached 500 000.
• The Tatars are mentioned on the top Kerlen in Mongolia.
• First mention of the city of Lhasa in Tibet by Arab sources to the X ^century.

Middle East

• Final assessment of the review official and unique Quran by the Caliphate Abbasid. The official statement is prepared by an expert "reading" of the Koran, Ibn Mujahid.

Europe

• Ottonian Renaissance. The approach of the year one thousand is a time of rebirth , which arises from the year 920 - 950 , and associated with a period of religious reform:
  • The order of Cluny is founded in 909. It will spread over much of the West.
  • The Abbey Gorze spreading a religious reform in Lorraine under the influence of John Gorze.

• Initial contacts with the Muslim civilization in Spain
  • The Caliphate of Cordoba is now flourishing.
  • The monk Gerbert of Aurillac is sent in Catalonia to learn science in the vicinity of the Caliphate of Cordoba. It reintroduces the quadrivium School of Reims , is the friend of the Emperor Otto III , foreshadowing the Franco-German friendship, and became pope 999 to 1003 under the name Sylvester II. The pope of the year one thousand were French.

• Beginnings of economic developments in Italy. Renewal of the Italian trade.

• Evolution toward feudalism between Loire and Rhine. The land given in usufruct for life becomes the foundation of any system of relationship. The feud that now confounds honors and profits is the cause of the oath by which a recommendation is the man of another man, who takes the name of honor. Everyone tries to have as much as possible and then lends fiefdoms several respects. The vassalage multiplied spreads and blurs the relationship between lords. Finally, heredity is the rule, stripping the Lord for the benefit of the lineage. Hierarchies s'chafaudent: bottom, small vassals, peasants and family barely able to equip themselves at their expense and have a horse, then the vassals of the count, means owners summoned to his court or his ost file and finally the counts, dukes and former Marquis who say princes, who kept the royal rights and seek to strengthen their authority. They assert the king's faithful, but does owe nothing.

Significant Figures

Political Leaders

• Otto ^I, Holy Roman Emperor ( 912 - 973 ), emperor of the Romans,
• Otto III , emperor of Germany,
• Rollo ( Maer , v. 860 - c. 933 ), browser Viking , signed the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte ( 911 ), founder of the dynasty of the counts of Rouen , then the Dukes of Normandy ,
• Abd al-Rahman III ( 888 - 961 ), Caliph of Cordoba. Apogee of Al Andalus ,
• 'Aho'eitu , first king of the Tui Tonga dynasty in Tonga ,
• Hugh Capet ( 940 - 996 ), king of the Franks, founder of the Capetian dynasty ,
• Edmund ^I of England ( 921 - 946 ), king of England
• Nicephorus II Phocas ( 912 - 969 ), Byzantine emperor,
• John ^I Tzimiskes ( 925 - 976 ), Byzantine emperor,
• Basil II ( nine hundred and fifty-eight - 1 025 ), Byzantine emperor,
• Simeon ^I of Bulgaria ( 864 / 5 - 927 ), emperor of Bulgaria,
• Taizu Song ( 927 - 976 ), Chinese emperor, founder of the Song Dynasty.

Religious

• Adalberon of Reims (925-989), Archbishop of Reims, the coronation Hugues Capet in 987.
• Bernon ( 850 - 925 ), founder of the Abbey of Cluny.
• Jean Vandires (? - 976 ), founder of the Abbey Gorze , religious reformer.

Browser

• Eric the Red ( Jaed , v. 940 - Greenland , ca 1010 ), browser Viking , discoverer of Greenland.

Scientists

• Al-Razi ( 864 - 930 ), Iranian scientist.
• Abu Al-Qasim , Aboulcassis in the West, (ca 940 - ca 1013 ), physician and surgeon of the Spanish Muslims.

Philosophers and theologians

• Al-Farabi ( 872 - 950 ), Arabian philosopher, studying Plato and Aristotle , considered the second teacher after Aristotle by Averroes.
• Gerbert of Aurillac (ca 938 - 1003 ) philosopher, mathematician, astronomer French, archbishop of Reims and Ravenna , became pope in 999 under the name of Sylvester II.

Writers

• Ferdowsi (AC 940 , AC 1020 ), Persian writer.

Show: Philosophers and theologians of the ^tenth century

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