Ten Lost Tribes Of Israel

Tribes of Israel
Tribes
Ruben Simeon Levi Judah Dan Naphtali Gad Asher Issachar Zebulun Joseph Manasseh Ephraim Benjamin
See also Children of Israel Ten Lost Tribes

The Ten Lost Tribes is the name given to the Ten Tribes which, in the Old Testament , which filled the kingdom of Israel before the destruction of it in -722 , and have since disappeared.

Summary 1 Origin of the tribes of the Bible 2 The destruction of the kingdom of Israel 3 tribesmen Deportation 3.1 According to the Bible 3.2 According to the Assyrians 3.3 According to the Archaeology 3.4 According to the genetic 3.5 According to the Samaritans 3.6 According to some historians 4 The search of the ten tribes 5 See also 5.1 Links Internal 5.2 Links Outside 5.3 Notes and references

Origin of the tribes of the Bible

The first book of the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament , the Genesis , ends with the installation in Egypt of the Hebrews , or more accurately, 12 son of Jacob / Israel, founders of 12 tribes. The twelve son are:

• Ruben
• Simeon
• Levi (tribe dedicated to serving the Temple of Jerusalem )
• Judah (from which the dynasty of King David )
• Issachar
• Zebulun
• Dan
• Naphtali
• Gad
• Asher
• Joseph (2 tribes are derived from: Manasseh and Ephraim )
• Benjamin.

The girls can not rely tribes.

After a period of division, the tribes are unified according to the Bible by King Saul , which succeeded the King David and finally the King Solomon. After his death, around -930 , the Bible says that his kingdom was split in two: the northern kingdom of Israel , ten tribes, and focus on its capital, Samaria , and the southern kingdom of Judah , centered on two tribes ( Benjamin , Judah and part of the Levites ) and its capital Jerusalem.

The ten northern tribes are in fact 11: Reuben , Simeon , Issachar , Zebulun , Dan , Naphtali , Gad , Asher , the two half-tribes from Joseph : Manasseh and Ephraim , and part of the Tribe of Levi (priestly tribe without jurisdiction).

The destruction of the kingdom of Israel

The kingdom of Samaria was invaded and destroyed by the Assyrians in -722 , which has one of its provinces. The kingdom of Judah by cons accepted the suzerainty of Assyria, and therefore survived. Judah did not regain a degree of independence until the reign of Josiah (from -639 to -609) ^{The deportation of the tribes}

The Bible

According to the Bible ( Second Book of Kings ), estimated drafted in the mid- ^sixth century BC. BC (at least 150 years after the events ), the population of the kingdom of Samaria was deported to other parts of the Assyrian empire as punishment for his sins. It would then mysteriously disappeared. This would be the ten lost tribes of Israel.

The Bible says that foreign people have been displaced and replaced them on their territory. These aliens have created a Jewish religion mixing influences and pagan , thus giving rise to the Samaritans.

"And Israel was taken captive far from home in Assyria, where he remained until this day. The king of Assyria brought people .
. "

There is a contradiction in the Second Book of Kings: the new inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Samaria (now an Assyrian province) are described as foreigners, but it also says that "the LORD made a covenant with them," as they were descendants of ancient Israelites. On the one hand they "feared the Lord," the other "they were serving their own gods." The population now identified as "Samaritan" becomes ambiguous and a population, a mixture of foreign and pagan influences Israelites rejected the whole community.

However, the Bible itself is sometimes ambiguous about the disappearance of the Israelite tribes. Thus, the Book of Jeremiah relates that 150 years after the fall of the northern kingdom, just after the fall of Jerusalem in -586, the Israelites of the North are presented with offerings for the temple of Jerusalem : "eighty men came of Shechem , from Shiloh and Samaria , beards shaven, their clothes torn, slashed skin incisions . They brought offerings of grain and the incense to be offered in the Temple of the Lord .

Beyond this ambiguity, Orthodox Jews and the Christians after them, have regarded the Samaritans could not claim to be descendants of the tribes of Israel. They do not survive through them, but have mysteriously disappeared.

According to the Assyrians

Archaeologists have unearthed much of the archives of the Assyrian empire. The chronicles of the Assyrian Sargon , the king who conquered the kingdom of Samaria, indicate:

"I besieged and occupied the city of Samaria, and took him 27,280 of its people captive. I've taken them 50 tanks, but they've left the rest of their business . "

Some translators do not agree with the clarification ("city of Samaria"), whereas the original casts doubt between the city and state of Samaria.

There is something in common with the Books of Kings : the deportation of Jews did take place. But there is also an important difference: the number of deportees. For the Second Book of Kings , the entire population, or nearly who was deported. To Sargon II is a minority. Archaeologists estimate because the population of the kingdom of Samaria in 200 000 people, according to the towns and villages found. There had been a good first deportation a decade earlier, when the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III had conquered the Galilee. But she also has been encrypted by the Assyrian texts. The total of these deportations reached about 40,000 people, only 20% of total population. Probably mainly the elite. Historians believe that some northern Israelites were also left as refugees to the Kingdom of Judah .

The implantation of foreign settlers is shown several times in the rest of the text , but on other conquests. This settlement policy was clearly current, and thus may have been made in Samaria, as indicated by the book of Kings.

According to Archaeology

Was found at Gezer and the surrounding area, cuneiform texts of ^the seventh century BC. AD containing Babylonian names. The deportation of alien populations in Samaria (at least in some areas), affirmed by the Books of Kings , is therefore affirmed. The Archaeology cons indicates that repopulation is far from solid. Pottery, inscriptions, Villages, etc. ... show great continuity with the previous period .

Based on the genetic

Genetics has been asked to provide some answers as to the origin of the Samaritans. The study by Shen et al. in 2004 has focused on the comparison between the Y chromosome of 12 men Samaritans and those of 18-20 men not Samaritans, distributed among six Jewish populations (origin Ashkenazi , Moroccan, Libyan, Ethiopian, Iraqi and Yemeni) and 2 non-Jewish Israeli populations ( Druze and Palestinians ). The results of previous tests on groups of Africans and Europeans have been included in the statistical analysis. The mitochondrial DNA (inherited from females) was also compared. The study concludes that significant similarities exist between the Y chromosome (male) Jews and Samaritans, but that the mitochondrial DNA (inherited from the female) differs between the Jewish and Samaritan. "To our surprise, all the Y chromosomes of non-Samaritans Cohen According to the Samaritans

Samaritan population claims descent of the ten tribes, specifically the two half-tribes from Joseph, Manasseh and Ephraim, and the priestly tribe of Levi.

According to some historians

The current religion of the Samaritans , based strictly on the Pentateuch , shows no trace of paganism.

In ^the sixth century BC. AD , the Book of Jeremiah, already quoted, shows them making offerings to the temple.

Rabbinical treaties dating from the early Christian era indicate that the strict monotheism is very old. The Treaty Chullin (or 'Houllin) accepts meat from animals they have killed as kosher , if a Jew has witnessed the slaughter , and the treaty Orlah the Jerusalem Talmud admits their bread under some reservations. In another treatise of the Jerusalem Talmud, which dates from the ^first century , their food is considered lawful . A treaty minor (Massecheth Kuthim) confirmed their acceptance in part: "When will they be received in the Jewish community? When they have given up on Har Gerizim (on Mount Gerizim ) and recognized Jerusalem and the resurrection of the dead " . The treaty recognizes that even in most of their uses, they are like Jews.
Thus, from the early Christian era, the charge of paganism is it abandoned by some religious Jews, even if the accusation of not being Jewish ancestry remains.

The Assyrian records speak for deportation restricted, and archeology seems to confirm this.

For all these reasons, the dominant view among historians is much more that 80% of the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Samaria remained behind and became the Samaritans (in a religious sense) cited by the book Kings . The deportees, quite a few, would eventually assimilate into the surrounding populations.

In this perspective, the ten tribes of Israel disappeared mysteriously would be a myth invented to justify the exclusion of the Samaritans of the Jewish community: we do not break with other Israelites, there was mysterious disappearance and replacement by foreigners.

The reasons for this final break would be mainly:

• The question of the centrality of the Temple Mount Gerizim (the main shrine Samaritan ) or that of Jerusalem in worship.
• Instead of the oral Torah (later compiled into the Mishna , the Gemara and the Talmud ) in Judah, and rejected by the Samaritans.

The search of the ten tribes

Whatever the historical reality, the supposed disappearance of the ten tribes since ancient times has led many assumptions among Orthodox Jews , and Christians in their wake. The simplest hypothesis seemed to be deported to the assimilation of Middle Eastern populations, whether Jewish or not Jewish. But the idea that the tribes had found refuge in remote regions of the world has been advanced by many, and has led numerous investigations.

This research has still an important influence for some people. Thus, the Falasha of Ethiopia have been able to be recognized as Jews, and immigrate to Israel due to their recognition as a descendant of the lost tribe of Dan by the Grand Rabbi Sephardic Israel, Ovadia Yosef , in 1973.

Similarly, "in March 2005, after studying the issue,

. The Bnei Menashe are a group of Asian appearance live on the Burmese border in the north-eastern India and affirming since the 1950 fall of the tribe of Manasseh , which would come to find refuge in the Asia fund. About 1000 of them live in late 2006 Israel officially converted. Seven thousand other still live in Mizoram , pending a formal conversion.

There is also the case The Lemba or Lembaa, an ethnic group (black) in southern Africa. Number about 70,000, they are present in South Africa (in particular the province of Limpopo ), but also to Zimbabwe , Malawi , Mozambique. Although they speak Bantu languages similar to those of other ethnic groups around them, they have certain religious practices similar to those practiced in Judaism, and a tradition of nomadic people with supposed origins in North Africa or the Middle East. According to oral tradition, their ancestors were Jews from a place called Sena to settle in West Africa. According to research by the British Tudor Parfitt, Sena would be in the region of Yemen. The Lemba have a link with the Great Zimbabwe. They established a synagogue , with their own rabbis. The Lemba have restrictions on inter-ethnic marriages with non-Lemba, and it is particularly difficult for a man to become a Lemba. The Lemba have an extraordinary proportion of men with a polymorphism of the Y chromosome known to haplotype modal Cohen , which suggests an association with the traditional Jewish populations. A sub-clan of the Lemba, the Buba clan, is considered by the Lemba as a caste of priests. Among Bubas, 52% of men have the haplotype Cohen modal, which corresponds to the proportions found among the Jews "Cohen" (priests). The Lemba also have a large percentage of genes often found in Semitic non- Arabs.

Other groups not recognized as a Jewish state originally came from the ancient kingdom of Samaria

There are associations such as the Israeli Shavei Israel , devoted to research of the ten lost tribes.

See also

Internal Links

• Falasha
• Tribes of Israel
• History of Jews in India
• The Thirteenth Tribe

External Links

• Lost Tribes, Myths and Realities , an exhibition of Jewish cultural center in Marseille.

References

• Portal of Jewish culture and Judaism
• Bible Portal

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