Tell Halaf
36 49'26 "N 40 2'24" E / 36.82389, 40.04 Halaf site is a Neolithic which is in Syria 's north. Active between Sixth and Fourth millennium BC. AD (periods 5-8), it gave its name to a specific culture.
It has developed in a peasant culture from -6900, extending from Aleppo to the future Assyria. This culture is by a native of Mesopotamia (probably linked with Anatolia ). It is distinguished by the quality of his pottery : vases shaped fairing and wide neck are covered with figurative motifs (humans or animals, bucranes , reptiles, scorpions, panthers, birds) or geometric, painted in black or red, metope organization is common. The mean phase and recent Halaf, the evolution will be in the direction of thrust polychrome (red, brown and white on a light background) and a stronger taste for floral and geometric.
The site of Arpatchiyah in Sinjar (periods 6, 7 and 9) provides more information on the physical aspects and the evolution of this culture, especially the frequent but not systematic, a circular domed building already observed in the culture of Hassuna. Halaf culture is growing rapidly: it succeeds in Assyria Hassuna culture is spreading in southern Anatolia, reached the Zagros Mountains, southern Mesopotamia (ceramics known of Hajji Mohammed ), the valley of the Euphrates to Baghouz , northern Syria where it reaches the Mediterranean. This expansion could be related to the trade of obsidian. Greater mobility seems nevertheless characterize the populations of the Near East in the seventh millennium, perhaps related to a nomadic lifestyle associated with the development of a transhumance. It is also conceivable that ceramic production centers have sought to spread using these nomads.
References
- Abd el-Mesih Baghdo, Martin Lutz, Mirko Novak, Winfried Orthmann: Ausgrabungen auf dem Tell Halaf in Nordost-Syrian. Vorbericht erste und ber die zweite Grabungskampagne, Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden 2009. ( ISBN 978-3-447-06068-4 )
- Orthmann Winfried: Die Stadt aramisch-assyrische Guzan. Ein Rckblick auf die Ausgrabungen Max von Oppenheim in Tell Halaf. Schriften der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim-Stiftung. H. 15. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2005. ( ISBN 3-447-05106-X )
- U. Dubiel - L. Martin Stier aus Aleppo in Berlin. Bildwerke vom Tell Halaf (Syria) werden restauriert, Antike Welt 3 / 2004, 40-43.
- G. Teichmann und G. Volger (ed.), Faszination Orient. Max Freiherr von Oppenheim. Forscherm Sammler, Diplomat (Cologne, Max Freiherr von Oppenheim-Stiftung 2003).
- Nadja Cholidis, Martin Lutz: Kopf hoch! Mut hoch! und Humor hoch! Der Tell Halaf und sein Ausgrber Max Freiherr von Oppenheim. Philipp von Zabern Publisher , 2002. ISBN 3-8053-2853-2
- Bob Becking: The Fall of Samaria: an historical and archeological study. 64-69. Leiden 1992
- Gabriele Elsen, Mirko Novak, Der Tall Halaf und das Tall Halaf-Museum, in: Das Altertmer 40 (1994) 115-126.
- Mirko Novak, Die Religionspolitik aramischen Furstentum der im 1. Jt. v. Chr., In: M. Hutter, S. Braunsar-Hutter (ed.), Offizielle Religion, lokale und Kulte Individual Religion, Alter Orient und Altes Testament 318. 319-346. Munster 2004.
- Johannes Friedrich, G. Rudolf Meyer, Arthur Ungnad et al.: Die Inschriften vom Tell Halaf. Beiheft 6 zu: Archiv fr Orientforschung 1940. Reprint Osnabrck 1967
- Max Freiherr von Oppenheim: Der Tell Halaf. Eine neue Kultur im ltesten Mesopotamian. FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1931. (De Gruyter, Berlin 1966.)
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