Home  ›  Tariq Ibn Ziyad

Tariq Ibn Ziyad

This page is semi-protected.
Tariq ibn Ziyad
Tariq ibn Ziyad.jpg
Nickname Tariq the blind
Birth Eighth century
Unknown
Deaths 720
Damascus
Origin Maghreb
Allegiance Islam
Weapon Sword
Grade General
Conflicts Muslim conquest of Hispania
change Consult the documentation of the model

Tariq ibn Ziyad Tariq ibn Ziyad and Tarek Ibn Ziyad or (Arabic: ) born in the seventh century , died in Damascus around 720 , is a strategist Army Military Umayyad probably of Berber , also described as a prepaid Moussa Ibn Noar , was called by the heirs of the Visigothic king Wittiza who asked him for support during the Spanish Civil War between the the Visigoth king Roderic . He obtained the support of the Jewish population persecuted by the Visigoths, rivals of King Roderic, opponents of the Catholic Church and the Byzantine governor of Ceuta , which was a key element in the success of the conquista , providing in particular fleet required at the crossing.

Most writings about Tariq and the conquista comes from Muslim historians who have written their stories several centuries after the fact. These accounts are subject to interpretation. Thus, the Spanish historian Ignacio Videla Olago in its quest for alternative sources, a hypothesis disputed denying the existence of a conquista, an assumption which meets Pierre Guichard in his book full of information about Muslim Spain called The Arabs invaded Spain well .

Summary

Etymology

A fortiori the name of his father, could not be Zyiad; in fact this name is originally Arabic and means "son of Ziyad Tariq." His father was then a first name Arabic (meaning "which thrive" or "fruitful"), the only name mentioned by historical sources present.

"Ibn," pronounced "Iben" or "Ben", signifies in all languages Semitic "Son." "Ibn" is used in the Arab tradition of respect as the father and he is rarely or almost never used in Berber.


At the bottom of Volume I of the book of Ibn Khaldun (work in consultation free on the net, see external links) on the origins of the Berber figure, without any reference or date or place, the following annotation: "the branch Ulhas "information he has taken an unknown author quoted by the historian Ibn Idhari El Marrakchi author of Al Bayan Al Moghrib .

In fact, Ibn Khaldun speaks on various pages of his book about the various subdivisions of tribes Nefzaoua and tribes Oulhaa .

The various tribes Oulhasa (also written or Oulhaa Ulhaa), in the words of Berber genealogists (of which there is no specific information) taken by Ibn Khaldun , belonged to the great tribe Nefzaoua part of the Berber groups Zenata , this assumption makes difficult the exact location of his birthplace as Nefzaoua Zenata were like the others before the pre-Islamic period, divided into branches scattered throughout the Maghreb as confirmed also the writings of historians, researchers Emile Felix Gautier and Gabriel Camps ; more about, the origin of the Berber population in general and Zenata, opinions differ . Nevertheless, the tribe was located in Ifriqiya Nefzouas.

Like all Zenetes the Nefzaoua were nomads. One branch is currently sedentary tribal Oullhaa on the banks of the river in present Tafna Algeria. Moreover, Ibn Khaldun wrote that there were branches Oluhaa on both sides of the river Tafna . The group Ulhassas east of Algeria is situated on the edge of the terminals of wilaya of Constantine and Bejaia and borders of Aures. The Zedjali part of Ulhassa and are in plain Medjana bordered by Aures and are installed near the mountain Eiad. Furthermore, this tribe is close to Adjissas, Berber tribe .

Biography

Tariq ibn Ziyad was a commander in the army of Ibn Moussa Noar , Governor Umayyad of Ifriqiya and general Arab-Muslim troops and they were composed of people of various ethnic backgrounds in charge of prosecuting or strengthen the Islamization of Many Berber tribes west of the province. Moussa Ibn Noar had the ability to perform a broad policy of assimilation, bringing the Berbers in the army and giving them leadership positions .

The name of this conqueror appears for the first time in literature at the end of the Islamization of the western part of North Africa , or the current Morocco , and the beginning of the conquest of Spain Visigothic. He was appointed by Moussa Ibn Noar to replace his son Marwan, governor of the city of Tangier , in the probable goal of organizing logistics for the conquest . Again, there is no information on the reason and circumstances of this appointment to this position of responsibility. Nevertheless, it provides information as it assumes that Moussa Ibn Noar would see in him a man of confidence, a good judge of land and populations to recruit, a warrior, someone competent, intelligent and showing leadership skills and martial recognized authority within the army.

Only after finding Islam entrenched in Morocco that Moussa Ibn Noar Ifriqiya returned. Thence in 711 , sent by letter, Tariq Ibn Zyiad stationed in Tangier, conquer Spain , , . Tariq found himself at the head of an army of 7,000 troops that has added a second time, a contingent of 5000 men , 12 000 men almost exclusively Berbers. Musa Tariq joins in Spain with an army of 18,000 men, Arabs in their great majority .

The contingent was led by Tariq composed mainly of Berber tribes converted . Various sources report a contingent consisting mainly of Berbers of Morocco today (especially Sanhadja, Masmuda) along with some Arab responsible for learning the Quran to the soldiers freshly converted , , . Page 215, Volume I on its history of Berber (book freely available on the net, see external links) Ibn Khaldun writes well newly converted Berber 12,000 stationed in Tangier with Tariq accompanied by 27 Arabs responsible for their Koranic education, without no other details, particularly about the origin of these ethnic groups. That total of 12 000 men, advanced by the Arab-Muslim stories, is considered unrealistically low for some contemporary historians who mention a much larger contingent but the limiting factor remains the logistics needed to cross the 14 km Strait thousands of men with weapons, horses, etc. .... It took about three years to the Arab-Muslim troops to take almost all of Visigoth Spain, the conquest did not touch but not the kingdoms of the north who were the future players of the Reconquista.

In his book The Muslim conquest and settlement of North Africa and Spain, Abd al-Wahid says Taha Dhannn page 85 of his book that many Arab-Muslim writers mention that Tariq had decided, without informing his supervisor to make the crossing of Detroit disobedience that had angered Moussa Ibn Noar .

The version that disobedience and military successes of Tariq reportedly caused anger and jealousy Moussa Ibn Noar, which would have placed under arrest and allegedly appropriated his conquests, is confirmed by any historical source. Indeed, sources report rather an annoyance and surprise from Ibn Moussa Noar given the wealth amassed by Tariq during its rapid growth. The historical references on this subject indicated that the two men were summoned to Damascus and heard in 715 by Caliph Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik to a report on conquest and booty. Both sides were then accused of misappropriation of these , . No historical reference does not indicate any official questioning of the role of Tariq and his troops; versions stating that Tariq was taken chained and died on the road to Damascus is doubtful. In all cases, 715 to 720 (official date of his death), there is no precise information on the life of Tariq, apart from the fact that he joined the court of the Caliph of Damascus, a city where he lived until the end of his life.

Posterity

Gibraltar from the Arabic Jebel Tariq, which means "mountain of Tariq" in reference to Tariq ibn Ziyad.


The important place given to this character in the Muslim conquest of Spain was able to conceal the role played by many others. In Muslim conquest and colonization of North Africa and Spain, Abd al-Wahid Dhannn Taha, based on several literature sources including those of Ibn Khaldun, providing among other information on the characters and circumstances of the conquest, the different tribes or ethnic groups (Arabs, Berbers and sub-African) who participated in making the Visigoth Spain (see also works in external links).

After his death, Al-Andalus will experience periods of stability and periods of turmoil. With the pressure of the Reconquista , the Arab-Muslim presence should be strengthened and will require, centuries later, the response from other dynasties Almoravids and Almohad in the maintenance of Arab Andalusia in Spain Moorish then divided into rival emirates and competitors.

In the Maghreb today, many schools, hospitals and hotels bearing his name. Tariq ibn Ziyad is also the name of a car ferry Algerian commissioned in 1995 and whose slogan is Tariq ibn Ziyad, the Link.

Legends

Around this character as a hero in the Muslim world revolve many legends. Thus, arriving on Spanish soil, he burned his boats, telling his men :

"Oh people! :

The Egyptian school chronicle of Andalusia during the third century of the Hegira , which is that of Ibn Abdelhakim whose book "Conquest of Egypt, the Maghreb and Andalusia " of Abdelmalik ibn Habib of Andalusian origin and having lived in Egypt Book make little reference to this legend. Andalusian School of the fourth century of the Hegira, which is that of Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Qortobi, better known by the name Ibn al-Qotiya, whose book entitled "History of the conquest of Andalusia "... and family Rhazi, Mohamed Ibn Issa Mohamed and his son, Ibn al-Fardi whose book "History of the scholar of Andalusia" and al-Khachni whose book "The judges of Cordoba ". There is no trace in their writings of the purported legend. Appears even when the school "Moroccan" (the word dynasty is more accurate) and Andalusia in the fifth century AH, with his many books and historical personalities. Personalities such as Marwan Abi Ibn Hayyan al-Qortobi and Ibn Hazm, whose books " " , , the book detailed , "al-Humaydi , Saiid" Levels of peoples "Tartouchi" "Raquik al-Kairouan" History of Africa and the Maghreb "and many others allude to this history of boats burned. It was not until the sixth century of the Hegira to have a trace of this legend and whose only ones talking are Ibn Abdellah al-Idrisi and Ibn al-Cardbos. Neither Ibn Bassam Ach-Chantrini " nor Ibn Bouchkwal" "no mention. The same historians in the seventh century, no trace either in their contemporary Ibn al-Adari Marrackchi " " Abdelwahad al-Marrackchi "al-Mohamed Ibn Abdelmalik Marrackchi" , "Ibn al-Abar" ", Mohamed ibn Ali al-Misri Chebbat" "as well as the eighth century in their heads, the Moroccan Abderrahman Ibn Khaldun Lissandine Ibn al-Khatib. Historians Muslims [ref. needed] deny this assertion:

  1. Boats are the only possibility of withdrawal and return, especially since they are an unknown land.
  2. Tariq asked for reinforcements Moussa Ibn Noar , who sent 5,000 men and therefore the question: How did he go to all these people if the boats were burned?
  3. One may ask is what Muslims could make boats for 5000 men with a period so brief, if Tariq had burnt the boats?
  4. If these vessels actually belonged to Count Julian (who lent their boats for the crossing), what right Tariq he burned the ships of the count?
  5. Tariq How can dispose of state funds at will, but he needs permission from the Caliph for this act, not act by itself.
  6. Tariq and his men fight for their faith, and from the moment they crossed, they came for the Jihad and were ready for death or shahada (fight in the way of Allah ).

References

  1. (en) Tariq ibn Ziyad (eighth century) on www.universalis.fr. Accessed May 24, 2010.
  2. (en) Conquests: Webster's Quotations, Facts and Phrases by Inc. Icon Group International on Google Books
  3. (en) Tarik Ibn Zeyad at www.britannica.com. Accessed May 24, 2010.
  4. (en) The Arabs have invaded much of Spain: the social structure of Muslim Spain on www.persee.fr. Accessed May 24, 2010.
  5. (en) Tariq ibn Ziyad (eighth century) on www.universalis.fr. Accessed May 26, 2010.
  6. Ibn Khaldun, History of the Berbers and the Muslim dynasties of North Africa, ed. Berti, Algiers, 2003, p. Page 161 or 215 ( ISBN 9961690277 )
  7. (en) History of the Berbers and the Muslim dynasties of Africa ..., Volume 1, by Ibn Khaldun on books.google.fr. Accessed May 26, 2010.
  8. (en) History of the Berbers and the Muslim dynasties of Africa ..., Volume 1, by Ibn Khaldun on books.google.fr. Accessed May 26, 2010.
  9. Pierre Guichard , Al-Andalus. 711-1492, ed. Hachette, Paris, 2000 16 ( ISBN 9782012790308 )
  10. (en) Oases of Gourara (Algerian Sahara): Time of the saints, by Rachid Bellil (page 72 and following) on books.google.fr. Accessed May 26, 2010.
  11. (en) History of the Berbers and the Muslim dynasties of Africa ..., Volume 1, by Ibn Khaldun on books.google.fr. Accessed May 26, 2010.
  12. News annals of travel, Malta VA Brown, Volume 2, Edition Arthus Bertrand, 1865, page 222
  13. a and b (en) Article on Ibn Moussa Noar (640-716/17) on www.universalis.fr. Accessed May 26, 2010.
  14. a and b Ibn Khaldun, History of the Berbers and the Muslim dynasties of North Africa [ref. incomplete]
  15. Article on Ibn Moussa Noar / Encyclopedia Universalis.
  16. Tariq ibn Ziyad and the Islamization of Morocco, on page 21 on Google Books.. Accessed May 26, 2010.
  17. (en) Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, by Ibn Khalliknpage 476 on Google Books. Accessed May 26, 2010.
  18. Andre Clot, Muslim Spain, ed. Perrin, Paris 2004, p. 19 ( ISBN 2262023018 )
  19. (en) Morocco and Spain: a common history published by Fundacion El Legado Andalusi on Google Books. Accessed May 26, 2010.
  20. (en) Africa from the Seventh To The eleventh century (p. 127), by Ivan Hrbek, Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa on books.google.fr. Accessed May 26, 2010.
  21. (en) The Muslim conquest and settlement of North Africa and Spain, by Abd al-Wahid Dhannn Taha on books.google.fr. Accessed May 26, 2010. Page 85
  22. (en) Tariq ibn Ziyad and the Islamization of Morocco, on page 21 on books.google.fr.
  23. (en) Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1, By Stanley Sandler on books.google.fr
  24. a and b (in) The Muslim conquest and settlement of North Africa and Spain, by Abd al-Wahid Dhannn Taha on books.google.fr. Accessed May 26, 2010.
  25. (en) Musa ibn Nusayr at www.britannica.com. Accessed May 26, 2010. Article about Tariq ibn Ziyad (Britannica)
  26. (en) Charles F. Horne, The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, vol. VI 'Medieval Arabia, ed. Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, New York, 1917, pp. 241-242, containing a text of Al Maqqari on www.fordham.edu.. Accessed May 26, 2010.
  27. [Abdelhalim Aouiss , Book "The boats burned by Tariq ibn Ziyad is a myth - not history. - "

See also

External Links

Maps

Texts

Literature

  • Andre Clot : Muslim Spain. Eighth-fifteenth century. Perrin, Paris 1999

Leave a Reply

0 vote, average: 0.00 out of 50 vote, average: 0.00 out of 50 vote, average: 0.00 out of 51 vote, average: 0.00 out of 50 votes, average: 0.00 out of 5 (0 votes, average: 0.00 out of 5, rated)
Loading ... Loading ...
Help us improve the wiki Send Your Comments