Synagogue Noyk
The synagogue Noyk (Polish: Synagoga Noykw) of Warsaw , located 6 Twarda Street, is the only synagogue currently in operation that survived the Second World War.
In 2009 , the main synagogue in Warsaw, it houses the offices of the Chief Rabbi of Poland Michael Schudrich. The offices are held every day.
The holidays where prayer is not recited Yizkor for the dead echoed the El Male Rahamim ("God full of mercy") in memory of husband and Rivka Zalman Noyk, according to the wishes of the same founders.
Summary |
Before World War II
The idea to build a new Orthodox synagogue took shape in 1892. On 11 April 1893 , the only lawyer Warsaw Jewish Simon Landau, prepares a deed by which Noyk Zalman, son of Menashe, bought for 157,000 rubles in Jan Engelbert Zembrzuski Teodora, a vacant lot, located 6 Twarda Street. In spring 1898 , construction of the synagogue begins officially supervised by a specially constructed set.
Plans were certainly designed by Leonard Marconi, a member of a famous family of architects from Warsaw, but they might not. The names of Julius and Leo Bachman Prechner are also cited.
The total construction cost, estimated at 250,000 rubles, is fully supported by the spouses Noyk. On 28 February 1902 , the Construction Committee warned the community of the end of construction and invites people to come and choose their seats.
On 12 May 1902 , the day of the feast of Lag Ba'omer , at 19:00, runs the official opening of the synagogue. The prayers are accompanied liturgical chants sung by the choir led by Cantor Lewinsohn. The oration of dedication of the synagogue is delivered by two rabbis. Then sang the national anthem. The Torah scrolls are then ceremoniously carried to the Holy Ark where they are deposited by Zalman Noyk itself.
The reports published in the Jewish press are very complimentary:
"This synagogue meets all respects to the modern requirements. Impressive in appearance, both externally and from within, while remaining within the bounds of good taste, it offers ample space with good ventilation and good acoustics. Any evidence that it has been cleverly constructed, as well as a temple dedicated to the glory of God for comfort to those who will spend long hours. "
A few weeks after the ceremony, members of the Committee are appointed from the synagogue, among whom are the spouses Noyk, and other benefactors, Izaak Ettinger, David Mojzesz Szereszewski, Arie Leib Davidson Jecheskiel Krawcow Josef Jecheskiel Zuckerwaar and B. Rikwert.
The synagogue is frequented mostly by rich Jews who were able to buy permanent seats. The price varies from 16 to 80 rubles for men and 8 to 30 rubles for women, depending on the distance from their headquarters on the wall is where the Holy Ark. The Committee also provides the synagogue seats reserved for the poor, but only for morning prayers when a double service possible.
In 1914 , after the death of Rivka, the synagogue and other real estate owned, are graciously bequeathed to the Orthodox Jewish community in Warsaw. The only condition is that the synagogue is kept in state custody and to name the names of his benefactors, and that prayer El Male Rahamim is recited at every celebration in memory of the founders.
In 1923 , the synagogue was renovated and a chorus is added semi-circular on the east wall above the Ark, according to the plans of Maurice Grodzieski. Following this construction, the two windows with vital originals with geometric braids, initially located on the first floor on the back wall, end up blind on the remaining part of the wall on both sides of the Ark The Second World War In 1939 , the synagogue Noyk is part of the five largest synagogues in Warsaw. She is devastated by the Nazis in 1940 and serves as a stable for horses and for storage of food. When the Germans created the Warsaw ghetto , the synagogue is named in the small ghetto. On 20 May 1941 , German authorities permitted the opening of three synagogues, whose synagogue Noyk. The opening ceremony takes place the day of Rosh Hashanah. The cantor David Ajzensztadt famous office, while Professor Meir Balaban , the new rabbi of the synagogue, made a brief and concise speech on "Child Month" . In July 1942 , the synagogue was closed after the liquidation of the small ghetto. It is then in the Aryan of the city. During the Warsaw Uprising in August and September 1944 , the synagogue was severely damaged during street battles and bombings, but the building was solidly built, does not collapse. After the war, the synagogue is temporarily and partially renovated using funds that were previously used to rescue Jews. In July 1945 , the synagogue was dedicated and again in August 1946 took place the visit of the Chief Rabbi of Mandatory Palestine , Isaac Herzog. Although the synagogue is used by the Jewish community, the municipality of Warsaw said it legally owns and requires a very high rent . The Jewish community decided to refer the matter to court to require restitution. The ruling is favorable to the Jewish community, but the Attorney General of the state appealed the ruling on the basis that the Jewish community in 1948 has nothing to do with the old pre-war Jewish community . After a second trial, the synagogue becomes community property. The community decided to carry out further repairs in 1951 organized an official reopening of the synagogue. In 1968, the synagogue is closed, and prayers were held in a room located in an adjacent building. After the dissolution of the Warsaw Jewish community, the synagogue's property is transferred to the Association of Jews from Warsaw. On 1 December 1973 , the synagogue is the subject of an entry in the National Register of Historic Monuments. During the period 1 977 - 1983 , major work is done to restore the synagogue to the appearance it had at the beginning of the twentieth century and to build on the east side, an annex where the offices are now grouped in the Community Jewish Warsaw and Union of Jewish Communities in Poland, and a restaurant hiding. In this work, many original elements will disappear inside the synagogue, whose stars on the ceiling of the apse behind the bimah Postwar
On 19 April 1983 , to mark the 40th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, and for the first time in the history of Christian-Jewish relations in Poland, Archbishop Henryk Muszynski, archbishop of Warsaw, and Michael Schudrich, rabbi of Warsaw will pray together in the synagogue.
Attempted destruction of the synagogue
In the early 1990s , many anti-Semitic acts committed in Poland. The most important thing happening on the night of 25 to 26 February 1997 , when he set fire to the synagogue. Thanks to the speed of action of some passers and effective action by firefighters, only the vestibule of the synagogue is destroyed.
Despite the proximity of a police officer, arsonists, a man with a yellow cape and a woman can get away without being prosecuted. Immediately an investigation is initiated, supervised directly by the minister of internal affairs at the time, Leszek Miller. A dozen Republican members of the League were arrested, but must be released for lack of evidence .
In 1999 , the city of Warsaw decided to support financially the full restoration of the destroyed .
Since 2000
In 2001, the Municipality of Warsaw-Centre vote a subsidy of 500 000 zlotys for drainage of foundation of the synagogue and protection against moisture .
On 12 October 2001 , religious items stolen during WWII by the Nazis in different synagogues in Warsaw in 1943 and placed in the National Museum by the occupation forces, surrendered to the Jewish community. The Director of the Prime Minister, Maciej Musial, participates in the ceremony. Most of these objects, some of great value both monetary and sentimental to the community, are displayed in a vitrine in the lobby of the synagogue . Among the most remarkable objects:
- Paro'het (curtain closing the Holy Ark ) in velvet, silk embroidered son and son silver, covered with sequins and glass beads, woven in Poland to 1908.
- Set of Torah velvet silk interwoven son and golden tresses, with sequins and beads, embroidered in Poland in 1903 and kept in the Holy Ark.
- Torah ornament velvet silk embroidered, woven in Poland in 1922.
- Rimonim embossed and engraved silver, made Wrocaw in 1864.
- Torah breastplate of silver produced in the years 1,821 - one thousand eight hundred forty-one by the goldsmith Johann Augustus Gebhardt of Berlin , and kept in the holy ark.
- Sconce Shabbat bronze with inscriptions: "For the lighting of candles" and "Holy Sabbath", manufactured in Poland in the eighteenth century.
- Turret spice silver, engraved and stamped with watermark , made Gdask in the XIX century.
- Hanoukkia (candlestick Hanukkah ) in alabaster , made in Poland in 1938.
- Megillah on parchment with its wooden case, probably brought from Germany in the nineteenth century.
From September to November 2002, major restoration work is undertaken to remove the last traces of arson in 1997. During this restoration of plaster and stucco are added, windows and mechanical equipment replaced and the stairs are renovated. The facade of the synagogue is painted yellow and eggshell instead of the old gray sand and a layer of coating graffiti is deposited over the entire height of the facade to the first floor. The renovation is done under the supervision of curators Grazyna Babut-Prykiel and Peter Gregory Mdracha Foundation and funded by Ronald Lauder , .
Above the vestibule door, a window is reinstalled on the phrase "I am who I am", designed by the artist from Warsaw Tomasz Laczynski the-art studio Sztuka Szko. On November 6 , during an official ceremony, a plaque was unveiled in the vestibule of the synagogue in honor of the generous donor who financed the repairs. The ceremony took place in the presence of Ronald Lauder, who came specially from the United States .
On 3 January 2003 , unknown persons tried to sack the synagogue and break nails into the main gate .
On 17 June 2005 held a ceremony for the reception of four Torah scrolls, Don and Mary Harley Lippman in honor of the Bat Mitzvah of their daughter Juliet. These rolls, product 1886 , formerly belonged to a Polish Jewish family . Worn under a canopy in turn by several men walked from the rolls are Ogrd Saski (Saxon Garden) Krlewski the street (rue Royale) and Grzybowska Street. Israeli officers attend the ceremony .
From August through December 2008 , further work is done on the synagogue which is painted in yellow-fishing , . Decorative elements of the facade threatening to fall, some Moorish or Byzantine , are replaced and a modern system to scare pigeons is installed. Foundations are protected by metal hoops and a trim white stones , . Inside the synagogue, the nave principal is repainted, relined the stairs and the floor is renovated with tiles of sandstone . The total cost of repairs amounted to 1.215 million PLN which took 750 000 supported by the conservation department of historic monuments and the remainder by the Jewish community in Warsaw . The renovations were designed and supervised by architects Joanna Kwiecinski, Magorzata Pastewka and Sawomir Stankiewicz .
On May 6 , 2005, to commemorate the memory of Jacek Eisner, one of the few survivors and fighters of the Warsaw Ghetto, died in 2003, a new Sefer Torah to the synagogue is offered by his wife Sarah and his children Shirley and Philip Arnold , ..
Architecture
The brick building of the synagogue is built on a rectangular, slightly projecting, the main entrance surmounted by a pediment triangle. The whole style is Romanesque Revival with elements of many Byzantine , neo-Renaissance and Moorish. The main door to bow arched highlighted by a frieze , is slightly elevated and accessible by climbing six steps. Above the main door, at the height of first floor windows, stand the Tables of the Law , and under the pediment, up to the second floor, a circular recess at the bottom surrounded by a circular frieze, the star David.
The interior is divided into three aisles, the nave and central, both sides of the aisles lower than the nave. Access to galleries of women located above the entrance hall and side aisles by stairs with separate entrances on the sides of the synagogue.
On the east wall, is the Holy Ark in marble with six garnet marble columns supporting a dome of wrought iron covered in gold. Its entablature , is engraved a memorial Hebrew of Psalm 118-19 : "Open me the gates of righteousness, that I go and I praise Yahweh." You can access the Ark of each side by marble steps with railing with wrought iron plant motifs forming "S". Richly decorated doors contrast with the modest parokhet curtain covering them. To the left of the Ark is the Ner Tamid, or eternal light , and the right panel of Hazzan , the cantor.
In front is the Bimah surrounded by a wrought iron railing, with diamond-shaped patterns which are fixed pieces of diamond-shaped glass.
The synagogue has six hundred seats.
Plaques
Five plaques set in the main room where the main events hall reminiscent of the synagogue:
The plaque in Hebrew and Polish , fixed right of the Ark in front of one of the aisles, commemorates Zalman Noyk who built the synagogue in the Orthodox community in Warsaw and who expressed the wish that the El Male Rahamim is sung in his memory and that of his wife Rivka.
The second Hebrew and Polish, in the main prayer hall, said that the synagogue has been restored in the years 1977 to 1983 by the Polish state.
The third plate, also set in the main prayer hall is in English and Hebrew, and recalls the memory of the founders of the synagogue: "This synagogue was built in 1900 by Zalman Noyk, son of Menashe, who died in December 1903 and his wife Rivka, daughter of Moses, died in November 1915. May their souls be included in the crown of eternal life. "
The fourth, placed in the hall, is in Polish and English. It was inaugurated on 6 November 2001 : "Is not this a brand plucked from fire? (Zechariah 3:2 ) This synagogue is miraculously today ... The only synagogue in Warsaw all saved from the flames of the Second World War. It has been desecrated during the war and rebuilt almost forty years later and restored again through the generous support of the foundation Ronald S. Lauder of New York. "
The fifth plaque commemorates the visit of President Moshe Katsav of Israel in April 2003.
Gallery
 View of the facade of the synagogue |  Inside the synagogue saw the women's gallery |  Inside the synagogue |  View the gallery of women |
 Bima |  The top of the Ark |
Activities of the synagogue
Offices
The services are held daily and are led by Rabbi Michael Schudrich, or in his absence, his assistant rabbis. The prayers are conducted according to the Ashkenazi rite.
Official ceremonies and memorial in synagogue
Noyk the synagogue is the only synagogue in Warsaw that survived the Second World War, became a place of memory and also the symbol of the revival of Polish Jewry. It hosts many Polish personalities, Israeli, European and international, it is involved in social life and famous Polish offices memorial on the death of important personalities or disaster.
- In April 2003, the Israeli president, Moshe Katsav visited the synagogue and awarding the medal of Righteous Among the Nations to five Poles. He also participated in the reception of a new Torah scroll, donated by a synagogue in Chicago .
- On 22 November 2003, a funeral ceremony is celebrated in the synagogue in memory of victims of the terrorist attack in Istanbul , attended by the Ambassador of Turkey and that of Israel .
- On 20 January 2005 takes place in the synagogue an Office World for victims of the tsunami in Asia. Prayers are said by Rabbi Michael Schudrich, the priest and the Tchaikovsky Micha Zdzisaw Tranda bishop of the Reformed Church Calvinist. The ambassadors of Sri Lanka , to India and Thailand , one of Israel David Peleg, and many personalities from the diplomatic world are attending this office .
- On 8 April 2005 , prayers are said in the synagogue by the Chief Rabbi of Poland Michael Schudrich, in memory of Pope John Paul II in the presence of the Israeli ambassador to Poland, David Peleg, and Micha priest Tchaikovsky. Many Jews and non-Jews participate in the vigil. John Paul II had intended to visit the synagogue during one of his trip to Poland, but the Chief Rabbi Pinchas Menachem Joskowicz had at the time refused to give consent .
- On May 18 , 2005, the Chief of Staff of the Israeli army , General Moshe Ya'alon is allowed in the synagogue with a group of Israeli officers wounded in combat.
- On 31 January 2006 , an ecumenical prayer service held in the synagogue with the participation of representatives of the Catholic , Greek Catholic , Orthodox , Evangelical Lutheran and representatives of Polish Muslims and Jews for the victims of the disaster of Katowice where a hall Exposure collapsed on the crowd, killing more than 60 people and injured many others .
- In May 2006, the synagogue holds for the first time in over sixty years, a rabbinical conference brought together 25 rabbis representing the various countries of Central Europe .
- On 5 June 2007 , the President of the European Parliament , Hans-Gert Pttering , visited the synagogue and meet with representatives of the Polish Jewish community .
- On 21 February 2008 , Rabbi Ashkenazi of Israel, Yona Metzger, is allowed in the synagogue . This is the first visit by a chief rabbi of Israel in Poland for 60 years.
- On April 14 , 2008, meeting of the Warsaw Jewish community takes place in a building of the synagogue, in the presence of the President of the State of Israel, Shimon Peres.
- On 25 August 2008, celebrated a funeral ceremony by Rabbi Michael Schudrich held in memory of Bronislaw Geremek , a survivor of the Warsaw Ghetto, Polish politician and influential, died in a car accident .
- On 5 December 2008, a ceremony is held in honor of victims of terrorist attacks in Bombay. Rabbi of Lubavitch , Ber Stamblerem Solomon, the ambassadors of Israel, India, the United States , the United Kingdom and many members of the Polish Jewish community attend this office .
- On December 21 , 2008, for the first time since World War II, a Polish president in office, Lech Kaczynski , went to the syngogue Noyk to participate in lighting the first candle of Hanukkah and prayer to honor the 90 anniversary of the independence of Poland. He is accompanied by his wife Maria Kaczynski and is greeted by children singing the school Lauder-Morasha Warsaw , . Then the choir of the synagogue entonnne the national anthem Polish " a href = "Mazurek_D% C4% 85browskiego" alt = "Mazurek Dbrowskiego"> Mazurek Dbrowskiego "and singing supporters of the Warsaw Ghetto " Nicht Keynmol Zog "in Yiddish. After the prayers and speeches, the Chief Rabbi of Poland Michael Schudrich and President Kaczyski all lit the first candle of Hanukkah The synagogue as a center of Jewish culture
Noyk the synagogue is not only a place of worship, but also the center's growing Jewish culture. She has organized numerous exhibitions, concerts and conferences.
It has, among others, welcomed Hazzanim Baruch Finkelstein, Benzion Miller , Hershel Lieber, Joseph Malovanego, Jacobs Shalom, Shmuel Barzilai, Berel Zucker, Eric Freeman, Rabbi Abraham Greenbaum, the male choir of Temple Beth Sholom in Philadelphia The choir of the White Stork Synagogue in Wroclaw , one of the kibbutz Ma'agan Michael and the city of Herzliya in Israel and the sets and Young Nayekovichi Jerusalem Saxophone Quartet.
From 8 December 2001 to January 2002 , to mark the centenary of the synagogue Noyk, held the exhibition: "Remember: the Jewish monuments of Warsaw. The exhibition featured mostly records of the era, as well as photographs of buildings and places of special interest to the Jews of Warsaw, as well as fragments of old books, prayer books and other Judaica. The exhibition was held in the hall and on the walls of a stairwell. Each object was accompanied by a detailed description .
From April 19 to 30 July 2007 , held in the gallery for an exhibition of photographs women, most of which were unpublished at the Warsaw ghetto. The photographs showed mainly the early months of the ghetto and were purchased by the Jewish community of Warsaw during auction international Internet. The authors of these photos are probably former soldiers Nazis responsible for overseeing the ghetto .
From 2 to 16 September 2007 had an exhibition of the photographer Jacek Jedrzejczak and September 17 to October 17 an exhibition combining the twin eighteen photographs of Sebastian Rakowski gathered under the title "The Jews of Otwock "and the fifteen tables Tomasz Brzostka together under the title "The land of strange dreams" .
Since 2004, the inaugural concert of the Festival of Jewish Culture takes place in the Warsaw synagogue. In 2007, Aleksander Kwasniewski , former Polish president and his wife Jolanta, Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltzle , mayor of Warsaw, Sigmund Rolat, president of the Shalom Foundation in New York and the actor Szymon Szurmiej , journalist Magorzata Niezabitowska and many other important figures in Polish politics, such as Marek Borowski and Witold Dabrowski, attended the inaugural concert .
People associated with the synagogue
- Noyk Zalman (1846-1903) - founder of the synagogue.
- Abraham CWI Dawidowicz (1887-1942) - conductor of the choir synagogue.
- David Ajzensztadt - Hazzan and driver of the synagogue choir.
- Michael Schudrich - Chief Rabbi of Poland since 2004.
- Pinchas Menachem Joskowicz - Chief Rabbi of Poland from 1988 to 1999.
Notes
- a and b (pl): Biuletyn Gminy Wyznaniowej ydowskiej w Warszawie, nr 36 (newsletter of the Jewish community of Warsaw)
- (en): nr 91 / 3
- a and b (pl): Kazimierz Urban Cmentarze Zydowska, Synagoge i domy w Polsce w modlitwy Latache 1944-1966 (Quarter of Kazimierz, cemeteries, synagogues and Jewish community centers in Poland in the years 1944 - 1966), Krakow 2006 , ISBN 83-60490-16-3 - Pismo Komitetu Organizacyjnego KW z 12 listopada 1948 r. do MAP
- (en): Rafa ebrowski: Warsaw 1993, ISBN 83-85888-02-0
- (en): Anti-Semitism without anti-Semites - Polskie Radio Online
- a and b (pl): History of the synagogue and Rivka Zalman Noyk - gazeta.pl
- (en) | The Jewish religious objects returned after a half-century synagogue , accessed December 17, 2008.
- (en) | The new synagogue Noykw , accessed December 17, 2008.
- a and b (pl): The end of the renovation of the facade , accessed December 17, 2008
- (en): Anti-Fascist Committee "Never again": A list of incidents in 2003
- a and b (pl): Synagoga my nowa torus ; Author: Renata Czeladko, accessed December 17, 2008
- a , b and c (pl): Repairs to the synagogue Noyk will finish the day of the year. ; Author: Krzysztof Jozwiak, accessed December 24, 2008
- a , b and c (pl): The synagogue Noyk revived in yellow ; author: Tomasz Urzykowski, accessed December 27, 2008
- (en) | Light Hannoucca front of the synagogue in Warsaw , access date: December 24, 2008
- (en): The Synagogue of Warsaw gets a new Sefer Torah ; author: Tomasz Urzykowski; access date: December 17, 2008.
- a , b and c (pl): Biuletyn Gminy Wyznaniowej ydowskiej w Warszawie, nr 30, luty 2006
- (en): The President of Israel presents medals "Righteous Among the Nations" in the synagogue Noyk , accessed December 17, 2008
- (en): Prayers for the Pope at the synagogue ; author: Mariusz Jaoszewski; access date: December 17, 2008
- (en): Ecumenical Prayers for the victims of the tragedy ; Forum: Judaism, Christianity, Islam
- (en): Rabbinic Meeting in Warsaw - gazeta.pl
- (en): Pttering at the synagogue in Warsaw - Forum Polskich ydw
- (en): Visit the Ashkenazi chief rabbi of Israel in Poland - jewish.org.pl
- (en): Farewell Professor Geremek na Stronie warszawa.jewish.org.pl
- (en): Pray for the victims of the attacks in Bombay ; author: Marta Mazus, accessed December 17, 2008
- (en): The President of the Republic of Poland to attend the ceremonial lighting of Hanukkah candles , access date: December 23, 2008
- (en): First visit of a President of the Republic of Poland in a synagogue since World War II , access date: December 23, 2008
- (en): Warsaw, Lech Kaczynski attended the start of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah , access date: December 23, 2008
- (en): Landmarks Jews of Warsaw , accessed December 23, 2008
- (en): Biuletyn Gminy Wyznaniowej ydowskiej w Warszawie, nr 37
- (en): Exhibition: The Jews of Otwock. The land of strange dreams ; Gmina Wyznaniowa Zydowska w Warszawie
- (en): Opening concert of the IV Festival of Jewish Culture - festiwalsingera.pl
Bibliography
- (Pl): Kazimierz Urban Cmentarze Zydowska, Synagoge i domy w Polsce w modlitwy Latache 1944-1966, Krakw 2006 , ISBN 83-60490-16-3 - Pismo Komitetu Organizacyjnego KW z st November 12, 1948 MAP do, s. 122-3
- (Pl): Biuletyn Gminy Wyznaniowej ydowskiej w Warszawie, nr 36, 37
External Links
- (Pl): Noyk Synagogue in Warsaw (www.izrael.badacz.org)
- (Pl): Panorama of the synagogue on the site zumi.pl
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