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Synagogue Hourba

31 46 '30 "N 35 13' 53" E / 31.7751, 35.23135

Photograph of the synagogue before 1948
The synagogue in the nineteenth century

Hurva Synagogue (Hebrew: either transliteration : also known as Rabbi Yehuda Hourvat of he-Hasid ("Ruin of Rabbi Judah the Pious"), located in the neighborhood Jew of the Old City of Jerusalem , was the site of the main synagogue in Ashkenazi until 1948.

In 1864 , the community of Perushim disciples of Gaon of Vilna , is erecting a synagogue officially dedicated Beis Yaakov synagogue. It is the latter which was destroyed during the Arab-Israeli war of 1948-1949. After taking the old city in 1967 , many plans are submitted for the reconstruction of a synagogue. After years of deliberation, an ark is built memorial in 1977 on the site, thus becoming an important symbol of the Jewish Quarter Years 1700 - Attempted reconstruction by the disciples of Judah he-Hasid

The site where the synagogue now stands Hourba was a yard and a synagogue for the Ashkenazi community since the thirteenth century . Another tradition traces the existence of a synagogue on the site at the time of Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi in the second century .

The place is gaining notoriety when a group of between 300 and 1000 people (the number varies depending on sources), led by Judah he-Hasid , a preacher Sabbatean arrived from Poland on 14 October 1700 , just days before the death of Yehuda. The majority of the group does decide to settle in the city. The group's willingness to rebuild a synagogue facing many difficulties. One of its members, Rabbi Gedaliah of Siemiatycze relates how they faced the authorities ottomans , and how he took the bribe for permission to build new buildings and homes. The construction of a synagogue in the courtyard near the Ramban Synagogue was first banned by the Turks, then accepted after new gifts to Pasha. In addition, it requires at the outset of construction, the considerable sum of 1500 thalers lion (Lowenthal), payable within three years. Then, as the building is higher than the former, without the permission of the sultan , pasha another decides to stop work, and will not resume until the payment of 500 cons lion thalers more. Finally, another pasha, who arrived from Constantinople, also claimed the sum of 500 thalers lion. To finance all these unexpected expenses, group members are forced to borrow a large sum to the Turks at high interest .

Rabbi Gedaliah writes: "Our debt press our necks like a heavy yoke. It continues to lead us in jail and, before a debtor may be issued, another is already in custody. One hardly dares to go out into the street, where tax collectors are held on the lookout as wolves and lions ready to devour us. " . Faced with pressure and threats from creditors, a messenger was sent to Europe to beg for funds to repay the loan .

Twenty years later, the debt is still not paid . In late 1721 , lenders lose patience and set fire to the building and its contents. The Ashkenazi community is seen subsequently expelled from the city without the right to return until the debt is repaid. During the 89 years, no Jew Ashkenazi not be found in Jerusalem. The courtyard is transformed into shops and the synagogue is no longer maintained soon falls apart. It is then known as the Ruin of Rabbi Judah the Pious .

1812-1830 - Efforts to rebuild the Perushim Hurva

Between 1808 and 1812 a group of Jewish ascetics known as the Perushim , emigrate from Lithuania to Palestine. They are disciples of the Gaon of Vilna, and the majority decides to settle in Safed. Some would like to settle in Jerusalem, but renounce the fear of the descendants of creditors: they still hold the promissory notes on a century old debts, contracted by the previous group of Ashkenazi immigrants, and they may transfer to new group responsibility for repayment. The descendants of the Hasidim who had made their aliyah in 1777 , also pose a problem. They refuse to Perushim control Hourba the court, claiming that she never belonged to Perushim or their ancestors. The Hasidim say they have closer ties with the original owners, and their rights on this parcel of land are more important .

In late 1815 , Rabbi Menachem Mendel Shklov moved to Jerusalem with a group of his followers from Safed. The group's priority is the rebuilding of the synagogue, which symbolizes the expulsion of the Ashkenazim in Jerusalem. By reasserting their control over the site and rebuilding the synagogue, they will demonstrate their intention to resettle in the city. Reconstruction of the ruins of Jerusalem also has a meaning symbolic Kabbalistic. The restoration of an old building is in fact the first step towards rebuilding the entire city, imperative need for the coming of the Messiah .

In 1816 , the Perushim unsuccessfully plead their case to the authorities in Constantinople to obtain a royal decree, that the Arab residents of Jerusalem do not claim their debts to the Ashkenazim. The following year, several leaders of the group, including Solomon and Solomon Zalman Shapira Pach make the trip to Constantinople to obtain the firman (royal decree). It was only in 1819 , two years later, that their efforts are rewarded and receive the royal decree relieving the Ashkenazi payment of debt .

After the acquisition of an additional legal document defining the entire site Hourba acquired in 1700, including the dilapidated houses and shops built by the heirs of creditors a portion of the site, they have to get another Royal Decree for the right to build on the site, including a large synagogue. Two successive missions in 1820 and 1821 for this new firman of the Sultan's court failed for unknown reasons .

Awaiting permission to build in the yard, Perushim progressing based on an old Firman gave the Jews in 1623 , and stating that one can not oppose what the Jews build in their own neighborhoods. In March 1824 , having received a document in their favor the Cadi of Jerusalem, they then decide to start rebuilding homes in the courtyard. But the work is quickly blocked due to opposition from Arab creditors and local government who reject the documents proving the ownership of the Jews on the court .

The mission to Europe in 1825 by Solomon Zalman Shapira to obtain the necessary firman confirming their real rights in court and at the same time to raise funds to cover costs already incurred for the clearing of the court is a failure, as will be attempted in 1829 by Rabbi Zalman Zoref, a former goldsmith, born in Lithuania .

1831-1837 - Agreement and Mohammed Ali Building Menachem Zion Synagogue

With the annexation of Jerusalem by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1831 , an opportunity arises for Perushim. They send him a petition concerning the reconstruction of the Hurva, but permission is still awaited. Ali is afraid to depart from the ancient tradition Muslim and the Covenant of Umar , which limit the repair or construction of places of worship non-Muslims. However, five months after the earthquake of May 1834 , Ali suspend the ban and allow the Sephardim to make repairs to their existing synagogues. This authorization led Ashkenazim to redouble efforts to get permission to rebuild their own .

On 23 June 1836 , during his trip to Egypt, Zalman Zoref, with support from the consuls of Austria and Russia in Alexandria , obtained the firman long overdue. It seems that obtaining this Order is due to what we had mentioned the name of Baron Salomon Mayer Rothschild of Vienna. Ali hopes that by giving his permission for the reconstruction of Hourba, the Rothschilds will be inclined to forge ties with him and financial policies, which would provide the political support of France and Austria. In fact, the involvement of Rothschild is a ruse Zoref who, when he obtained the firman, contact Zvi Hirsch Lehren , a wealthy merchant of Amsterdam , chairman of the Halukka , the organization responsible for collecting and distribute funds for the Jews of Palestine, asking that the funds promised by his brother for the construction of synagogues in Palestine is mainly intended to Hurva . Lehren but has doubts about the exact content of the firman. There is no mention of an explicit authorization for the construction of a large synagogue. A letter sent by the leaders of the community to Moses Montefiore in 1849 confirms that the permission to rebuild the old synagogue was not granted, and that only authorized the construction of houses in the area .

In September 1836 , believed to be in possession of the firman, the Perushim begin to clear the rubble from the courtyard of the Hurva. The foundations of the original synagogue appear and reconstruction begins. However, Arab creditors refuse to abandon their claims they have on the Jews, and continue to block construction. Zoref is forced to go to court to request a retrial canceling debts. He stated that currently the Ashkenazim in Jerusalem are in no way related to those who have borrowed money. It also indicates that an injunction has been passed which absolves the Ashkenazi payment of the debt and argues that the statute of limitations Turkish cancels the debts of the disciples of Judah he-Hasid . The court ruled in favor of the Ashkenazi and the construction of the building continues . However Zoref must appease the Arabs with annual bonuses. But the agreement did not last and the Arabs are trying to kill Zoref. One night, a stranger pulled him. Another time, he was wounded in the head with a dagger and died three months later of his injuries . At the end, Perushim manage to build a modest synagogue Menachem Zion , which is dedicated on Friday, January 6 1837 . In 1854 , a second synagogue, smaller, is built on the ground .

1857-1864 - Building the Beis Yaakov Synagogue

In the early 1850s , the Perushim planning to build a synagogue on the same site. Following the Crimean War , the government Britain wants to use its growing influence in Constantinople, by intervening on behalf of his Jewish subjects living in Jerusalem. On 13 July 1854 , Consul James Finn , the British consulate in Jerusalem, wrote to the British ambassador in Constantinople, describing him the wish of the Ashkenazi community of 2000 members strong, to build its own synagogue. He noted that funds for construction were raised by Moses Montefiore twelve years ago. He includes in his letter a firman 150 years old which allows them to rebuild their Ashkenazi synagogue in ruins . As the title of the parcel of land is owned by family members Amzalag, British subjects, they refer to Rabbi Herschel born in London to negotiate the transfer. The British consulate agrees to give its approval to the contract to avoid any interference of the Turks . In the end, the only problem that remains unresolved is whether the construction of a synagogue on the site of an ancient synagogue can be seen as the repair of an old house of prayer, worship non-Muslim or as the creation of a new synagogue. In the latter case, the Turks should grant a special permit. However, in 1856 , thanks to the personal intervention of Sir Moses Montefiore, a firman Imperial authorizes the construction of the synagogue .

Once permission is obtained, the other major test faced by the impoverished community, is to raise funds for the building. The fundraising is carried throughout the Diaspora. One of the emissaries is important Jacob Saphir who leaves for Egypt in 1857 and returns in 1863 , after visiting Yemen , Aden , the East Indies , Java , the Australian , the New Zealand and Ceylon . The largest donation came from Reuben Yehezkel, a wealthy Sephardic Jew from Baghdad, which gives the sum of 100,000 dollars on the million needed. His son and daughter Lady Menashe Sasson complement its latest gift. All the gifts of family Reuben covers more than half the cost of construction. This marks an important step in the unity of Sephardic and Ashkenazi communities of the city . Another contributor was the King Frederick William IV of Prussia , whose name is inscribed above the entrance, with the names of other benefactors . It also authorizes the collection of funds among his Jewish subjects. Through the whole of Western Europe , emissaries seeking donations with the slogan: "Earn eternal life with one stone" .

On 11 April 1857 , the foundation stone of the building was laid in the presence of the Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem Shmuel Salant , who was very active in raising funds. Some stones are purchased the building at the Industrial Plantation where poor Jews help quarrying and shaping blocks .

General appearance of the synagogue

North facade
Facade

The synagogue was designed by the official architect of the Sultan, Asad Effendi. Built in neo-Byzantine style , it rests on four pillars located across massive, underpinning a large dome. Only one of the towers is completed, the last level and the small dome on top is lacking on the other three towers. The facade is covered with finely carved stone windows and includes arc 13 meters high. The height of the synagogue to the base of the dome is about 16 meters and up to the top of the dome 24 meters. Twelve windows are located around the base of the dome that is surrounded by a veranda to have a splendid view over much of the old city and the region around Jerusalem . The building is one of the highest in the old town and is visible for miles around.

Interior of the synagogue

One enters the prayer hall of the synagogue through an entrance with three iron gates. The room is about 15.5 meters long and 14 meters wide. The galleries built on three sides of the room, except the east wall, are reserved for women. It is reached by stairways in the corner towers .

The Ark comes with its ornamental doors of the synagogue Nikolaijewsky located in Kherson in Russia. Nikolaijewsky the synagogue was used by cantonists (Russian Jewish conscripts, forced to spend twenty-five years in the tsarist army ). The Ark has four columns Corinthian and is decorated with baroque carvings . The Ark itself has two levels, covered by a curtain, and contains the 50 Torah scrolls. The alcove where the Ark is decorated with beautiful wood engravings of flowers and birds. Above the Ark we see a triangular window whose corners were rounded, and right in front of the Ark is located cantor's desk, designed as a miniature version of the Ark at two levels .

Inside the synagogue, about 1935

At the center of the synagogue was located initially high bimah Wood, who was later replaced by a flat platform covered with marble slabs.

Many crystal chandeliers hanging from the dome. The dome itself is painted sky blue and dotted with gold stars . Frescoes with religious motifs such as stars of David , the menorot , the Mount Sinai and the Ten Commandments adorn every wall. At the four corners, the paintings of four animals according to the text of Pirke Avot (Ethics of the Fathers): "Be strong as the leopard and swift as eagles, deer and light as brave as a lion to obey the will of your Father in Heaven. " .

One of the most generous donations recently Pinchas Rosenberg, the tailor of the imperial court in St. Petersburg. The emissary sent from Jerusalem to raise funds for the synagogue, Rabbi Hayim ha-Levy says in his diary that Rosenberg has specified in detail the exact use of his money. Among the parts purchased with his money, there are two large candelabra in bronze , a Hanukkah candle in silver , which was delivered "miraculously" 1 Tebeth

.

In the foreground, the Jewish quarter of Jerusalem, with the domes of the synagogue Hurva (recognizable with its arch) and the Tiferet Israel Synagogue , both destroyed in 1948 by the Arab Legion. In the background, the Temple Mount with the al-Aqsa mosque. Photo to 1900

1864-1948 - The golden years

Construction is progressing slowly due to lack of money, and it takes eight years for the building to be completed in 1864. The new synagogue was dedicated by the Baron Alphonse de Rothschild , brother of Edmond James de Rothschild , who has devoted much of his life to help Jews in Palestine. The synagogue was officially named Beis Yaakov ("House of Jacob"), in memory of their father James (Jacob) Rothschild. However, the inhabitants of Jerusalem will continue to call the Hourba . In gratitude for the British government, the British consul in Jerusalem, James Finn, is invited to the dedication ceremony, which includes an office of thanksgiving. He described the "beautiful songs and anthems in Hebrew , "the refreshment offered following the music and Russian and Austrian .

During the 84 years, the building is considered the finest and largest synagogue in the Land of Israel. It also houses the Yeshiva Etz Chaim , the largest yeshiva in Jerusalem. It is the center of Jewish spiritual life in the city and is the home of the Ashkenazi chief rabbis of Palestine and Jerusalem .

During a visit to Jerusalem in 1866 , Moses Montefiore Synagogue Hourba visit the famous, offering a breastplate of silver for one of the Torah scrolls. When he returned in 1875 , a crowd of 3,000 Jews are there to support him . On February 3rd 1901 a funeral ceremony in memory of Queen Victoria was celebrated in the synagogue in recognition of the protection granted to the Jews of Jerusalem by the British. The board is chaired by the Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi Shmuel Salant. According to the report published in the Jewish Chronicle , the large building "was filled to its maximum capacity and the police had to contain the crowd that tried unsuccessfully to enter by force" .

1948 - Arab-Israeli War and the destruction of the synagogue

On 25 May 1948 , during the siege of the old city, the commander of the Arab Legion of Jordan , Major Abdullah el-Tell, written by Otto Lehner of the Red Cross to warn that if the Haganah did not abandon its positions in the synagogue and its adjoining courtyard, it would be forced to attack. Moshe Russnak, commander of the Haganah in the Old City, ignores this warning, knowing that if the Hourba falls, the battle for the Jewish quarter will be irretrievably lost .

On May 26 the Jordanian Arab Legion issued an ultimatum calling on Jews to surrender within twelve hours, if not Hourba be bombarded .

On May 27 , el-Tell, having received no response to his ultimatum, ordering his men to "take the Hourba before noon." Fawzi al-Kutub will execute the mission by placing a barrel of 200 liters, filled with explosives against the walls of the synagogue. The explosion caused a gaping hole and the Haganah fighters will fight in vain for forty-five minutes to prevent Legionnaires to enter. When they finally manage to enter, so they try to reach the summit of the dome in order to plant a flag Arabic. The first three Legionnaires are shot by snipers , but the fourth managed to plant the flag. Arabic flag floating on the highest point of the Old City signals the triumph of the Legion. Shortly after, a huge explosion reduced the synagogue Etz Chaim Yeshiva and adjoining ruined , .

The answer to the question that the Arab Legion and the Haganah, who had converted his last stronghold, is responsible for the destruction of the synagogue is still pending. What is certain is that the building was deliberately undermined and blown after the capture of the area by the Arabs . Tell el-wrote in 1959 that "the destruction process were calculated as implemented in the Jewish quarter had no strategic value. Its buildings and religious buildings were not destroyed during the battle. All this took place after the military had stopped " .

After 1967 - Plans to build a new synagogue

Following the Six Day War in 1967 , several plans are being considered for the construction of a new synagogue in the context of the total rehabilitation of the Jewish Quarter. Many religious and political figures supporting the project of reconstruction of the synagogue to the original, "where she was, as she was." However, the Development Corporation of the Jewish Quarter, responsible for restoration of the Jewish Quarter, is firmly opposed. Their reasoning is based on a number of factors:

  • Planners and architects involved in the development of the area are all secular. They stress the national nature of the project and reject the religious sector.
  • When "reconstruction" becomes the official position of religious and right, the case takes a more political turn. They want to promote unity and think that the reconstruction of the synagogue for a particular group will be misunderstood by other communities.
  • Unlike the design of the nineteenth century when they tried to blend into a landscape East / Arab Israeli architects want the building reflects modern Western identity.
  • Although it was possible to reconstruct the synagogue alike, architects and builders understand their lack of skills and sufficient knowledge of traditional building technology. Moreover, most of the original stones and carved decorative elements have been dispersed, making the "reconstruction" impractical. Influenced by the creativity of contemporary architecture, they advocate the construction of a new Hourba following plans of architect recognized .

1968-1973 - Plans Kahn

p> Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Tzoref, the campaign manager for the reconstruction of Hourba, is the great great grand-son Ya'acov Solomon. He consults Ram Karmi , one of the most prestigious Israeli architects, who recommended Louis Kahn , an internationally known American architect, who is also a founding member of the Committee for Jerusalem. Between 1968 and 1973 , Kahn has three plans for reconstruction. The ruins should be incorporated into a memorial garden, with a new structure built on an adjacent lot and walk the "Road of the Prophets," leading to the Wailing Wall 1977-1981 - Memorial Arch and disagreement on the reconstruction

As no permanent solution can be found, a temporary solution and symbolic approved. In 1977 , one of four arches that originally supported the monumental dome of the synagogue is rebuilt. This stone arch 16 meters high, designed by two architects, spans the space where once stood the Hourba. The height of the original building, dome included, was twice as high as the symbolic arch. The arch with the ruins of the building and the explanatory panels thus form a stark evocation of what once occupied the site

, and the Minister Inside refuses to sign papers to start construction. Time passes and Hourba not rebuilt. Nevertheless, the daughter of Sir Charles decides to fund the creation of one of the few open spaces in the Jewish quarter, adjacent to the synagogue in ruins 2000 - Approval for the reconstruction of the original
January 2006: start of reconstruction work
December 2007: Towards the end of reconstruction

Plans for the reconstruction of the synagogue in its original style, receive approval from the Israeli government in 2000. The Jerusalem architect Nahum Meltzer, receives the commission with instructions to stick as closely as possible the plans of the nineteenth century. Meltzer believes that "both respect for the historical memory of the Jewish people for the respect of the construction zone of the Old City, it is our duty to restore the lost glory and rebuild the synagogue as it was Hourba " . Development Corporation of the Jewish Quarter, funded by the government convinces him to allocate the 6.2 million dollars , 24 million new Shekalim (ILS), corresponding to about 85 percent of the cost for reconstruction the old synagogue, the other 15 percent coming from private donors. Ultimately, the government will only pay 11 million ILS, the remaining funds being provided by a wealthy businessman and philanthropist Jewish Ukrainian Vadim Rabinovitch .

2003 - Archaeological Excavations

In July and August 2003 , before work begins, excavations are undertaken within the Hourba. They are conducted by the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Israel Exploration Society. The excavations are funded by the Development Corporation of the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem. Before excavation, the Israel Antiquities Authority oversees the removal of the stone floor that was installed after the Six Day War in 1967. The earth is removed to a depth of two meters, an area of 300 square meters. The work reveals the existence of four main periods of colonization: the First Temple or the Temple of Solomon (800-600 ACS), the Second Temple (100 CE), the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire .

Events since 2005

September 2009

Reconstruction began in 2005 after painstaking historical research to be completed in early 2010.

On 15 February 2007 , during reconstruction work, Rabbi Simcha Hacohen Kook , chief rabbi of Rehovot , was appointed rabbi of the Hourba. A confirmation certificate is signed by leading rabbis, including Yosef Sholom Eliashiv. Menahem Porush , who remembered the greatness of the original building, said as elated to see the fulfillment of a dream which he never relinquished The reconstruction of Hourba .

After reconstruction, the synagogue was inaugurated on 14 March 2010 (28 Adar 5770 by the Hebrew calendar ), which is the pretext for demonstrations of Hamas . According to Le Figaro , "Hamas denounces the reconstruction of the Hurva Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City as a threat against the mosque of al-Aqsa Mosque nearby, and part of a plan to rebuild the biblical Temple of Solomon and Herod in place of the Muslim holy places. These projects are defended by a handful of Zionist religious millenarian matter, in a conflict where perceptions are more important than reality " . As for Leila Shahid , representative of the Palestinian Authority from the European Union , denounced it on March 17, the microphone of France-Inter , "building a synagogue in front of the Great Mosque of Haram al-Sharif " (sic), but remember that this synagogue destroyed in 1948 is located, not in front of the Haram al Sharif, but the heart of the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem.

Notes

  1. a and b Lefkovits (2005)
  2. a and b Blumberg (1981), pp. 62-63
  3. a and b Finn (1878), p. 462
  4. a and b Millgram (1990), pp. 109-114
  5. a and b Rossoff (1997)
  6. Lis
  7. a and b Morgenstern (2006), pp. 99
  8. a and b Morgenstern (2006), pp. 114-115
  9. a and b Morgenstern (2006), p. 117
  10. Morgenstern (2006), p. 118
  11. Morgenstern (2006), p. 119
  12. Morgenstern (2006), p. 120
  13. a , b and c Morgenstern (2006), p. 121
  14. a and b Shraga (2008)
  15. a , b and c Ricca (2007), p. 104-110
  16. a , b , c , d and e Gilbert (1985), pp. 79-80
  17. Blumberg (1981), pp. 62-63. Gilbert (1985), p. 84 delivery date of the firman to July 1855.
  18. Gilbert (1985), pp. 98-99
  19. Wasserstein (2001), p. 51
  20. Finn (1878), p. 463
  21. a , b , c , d , e and f Shraga (2005)
  22. Rigler (2005)
  23. Horovitz (2000), pp. 171-174
  24. Ben-Arieh (1985), p. 305
  25. Gilbert (1996), p. 2
  26. a and b Collins (1973), p. 492-494
  27. Rabinovich & Reinharz (2008), p. 82
  28. Mordechai Weingarten
  29. Safdie (1989), p. 82. "This was not done in the heat of battle, but by an official order. The explosives were carefully placed under the anchors of the dome of the synagogue Hourba. "
  30. Jeffers (2004), p. 164.
  31. a , b , c , d , e and f Green (2004)
  32. Shraga (2006)
  33. (ET): The Hourba back to life , February 20, 2007; editor: Chadrei Charedim, accessed April 16, 2009
  34. Anger mounts in East Jerusalem on Courrier International (incorporating Haaretz ), March 16, 2010
  35. Adrien Jaulmes Anger Palestinian Jerusalem is under siege, in Le Figaro on March 17, 2010
  36. France Inter, journal 8:00, March 17, 2010

References

Books
Newspapers and magazines (online edition)

External Links

Old City of Jerusalem
Jewish Quarter
Western Wall Hurva Synagogue Four Sephardi Synagogues
Muslim Quarter
Church of St. Anne Zedekiah Caves Pool of Bethesda
Christian Quarter
Church of Holy Sepulcher
Armenian Quarter
Cathedral Saint-Jacques Tower of David
Temple Mount
Temple of Jerusalem ( 1 2 Temple of Herod ) Temple Mount ( Dome of the Rock al-Aqsa Mosque )
Doors
(Designated by numbers on map)
1. New Gate 2. Damascus Gate 3. Herod's Gate 4. Lions Gate 5. Golden Gate 6. Dung Gate 7. Zion Gate 8. Jaffa Gate


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