Sunni

Percentage of Muslims by country
Green: Sunni, red Shi'ism , blue: Ibadism

Sunni Islam ( Arabic : is the current majority religious of Islam. It represents 85-90% of Muslims.

What distinguishes the branches of Islam are mainly the sources used to write the Muslim law. Sunnis agree on four major reference sources: the Qur'an , the revealed book of Islam Prophet Muhammad. Then, in cases not directly mentioned in the Quran, the Sunnis primarily use his actions, then the consensus of Muslim jurists, and finally the legal deduction (Qiyas) the lawyer provided it does not contradict the previous three references. There are other reference sources as Sunni schools.

The word derives from Sunni Sunnah represents the line of Mohammed. His actions were therefore valid law.

Sunni is further divided into schools of law or madhhab , all having the same beliefs. The four main schools being Malikism , the Hanafi , the chafisme and Hanbalism , including a recent outbreak is the Wahhabism and Salafism.

Cases

The Great Mosque of Kairouan (also known as Ibn Nafi Oqba mosque), founded in 670, is home to Sunni Islam in the Muslim West and was the training center of the first generations of Muslim scholars in this area and is located at Kairouan in Tunisia.

There are four major schools of jurisprudence: Hanafi, the Malek chafisme and Hanbalism who simply disagreed on questions of law but are unanimous on the foundations of belief, namely the Quran , the sunna of Muhammad by understanding of his companions and that these three foundations are privileged over reason.

The Sunni scholars are opposed, by consensus, to religious interpretations liberal of some modern philosophers and scholars of Islam.

These four schools recognize each as valid and true, and differences in them are very small. They form one entity: the Sunni.

• The Hanafi school of Abu Hanifa Al-Nu'man ibn Thabit. The school opened at the most deductions, because it emphasizes freedom of opinion, personal opinion, and finding the best solution (case by case, depending on the timing and propriety of equity). So there, at least initially, a certain flexibility of interpretation. The rite stresses the importance of texts and tradition. Gradually, the school will lose its ability to innovate and the concept of ijtihad (interpretation) gives way to the notion of taqlid (imitation, tradition). The Hanafi school is found mostly among Turkic peoples , Indo-Pakistani , Afghan , Albanian and Chinese.

• The Maliki school was founded by Malik ibn Anas in legal theory based on the customs Medinan when Mohammed lived. It differs essentially from three other schools from sources it uses to determine the case. If the four schools use the Qur'an, the Sunna and the ijma (consensus of experts) and analogies ( qiyas ) Malekism also uses the practices of the inhabitants of Madina (ahl al-medina Amal) at the time Muhammad as sources of jurisprudence ( fiqh ). This major role given to the custom has fostered the acceptance of folk customs rejected by other currents. The interpretation (ijtihad), first recommended, is closed to the ^tenth century. The school is spread mainly over northern Africa. Muslim Spain ( al-Andalus ) was the bastion of Sunni Maliki.

• The Shafii school of Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Idris as-Safi `i , a descendant of the tribe of Quraysh, which is also from Muhammad, is a compromise between the two previous schools. The school values the Sunnah as a source of law, and insists on consensus of the entire community, but the views of scholars prevails, thus ruling out personal opinion. It is particularly widespread in Egypt , Saudi , Yemen , Kuwait , Indonesia , Malaysia , Vietnam , Philippines and Thailand.

• The Hanbalism school is inspired by Imam Ahmed Ibn Hanbal (d. 855). It is considered the traditionalist school of choice . Majority in the Arabian Peninsula, especially Saudi Arabia , the Hanbali school has exercised and continues to exert a significant intellectual influence, particularly on the currents of thought Wahhabi and Salafi.

Theology

According to certain movements, certain matters theological can not find clear answers in the Koran, like the nature of God the free will or the eternity of life. Various schools of theology and philosophy developed to answer these questions, each claiming the true face of Sunni Muslim tradition.

Unlike the four schools of jurisprudence, these theological schools are contradictory. They fuel the divisions within the Sunni :

• The achar (literalism and rationalism), founded by Abu Al-Hasan Al-Ash `ari (873-935), is the dominant theology. It was adopted by Al-Ghazali , mystic and a lawyer who thinks that the revelation over human reason. However, this school is different theological traditionalists such as Athari Hanbalis Whereas it is sometimes necessary to add the reasoning behind the revelation contained in the Qur'an and Sunnah to explain some ambiguities and to refute some considered heretical thoughts. This methodology of theological reasoning is called kalam , and allows some limited and cautious interpretation of texts, not strictly literal. The achars refuses any anthropomorphism important to the nature of god.

• The Maturidi , founded by Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (944). Enough minority to its adoption by the Turkish tribes of Central Asia , at the same time they adopted the law school Hanafi. The Maturidi is a theological school at the same Achara and especially prevalent among Sunni Hanafi jurisprudence.

• The Athari (literally), but not strictly forbidden founded by Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal and those who followed. All names and attributes of God are recognized as such, and any anthropomorphism or metaphorical is prohibited. It is a very literalist school, which takes the scriptures as they are, trying to avoid any interpretation they moved away. The Athari is widespread among members of the school of jurisprudence Hanbali. The Salafis claim that school is the main opposition to the theology and achars Maturidi.

Theological schools marginalized or missing :

• The motazilisme , using the kalam , was founded in Iraq by Wasil bin 'Ata (699-749). The motazilistes dominate in 750, under the new dynasty of Caliphs Abbasid. She even became official doctrine under Caliph Al-Mamun who was persecuting his opponents. She eventually fell into disuse after his death. It is the reaction to motazilisme which largely led to the final formation of Sunni Islam, although motazilisme has partly influenced the latter, in particular through the achars. Motaziliste some influence can also be found among Shiites , although motazilisme became clear in the camp that fought the Shiite Caliphate of the eighth century.

Christmas special

Both parties are genuinely sacred Sunni:

• Eid al-Ad'ha: Feast of Sacrifice, celebrating the end of the hajj , the pilgrimage to Mecca and Mount Arafat , and the life and sacrifice of Ibrahim. It is celebrated on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah ;

• Eid al-Fitr : Festival of Breaking the fast, celebrating the end of Ramadan. It takes place the first day of lunar month Shawwal following Ramadan.

See also

Related articles

• Islam

Bibliography

• Messaoud Boudjenoun, The Four Imams: founders of Sunni schools. Paris : Universal, 2004. 264 p., 23 cm. ( ISBN 2-911546-41-5 ).
• Charles Saint-Prot. Islam, the Future of Tradition between Revolution and Westernization. Paris: Le Rocher, 2008.
• Madame Rachida Rostane, article "Koranic statutes" magazine published in Convergence 2002 around the speaker of the Christian-Muslim discourse.
• Edgard Weber, Sunni Islam contemporain, ed. Brepols, 2001.

References

• Islam Portal
• Portal of the Arab-Muslim
• Portal in the Middle East

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