Streams Of Judaism

Sub-article Judaism

The Judaism , which developed from Judaism, was born in a nation which placed its birth at the exit of Pharaonic Egypt after centuries of subjugation , and attributed his release to YHWH. However, beyond these principles, which were not experienced as abstract theological speculation, but historical experience on which everyone agreed, Judaism was never monolithic, generating currents which brought together a number greater or less followers.

Among the major lines of cleavage between these currents are divergent interpretations of the biblical text, as compared to an oral tradition parallel and concurrently assumed the Torah , called the Oral Torah.

Since antiquity, the Jews of the time of the Second Temple of Jerusalem are broken down into several "sects". They disappear after the unification of interpretation made by the Talmud between the ^second century and the ^fifth century , the Karaism the only remaining contentious, less and less influential, in this interpretation.

A new variety appears to ^nineteenth century Europe, with the questioning by Reform Judaism and its various currents at some of the Talmudic interpretation of Torah.

Streams of Judaism are in principle separate subdivisions Jewish ethnic and political movements Jews. However, interactions with them are not uncommon, and the relationship to Zionism creates very different theological interpretations within the currents of Orthodox Judaism as non-Orthodox movements.

Summary A Jewish Currents 2 Former streams of Judaism Three streams of Judaism today 4 See also External 4.1 Links 4.2 Notes and references

/ / Jewish Currents

After the return of exiles from Babylon , the Israelites broke out between Judah (Jews) and Samaritans.

These establish a sanctuary on Mount Gerizim and challenging the centrality of that of Jerusalem. They are the eyes of Judah, not Israel, but descendants of people deported by Sennacherib having mixed their pagan practices to local customs and beliefs ^{Veterans of Judaism}

Judaism's Second Temple period, which follows the rupture is divided into many groups: in addition to Sadducees , Pharisees , Essenes and Zealots , better known as described by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus as the "four major sects "must be added:

• or sects of the Minim , which are mentioned by the Talmud as a current heretical seditious and identified by Jerome to Ebionites and Nazarenes , that is to say, the early followers of Jesus Judaizers ;
• described as Jewish by Epiphanius in his Panarion , including both the Judeo-Christian sects mentioned, but also movements before Jesus at least a century;
• currents Egyptian, whose Jewish community of Elephantine and the sect of Therapeutae for which the only source is the De Vita contemplativa of Philo of Alexandria ;
• and finally those which little is known about the name, as the Hasidim or Soferim , briefly mentioned in Talmudic sources most often.

Several factors explain this fragmentation:

• when Judah returned to the call of Cyrus found a Second Temple in Jerusalem, they constitute only a minority of world Jewry. Significant Jewish centers are thriving, mainly in Babylonia and Egypt. The latter saw the erection of two competitors from the Temples of Jerusalem, the Temple of YWH at Elephantine and that of Onias located Leontopolis , although Philo of Alexandria reports that, like himself, many Jews are their sacrifices while maintaining a commitment to the Temple of Jerusalem .
• the victory of the Hasmonean , after (temporarily) for the independence of Judaism vis--vis Hellenism, creates a new cleavage when the winners not only arrogated to themselves the function of High Priest, but also the leaders nation, whereas according to the Tanakh , are only entitled to what role the people of the house of David. The Sadducees allied to the ruling class, which according to some question of secession in the house Saddok, leading to the formation of the current Essene , while the Pharisees, initially very supportive of the Hasmonean, revolted against them and suffer heavy persecution.
• Roman occupation of Judea causes also the formation of many currents, and large have a strong messianic component. Indeed, the Roman yoke raises many ideas of revolt and the certainty that the scion of the Davidic deliverer of the Jewish people will not be long in coming.

The sect of the Sadducees is the least known of all because it has left no record behind it, if not a hypothetical Sefer Tzedoukkim whose content is questionable. The doctrines put into the mouth of the Sadducees in the Talmud could be mere pretexts for the refutation of these ideas by the Sages, and their description by Flavius Josephus is balanced by comparison with the Pharisees. It was probably a class of priests , confident in its central role in hereditary and worship, resting on the authority of the Letter is to say, the Torah itself.

Some accept the oral Torah , some not, some currents accept books of the Bible that others reject , some professing the eternity of the world when others are creationists, some professed the immortality of the soul ( Pharisees ), others reject ( Sadducees ), certain trends are open to the converted when others reject them, some currents are open to the Hellenistic culture (dominant in the Middle East at the time ), others make a point of honor to refuse.

After the destruction of the Jewish Second Temple in 70 AD, what broke Judaism lost its central authority. The Jewish people also gradually loses its state, first reduced to the status of vassal kingdom by the Romans , and finally removed to become a mere province. Finally, a new religion is Christianity. Deriving from Judaism, early Christianity is universalism forward. References to the "Jewish people" and " Judah "(whose recovery was expected by the Jews) disappear from the late ^first century.

Following the destruction of the Second Temple, and the threat of dilution and forgetfulness of tradition, the Wise Pharisees decided to put the oral Torah writing, breaking a taboo former . Pharisee Judaism is necessary, as well as his reading of the " written Torah "(which she also set the barrel) through the prism of the Oral Torah , oral tradition of textual exegesis and legalistic received, according to tradition Pharisee, mouth of Moses in the giving of the Torah, and compiled in the form of Talmud Babylonian and Galilean. The main challengers at the time of the Temple, the Sadducees and the related movement of Bthusiens , had collapsed at the same time that the institution relied upon by any authority.

The rejection of this Act by the Samaritans (who had developed their own oral tradition, Memar) was held insignificant. If it was ignored by the Jewish communities too remote from centers of teaching and the dissemination of this Act as the Jews of China , Ethiopia or India , it was quickly relearned by the descendants of them eager to return to the Judaism.
The only significant opposition to the hegemony of the Pharisee orthopraxy, but not on orthodoxy, took place in the eighth century of the Common Era and was the result of a current scripturalist the Karaism , which have acceded 10% Jews of its golden age between ^the ninth and ^tenth century. It also follows the internal dissent that Pharisaic Judaism was renamed "Rabbanite" or " rabbinic , "the name of the Wise , whose judgments were fixed upon the conduct to be of later generations. The Karaism was countered and its influence gradually diminished, the Karaites no longer represent today only 0.2% of the total Jewish population.

Currents of Judaism today

Many "names" were developed in Judaism European ^nineteenth century , especially among Ashkenazi Jews.

Today little influence in Europe, these currents are mostly found in North America. The Jewish community in the country is divided into several "names" distinct religious. They are commonly called "common" or "branches" of Judaism, the term religious denomination having a fairly strong Christian connotations. Despite the efforts of several of these currents to be exported to Israel, the phenomenon is now widely own to Judaism of the Diaspora.

The three most important currents are known in the United States under the name of Orthodox Judaism , Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism.

They result from the Haskalah , the Jewish translation of the Enlightenment , originally developed in Germany, but were largely shaped by the immigration of Jews to the United States.

In Europe, the powerful German Reformed movement was strongly affected by the Holocaust , its members were murdered by the Nazi regime and emigrated to the United States. The main focus of the Reform movement is now in England, having been born of practical rather than ideological divisions, advocates an attitude closer to the conservative movement than its American namesake, the movement equivalent to the latter called in Europe on Judaism Liberal.
Other less important movements have been born since.
In recent years, all these currents have faced the challenge of assimilation , each with its own attitude.

These movements share a common basis:

• All share values such as tikkun olam (a sense of Jewish responsibility in preserving, repairing and improving the way the world) and Klal Israel (a feeling of belonging and responsibility towards the Jewish community "universal "). These Jewish values are the basis of cooperation and interaction between the different movements.
• Everyone recognizes the Torah , the writings of the Tanakh and the vast majority of the Talmud as central to the Jewish experience. However, they differ in their approach to these texts, since fideism up absolute respect for the aesthetic value without considering them as absolute authority.

They differ:

• in the level of observance and religious practice, that is to say, adhesion and practice of the Halakhah ,
• methodology in the interpretation thereof,
• in the "flexibility" in relation to adapting it to modern times.
• in their approach to the Talmud, since the unconditional adherence to the distance as a work worthy but old and inadequate at the time.
• over the meaning of the findings of biblical criticism ,
• the nature of the Messiah or the Messianic time.
• to hold their prayer services , particularly the language in which they are governed, the movement promoting more traditional Hebrew and Aramaic to a lesser extent.

The most important theological differences occur between Orthodox Jews and unorthodox, often called progressive movements or, in the broadest sense, liberal.

See also

• Jewish perspective on religious pluralism
• Relations between the streams of Judaism
• List of religions

External Links

• Emergence of Jewish Denominations (myjewishlearning.com)
• Jewish World Today. Overview: State of the Denominations (myjewishlearning.com)
• What's the Difference Between Orthodox, Conservative and Reform?

References