Sixteenth Century

See also: List of centuries , Roman numerals

The ^sixteenth century begins on January ^1, 1501 and ends on 31 December 1600. Historically, it is often that begins October 12 in 1492 with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. For France , it is considered that begins with the advent of King Francis ^I in 1515 and it ends with the assassination of King Henri IV in 1610. Some historians like Bernard Quilliet , resuming Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie , called the period from 1490 to 1560 "the beautiful ^sixteenth century" ^Events

Europe

Continuation of the Renaissance in Europe in the wake of Renaissance art that took its source in Italy

Italy

• Italian Renaissance , qualified for the ^sixteenth century Cinquecento
• The Council of Trent meets between 1545 and 1563

France

• French Renaissance , following the Italian Wars
• Signing of the Edict of Villers-Cotterets by Francis ^I ( 1539 )
• Religious wars ( one thousand five hundred sixty-two - 1,598 )
• Edict of Nantes , Henry IV becomes accepted as king of France, the birth of absolutism in France

England

• Henry VIII proclaimed himself head of the supreme and only Church of England early Anglicanism
• The Royal Navy fleet becomes a permanent

Spain

• Conquest and colonization of America , establishing the Spanish Empire ; union of Spain and Portugal and Spanish empires and Portuguese
• Golden Age : apogee of Spain , the first political power, military and economic Europe. Spread of culture: language, literature, painting, ...

Germany

• Emergence of the Protestant or Reformed worship: 95 theses Luther ( 1517 ).
• Peasants' War

Netherlands

• Conquest completed by the Habsburgs of Gelderland , of Utrecht and Friesland.
• Beginnings of widespread revolt in seventeen provinces which would result from the independent United Provinces in the ^seventeenth century.
• War Eighty Years ( 1,568 - 1648 )

Portugal

• Pinnacle of Portugal: reign of Manuel 1st or the Great Fortune ( 1495 - 1521 ).
• Exploration of the Indian Ocean and seas of the Far East to control the sea route of spices, silk and porcelain.
• Discovery ( 1500 ) and colonization of the coast of Brazil.
• Formation in Asia of maritime commercial empire structured around Goa was conquered in 1510 , Melaka , conquered in 1511 , and Macao , obtained in 1557.
• Union with Spain forming the Iberian Union (1580-1640).

Scandinavia

• Arrival of reindeer herders in Lapland. They use tents dismantled (kata), covered with birch frames of gray felt.

Ottoman Empire :

• Reign of Selim I the Terrible who annexed many territories (Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, ...)
• Height of the Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent , the conquest of Hungary, Vienna and seats alliance with Barbarossa.

Americas

• First black slaves in America. The early ^sixteenth century to the early ^nineteenth century , about 7.5 million slaves will be taken by the Europeans on the coast of West Africa (3.7 million to the Caribbean , 2.5 to Brazil , 950 000 to Spanish America, 350 000 towards the Anglo-Saxon America). During the ^sixteenth century, about 900,000 Africans were deported to the American. Initiated by the Portuguese, this lucrative trade is taken by the Spanish, English, Dutch and French who mostly buy slaves on the coast of Guinea ( Elmina ) and the Congo and Angola.

• Jacques Cartier took possession in 1534 of Canada on behalf of the King of France Franois 1er.

Mexico

• Conquest of the Aztec empire by the Spaniards on 4 March 1519 , Hernn Corts landed at Veracruz. He entered Mexico , which is then called Tenochtitlan on 8 November 1519. On 13 August 1521 , the last Aztec emperor, Cuauhtemoc , went to Cortes, the Spanish rule over Mexico until 28 September 1821.
• 9 December 1528 , Nuo Beltrn de Guzmn was appointed Chairman of the first Audiencia of New Spain in Mexico City.
• 17 April 1535 , Antonio de Mendoza was the first Viceroy of New Spain.

Peru

• Conquest of the Inca empire by Francisco Pizarro : In 1524 , Pizarro's first trip to Peru in 1527 , second expedition, in 1533 , capture and execution of the Inca Atahualpa by Pizarro in Cajamarca.
• Founding of Lima in 1535.

Brazil

• 1500 : Cabral lands in Brazil and takes possession on behalf of the king of Portugal Manuel 1st.
• 1530 : To exploit brazil wood , which gives its name to the country, the king of Portugal divided the colony into captaincy awarded to Captains donees. These captaincies are behind the country's current state.
• 1549 : Foundation of Salvador de Bahia where the government sets general of the colony until 1763.

Africa

West Africa

• ^{XV, XVI} and XVII ^century , the diaspora of warriors Songhai on the banks of the Niger to the south, gave birth to a new nation Djerma.

• Building the kingdom of Baguirmi north-eastern Chari compound ngrides ( Massa , Sara , Boulala ) mixed with nomadic Fulani and Arabic :
  • At the beginning of the century, south-east of Lake Chad , a foreigner from the Kenga appointed Bernim (Berni-Besse or Doukkengu) releases a Fulani tribe from the tutelage of Boulala. With their help, he submitted the surrounding chiefdoms and founded the kingdom of Baguirmi with Massenya as its capital.

• The Fulani of Senegal appear in the Fouta Djallon.
• End of the unity of Wolof ( Senegal ), which is divided into several states: the kingdom of Walo , Djolof , kingdom of Cayor , Baol and "republic" Lebu of Cape Verde.
• In Senegal , the Serer are divided into two kingdoms, Sine and Saloum , whose kings are based on a feudal knights. In the East, the leaders Sarakol and Mandingo run small states. In northern Senegal, the Moors ( Trarza and Brazner) have finally replaced the Berbers. They dominate the mouth and razzient black populations.
• Speaking peoples summoned swarm around the old empire of Mali : Malinke in the upper valley of Niger , Susu and Djalonkes on the plateau of the Fouta Djallon.

• Founding of Bamako in the late ^sixteenth century.

• The Malinke and Dioula create the kingdom of Kong in the north of Cte d'Ivoire.

• The Yoruba people move their capital from Ife to Oyo. They dominate some time Dahomey and Benin (Port of Badagry and Porto Novo ).
  • The power of the Oyo kingdom belongs to a senate of notables (Ogboni) that could terminate the appointment of Alafin by prescribing suicide. Cities have broad autonomy.
  • The Yoruba are among the first victims of trafficking organized by the Portuguese. Submitted and plundered by their neighbors in the ^sixteenth and ^seventeenth century , they manage to organize themselves and fight victoriously Dahomeans tribute to whom they will lay for over a century.

Central Africa

• The kingdom Kouba , located at the confluence of the Kasai and Sankuru ( DRC ), is the beginning of the century in contact with the Kongo kingdom and the Portuguese. The Bushongo , which comprises the bulk of the population, have migrated eastward at the end of the century.
• Formation of the Luba Empire , under the authority of their mythical king, Kongolo , between the river Kasai and Lake Tanganyika. The Luba people born of secession of a clan of ethnic Songye.
• The Lunda Kingdom (Is Angola ) is founded by warrior-hunters from the Luba ( Katanga ).
• The Tyo control since the end of the ^fourteenth century the Pool Malebo, located at the fracture load of the main Congo before its mouth. They play an intermediary role between the river trade in the Congo Basin and the coast ports.
• The development of cane sugar in Sao Tome gives rise to a current of slave trade from the coast of Gabon.
• The southern part of Uganda , between Lake Albert, Kioga, Victoria and Edward, is the seat of four kingdoms ( Buganda , Bounyoro , Toro and Ankole ) which was founded before the sixteenth ^century. The Bounyoro-Kitwara, the most powerful before the ^sixteenth century, declined from the ^seventeenth century , due to the expansion of Buganda.

Southern Africa

• Installing the Sotho in the Transvaal. They repel or slay the San.
• The Nguni occupy the coastal plain of Natal.
• The Swazi kingdom form a close Tonga.
• The Xhosa are pushing the Koi-Koin beyond the River Kei.

Asia

• During the ^sixteenth and ^seventeenth centuries will constitute the Mongolian literary classic. The most remarkable Mongolian chroniclers of the time are Sanangas Stchn- author of the Erdeniyin tovtch (The crimp gem) and Louvsan Dandzan- author of the Altan tovtch (The crimp gold).

• Establishment of direct trade between Europe and Asia after the Portuguese arrived in the Indian Ocean and Far East (1509-1511 in Malaysia and Indonesia , 1513 in China , 1539 in Japan ).

Significant Figures

Politicians

• Henry VIII of England ( in 1491 - one thousand five hundred and forty-seven ), king of England, Ireland and France (only title) ( 1509 - 1547 )
• Francis ^I ( 1494 - one thousand five hundred forty-seven ), King of France ( 1 515 -1 547)
• Anne de Bretagne ( Nantes , 1477 - Blois , 1514 ), Duchess of Brittany ( 1488 - 1514 ) and twice queen of France ( 1491 - 1498 then 1499 - 1514 ).
• Manuel I of Portugal called the Great or Fortune (Alcochete, 1469 - Lisbon , 1521 ), King of Portugal ( 1495 - 1521 )
• Charles Quint ( Ghent , 1500 - Monastery of Yuste (Spain), 1558 ), Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) and King of Spain (Charles ^I)
• Mary ^I ( one thousand five hundred sixteen - 1 558 ), queen of England, Ireland and France (only title) ( 1553 - 1558 )
• Elizabeth ^I , Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland ( 1558 - one thousand six hundred and three )
• William of Orange ( in 1533 - 1 584 ), father of the rebellion of the seventeen provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands and figurehead of the 'War Eighty Years' which led to the independence of the United Provinces
• Philip II ( 1527 - one thousand five hundred and ninety-eight ), king of Spain , military and political dominance of the country
• Thomas Wolsey (~ 1473 - 1530 ), English cardinal, chancellor of England
• Thomas More ( 1478 - 1535 ), jurist, theologian, politician English
• Thomas Cromwell ( one thousand four hundred and eighty-five - one thousand five hundred forty ), British Member of Parliament in 1523 , Prime Minister and Council of King Henry VIII in 1532
• Jean Bodin ( 1,530 - 1,596 ), lawyer, political theorist French,
• Mary Stuart ( one thousand five hundred and forty-two - 1 587 ), Queen of Scotland , condemned to death by Elizabeth I of England, and beheaded.
• Akbar ( one thousand five hundred and forty-two - in 1605 ), leader of the Mughal empire.

Writers

Major figures

• Guillaume Bude ( 1468 - one thousand five hundred forty ), French philologist and bibliophile,
• Franois Rabelais (c. 1493 or 1494 - 1553 ) French writer
• Clment Marot ( 1 496 - 1 544 ), French poet,
• Joachim du Bellay ( one thousand five hundred and twenty-two - one thousand five hundred and sixty ), French poet,
• title = "Pierre de Ronsard"> Pierre de Ronsard ( in 1524 - 1585 ), French poet,
• Michel de Montaigne ( in 1533 - 1592 ), French essayist,
• Lus de Cames or Camoes (circa 1525 - 1580 ), Portuguese poet,
• Tasso ( 1,544 - 1 595 ), Italian poet
• Miguel de Cervantes ( 1 547 - 1,616 ), novelist, poet and playwright Spanish
• William Shakespeare , ( 1564 - in 1616 ), English playwright and poet.

See also

• Lists:
  • French writers born in the sixteenth ^century
  • Italian writers born in the sixteenth ^century

• Category:
  • French writer of the sixteenth ^century

Philosophers , humanistic

• Erasmus ( 1466 - one thousand five hundred thirty-six ), Dutch humanist and theologian,
• Michel de Montaigne ( in 1533 - one thousand five hundred and ninety-two ), French thinker and politician,
• Giordano Bruno ( 1 548 - in 1600 ), Italian philosopher and theologian, executed by the Inquisition.

Show: philosophers of the ^sixteenth century

Architects

• Philibert Delorme ( 1,510 - 1 570 ), French architect
• Michelangelo ( 1,475 - 1564 ), painter, sculptor and architect Italian
• Palladio ( one thousand five hundred and eight - in 1580 ), Italian architect
• Pierre Lescot ( 1515 - in 1578 ), French architect.

See also: Architects of the sixteenth ^century

Painters

Major figures

• Leonardo da Vinci ( 1 452 - 1519 ), painter, sculptor, architect, scientist ... Italian
• Michelangelo ( one thousand four hundred seventy-five - in 1564 ), painter, sculptor, Italian architect
• Raphael ( 1 483 - one thousand five hundred twenty ), Italian painter and architect,
• Titian ( 1,488 - 1576 ), Italian painter,
• Caravaggio ( one thousand five hundred and seventy-one - one thousand six hundred ten ), Italian painter,
• Francois Clouet ( in 1515 - 1572 ), French painter
• Paolo Veronese ( 1528 - 1,588 ), Italian painter.

See also

• French painters of the ^sixteenth century
• Italian painters of the sixteenth ^century

Musicians

• Monteverdi ( 1567 - 1,643 ), Italian composer
• Janequin ( 1485 - one thousand five hundred and fifty-eight ), French composer
• Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina ( in 1525 - one thousand five hundred ninety-four ), Italian composer.
• Claude Le Jeune ( 1530 - in 1600 ), French composer.

See also:

• French composers of XVI ^century
• Renaissance composers

Scientists

• Nicolas Copernicus ( February 19 1473 , Torun , Poland - Frauenburg , Poland , 24 May 1543 ), astronomer.
• Ambroise Pare ( Bourg-Hersent , near Laval , c. 1509 - Paris , 1590 ), physician and surgeon French , founder of modern surgery.
• Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594), Belgian mathematician and geographer, author of the Mercator projection ,
• Andreas Vesalius ( Brussels 1514 - Island of Zakynthos in 1564 ), Belgian anatomist, inventor of the anatomical plates. His work ended the Galen
• Francois Vieta ( Fontenay-le-Comte 1540 - Paris 1603 ), master of requests, the founder of algebra symbolic.

Browsers

• Columbus ( one thousand four hundred fifty-one - 1506 ), Genoese navigator,
• Ferdinand Magellan ( in 1480 - one thousand five hundred and twenty-one ), Portuguese navigator, originally the first circumnavigation,
• Vasco da Gama (ca 1469 - 1524 ), Portuguese navigator, first European to reach India by sea around Cape of Good Hope
• Pedro Alvares Cabral ( one thousand four hundred and sixty-seven - one thousand five hundred and twenty or 1526 ), Portuguese navigator, discovered Brazil in 1500
• Amerigo Vespucci ( 1454 - in 1512 ), Florentine navigator, which gives the name of the new world (see Vosges Gymnasium )

etc. see below (exploration).

Religious

• Ignatius of Loyola ( one thousand four hundred and ninety-one - one thousand five hundred and fifty-six ), founder of the Society of Jesus ,
• Francis Xavier ( one thousand five hundred and six - 1552 ), missionary Jesuit , evangelizing the areas frequented by the Portuguese in Asia ( Portuguese India , Malaysia , Indonesia , Japan )
• Martin Luther ( Eisleben , 1483 - id., 1546 ), clergyman German , founder of the Reformation Protestant ,
• John Calvin ( Noyon , 1509 - Geneva , 1564 ), theologian and philosopher French , father of the church Protestant ,
• Matteo Ricci , Italian Jesuit missionary who traveled to Macau , China in 1582 , and died in Beijing ( 1552 - 1610 ).

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Exploration

• Development of major discoveries
• See also: Explorations in the sixteenth ^century

Navigation

• Appearance of Galion

Geography , Cartography

• Many explorers mapping surveys
• School mapping of Dieppe , directed by Peter Desceliers
• Early projections map by Mercator ( 1512 - 1594 ).

Technology in the service of art

• Renewal of the technique of stained glass , and perfecting the art of glass in the West,
• Canvas (painting) for painting ,
• The first violins in the 1520s.

Printing

• Appearance in Mongolia for printing using wood matrices, Technical probably of Tibetan origin but used by the Uighurs and other Central Asian peoples Agriculture
  • Expansion of agriculture in Hungary :
    • Increased plantings. The scythe replaces the sickle.
    • The large villages of the plain occupied by the Turks specialize in intensive farming of cattle exported to the Royal Hungary, Vienna and Germany (about 100 000 animals per year).
  • Ipomenne Revolution in New Guinea ^{Other Techniques}
    • Invention of plumbago pencil through the discovery of graphite in Cumberland in 1564. The pen was introduced in France under Louis XIII.
    • First microscope at the end of the sixteenth ^century or the ^seventeenth century.
    • First thermometer , the thermoscope of Galileo , invented in 1597.

    Arts and culture

    • Apogee of Renaissance art in all of Europe
    • The Italian Renaissance , which has already begun in the previous century, is the sixteenth ^century the name Cinquecento
    • Renaissance fails in France in the sixteenth ^century.

    See French Renaissance

    Literature

    • See Literature of the XVI ^century

    Architecture

    • See Architecture of the Renaissance
    • See XVI ^century architecture

    Painting

    Exponents: Leonardo da Vinci , Raphael , Michelangelo , Veronese , Titian , Francois Clouet

    Music

    • See Music of the Renaissance

    Theatre

    • See XVI ^century theater

    References

    1. Quilliet Bernard , France's beautiful XVI ^century, Fayard, 1998
    2. Wars and Treats: peace, trade and competition in the Highlands of New Guinea by Pierre Lemonnier , ISBN: 2-7351-0379-X

    See also

    Related article

    • The war in the sixteenth century

    External link

    • (En) Manners village at the end of the sixteenth ^century

    Renaissance
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