Sigmund Freud
| Sigmund Freud | |
 | |
| Biography | |
| Birth | 6 May 1856 in Freiberg , Moravia ,  Austrian Empire |
|---|---|
| Deaths | 23 September 1939 (83 years) in London ,  United Kingdom |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| University life | |
| Training | Medicine ( neurology ) |
| Titles | Professor, Privatdozent (1885), Professor extraordinarius (1896), Goethe Prize (1930) |
| Disciplinary approach | Psychoanalytic |
| Principal | |
| Psychoanalysis - Psychoanalytic Cure - Infant Sexuality - Unconscious - Transfer - the topical | |
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Sigmund Freud (German pronunciation: if kmnt ft ), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud on 6 May 1856 in Freiberg , Moravia ( Austria , today Pbor in Czech Republic ) and died on 23 September 1939 in London ( United Kingdom ) is a doctor neurologist and psychiatrist Austrian founder of psychoanalysis.
Doctor Viennese belonging Jewish , Freud makes the meeting of several leading figures in the development of psychoanalysis, which he was the principal theorist. His friendship with Wilhelm Fliess , his collaboration with Joseph Breuer , the influence of his mentor Jean-Martin Charcot and theories of hypnosis in the School of the Salpetriere will gradually lead him to think differently about mental processes and forums , and primarily the unconscious , the dream and the neurosis all resulting in an original psychological therapy technique, the psychoanalytic cure.
Freud brings together a generation of psychotherapists, which gradually develop what is psychoanalysis, first in Austria, Switzerland, Berlin and Paris, London and the United States. Despite internal divisions and criticism from the psychiatric academic particular, and despite years of war, psychoanalysis is installed as a new discipline of the humanities in 1920. Freud, threatened by the Nazi regime , then left Vienna for exile in London, where he died in 1939.
The sociologist Norbert Elias while distancing himself from the movement of psychoanalysts , will recognize his debt to Freud, who had proposed him as "the model the clearest and most advanced of the human person" , those who have misled the doubt in the classical philosophical topic. 'Psychoanalysis', in which the term appears in 1896, based on several assumptions and concepts developed by Freud. First, the hypothesis of the subconscious revolutionized the representation of the psyche. The technique of treatment, in 1898 and first in the form of the cathartic method with Joseph Breuer and the development of standard treatment , is the main contribution of psychoanalysis. Concepts, such as refoulement , of censorship , of narcissism , of me and ego ideal , or more metapsychological like impulses , the first topic and the second topic , the Oedipus complex or the castration complex among other , will gradually develop more complex and psychoanalytic theory, both "science of the unconscious" by Paul Lawrence Assoun and more about the psychological processes and therapeutic.
Freud's biographers
The history of Freud's life and the concomitant creation of psychoanalysis , has been the subject of hundreds of articles and dozens of biographies, the best known is the monumental biography of by Ernest Jones , Freud's closest contemporary, which has become an essential reference that criticized aspects hagiographic . However, was the first biographer Fritz Wittels , who published in 1924 Freud. The man, doctrine, school. The writer Stefan Zweig also wrote a biography of his enthusiastic friend Freud . According to Elizabeth Roudinesco , historian of Lacanian psychoanalysis is probably Stefan Zweig who portrays Freud as realistic . Freud's physician, Max Schur , also narrated the report of Freud's death and disease that should prevail in 1939 . Many contemporaries of Freud also spent a biography, often hagiographic as Lou Andreas-Salome , Thomas Mann , Siegfried Bernfield, Ola Andersson, Kurt Robert Eissler , Carl Schorske. Anzieu himself has published a detailed biography of the Freud's self-analysis and the creative process that resulted in . Marthe Robert is the author of a literary biography more . More recently, Henry F. Ellenberger who devoted part of his book to Freud in particular investigating the fate of some patients from Joseph Breuer and Freud History of the discovery of the unconscious. Ellenberger is probably the first to have insisted on many pages on the unprecedented nature of the legends associated with the history of psychoanalysis, even arguing that he should, he says, develop a "scientific study of legends" Frank Sulloway in turn has developed a thesis that argues with psychoanalysis, Freud produced a model cryptobiologique " , in order to hide its biological inspiration recognized as already obsolete in his time by some his followers as Ernst Kris, to better present themselves in a revolutionary way, in pure psychologist psyche.
In recent years books, sometimes in the form of historiographical indictments were published, including that of Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and Sonu Shamdasani, or Jacques Benesteau among others. Mijolla Alain finally issued a written on Freud and France which examines the complex relationship between Freud, psychoanalysis and France until 1945.
Childhood and Education (1856-1882)
Sigmund Freud was born on 6 May 1856 in Freiberg in Moravia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Family history of Freud family from Galicia are still unclear . Third son of Jacob Freud Kalamon, small trader , certainly wool merchant and Amalia Nathanson (1836-1931), it is the first child of his last marriage . Freud was the eldest of his siblings, consisting of five sisters (Anna, Rosa, Mitzi, Dolfi and Paula) and a brother, Alexander .
According to Henry F. Ellenberger , "Freud's life is an example of a gradual social ascent from the lower middle class to the highest bourgeoisie" . The Freud family follows the trend to assimilation which is that most Jews of Vienna , in fact the young Sigmund is not high in strict observance of Jewish orthodoxy. Although circumcised at birth, his education is not traditional and is open to the Enlightenment. He spoke only German and dialect mixed with Hebrew , so commonly used in community Sephardic Vienna but the sacred language of Judaism it remains unknown.
It passes Freiberg its first three years then moved to Freud Leipzig to settle permanently in February 1860 then in the district Jew from Vienna , the former ghetto of the Austrian capital. Freud lived until his forced exile after the Nazi invasion of 1938 . From 1860 to 1865, but his father changed apartments several times, finally to settle in Pfeffergasse in the Jewish quarter of Leopoldstadt .
The young Sigmund frequent Jewish elementary schools in the neighborhood, and from 1866 to 1873, high school. A brilliant student, he is the first in his class during his seven years of secondary schooling in municipal school (Sperlgymnasium). His teachers the naturalist Alois Pokorny, Annaka historian and politician Victor von Kraus . At the age of 8 years, Freud read Shakespeare , Homer , Schiller and Goethe , . He also learned Spanish, certainly on the side of Eduard Silberstein , his childhood friend, and with whom he subsequently rich correspondence. Freud left school in summer 1873 and he is interested in becoming a zoologist. It is the reading by Carl Brhl a Nature poem, attributed to Goethe , during a public lecture who does opt for this career. However, he chose medicine and began his studies at the beginning of winter 1873. He is passionate Darwinian biology that serves as a model for all his work .
He graduated March 31, 1881, eight years after its entry to university, instead of the five expected. The reason is that the young Freud took advantage of his academic freedom as a student at the University of Vienna to make two trips during the year 1876 in the resort of Experimental Marine Zoology Trieste , under the supervision of Carl Claus , then to work from 1876 to 1882 of Ernst Wilhelm von Brcke , whose theories rigorously the influence many physiological . At the Institute of Brcke (physiologische Institute), which he joined in October 1876 as a young assistant physiologist, Freud made the acquaintance of Drs Sigmund Exner and Fleischl von Marxow, especially Dr. Joseph Breuer , "colleague challenging "for him and his curiosity with which sharpens the case of a young hysterical later known under the pseudonym of Anna O. . At Ernst Brcke , Freud's work concentrates on two areas shortly after the recognized importance: the neurons (some statements are included in "Project for a Scientific Psychology") and cocaine . According to Alain de Mijolla , Freud discovered at that time theories positivists of Emil du Bois-Reymond , where he became a follower, and explain the biology by physico-chemical forces whose effects are related to determinism rigorous.
His military service from 1879 to 1880, also delays the end of his university course. He took the opportunity to translate the Collected Works of philosopher John Stuart Mill . It also looks very early theories of Charles Darwin . He attends courses Franz Brentano and read with avidity Thinkers Greece Theodor Gomperz and especially the volumes of the History of Greek civilization of Jacob Burckhardt. He then spent his first two rigorosa in June 1880 and the third in March 1881 and graduated March 31, 1881. It is then temporarily preparer in Brcke's laboratory then worked for two semesters in the chemistry laboratory of Professor Ludwig. Meanwhile, he continued his research histology .
In June 1882, Freud left the laboratory of Ernst Brcke to embrace a career as a practicing physician, without much enthusiasm, however, . Two explanations exist on this point. According to Freud himself, Brcke advised him to begin practicing in hospital for a situation when for Siegfried Bernfeld and Ernest Jones, biographer is his intended marriage that requires him to renounce the pleasure of laboratory research. Sigmund Freud has indeed met Martha Bernays (1861-1951), Jewish family and shopping, in June 1882 , and early family agreements then in effect forcing the two lovers to marry, especially Freud is in a very precarious financial situation . Nevertheless, the young couple married in 1886, Freud had conditioned its alliance with Martha Bernays in obtaining his consulting. In October 1882, Freud thus enters the service of surgery of the famous Viennese hospital, then one of the most renowned centers of the world , and after two months, he worked as a midshipman, under the responsibility of the physician and Nothnagel until April 1883. He was appointed on 1 May 1883 sekundararzt the psychiatric department of Theodor Meynert in which he studied histology of the spinal cord , until 1886 .
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From hysteria to the cathartic method (1883-1893)
After spending five years in the service of Meynert, Freud between September 1883 in the fourth division of Dr. Scholtz. He gained experience clinically with patients nervous. In December of that year, after reading an article by Dr. Aschenbrandt he engaged in experiments on cocaine and concludes that its efficacy on fatigue and symptoms of neurasthenia. In his article of July 1884, "ber Coca" , he advises its use for multiple disorders . Although he has publicly denied on numerous occasions, he was himself a major consumer between 1884 and 1887, as evidenced by his correspondence. He works on his discovery with Carl Kller , which then leads research on a way to anesthetize the eye to perform minimally invasive surgeries. The latter then informed Leopold Knigstein applying this method to the surgery. Both communicate their findings at the Society of Physicians in Vienna in 1884, without mentioning the primacy of Freud's work , .
The young doctor was posted in the service of Ophthalmology from March to May 1884, then in that of Dermatology. He wrote an article on the auditory nerve which was favorably received, and in June, he passed the oral examination for the post of Privatdozent , and presents his latest article. He was appointed July 18, 1885, and seeing his travel scholarship application is accepted, decided to go study in Paris with Jean-Martin Charcot. After six weeks of vacation with his fiancee, Freud then moved in this town. Admirer of the French neurologist, he met the first time October 20, 1885, he has offered to translate his writings in German. Consequently, the French remarks and invited him to his lavish parties in the Faubourg Saint-Germain . However, it seems that Freud did not spend as much time as he says with Charcot left Paris since February 28, 1886 , it nevertheless still removes pride and makes the trip Paris at a key moment in its existence . It also remains in contact with the French epistolary.
In March 1886 Freud studied pediatrics at Berlin , with Baginsky, and finally returned to Vienna in April. He wrote his report on hypnosis as practiced at the Salptrire before members of the Club and physiology to those of the Society of Psychiatry, while organizing the preparations for his marriage. An article by Albrecht Erlenmeyer the highly critical about the dangers of cocaine use. Freud, to be a bit more peculiar, eventually translating a volume of lessons Charcot, published in July 1896 , with a preface by him. After several months of military service Olmtz as medical battalion, Freud married Martha Bernays on 13 October 1886 , at Wandsbek, they spent their honeymoon on the Baltic Sea. Upon his return to Vienna, Freud set up his firm in Kaiserliches Stiftunghaus and works in conjunction with the Institute Kassowitz, a private pediatric hospital where he was assigned to the neurological department.
October 15, 1886, before the Vienna Society of Physicians , Freud made a speech concerning the male hysteria , famous speech in psychoanalytic literature under the title Beitrge zur der kasuistik Hysterie I. This topic was so controversial, especially since the traditional concept of hysteria Charcot opposed to post-traumatic hysteria called simulated. Based on the distinction between "grand hysteria" (characterized by seizures and hemi) and "Little hysteria," and on a practical case considered at the Salptrire, Freud explains that male hysteria is more common than specialists usually observe . For Freud, neurosis traumatic belongs to the field of male hysteria. The Company protested against this view is, moreover, already known Viennese neurologists. According Ellenberger, the idealism of Freud to Charcot earned him the irritation of the Company, annoyed by his haughty attitude . Wounded, Freud then presents to the Company a case of male hysteria in order to support his theory. The Company understands but rejects him again. Unlike some legend around this event , Freud did not retire from the Company; it even becomes a member March 18, 1887.
That year, he made the acquaintance of Wilhelm Fliess , a Berlin physician who continues extensive research on the physiology and bisexuality, with which it maintains an extensive scientific correspondence and friendship , , . Moreover, the Freud family accumulates debt, medical office inconspicuous indeed a large sector. In addition, Meynert quarreled with Freud in 1889, about the theory Charcot advocated by Freud. In 1889, it is very lonely and can not communicate effectively with his friend Josef Breuer. So he wrote "I was totally isolated. In Vienna they avoided me, abroad is not interested in me " . Starting this year, Freud's thinking evolves. At first his interest Hippolyte Bernheim (which reflects the principal work of the suggestion and therapeutic applications) makes him approach the technique of hypnosis. He went to Nancy, the school of Bernheim and Ambroise-Auguste Liebeault in 1889 to confirm his views about hypnosis. He learned that hysterical retain a form of lucidity to their symptoms, who can be mobilized by the intervention of a third idea he resumed later in his conception of the unconscious but concluded that hypnosis has little efficacy in the treatment of pathological cases generally. Freud sensed that the patient's past should play a role in understanding the symptoms. He decides to prefer to hypnosis the "talking cure" of his friend Breuer , . After this visit, he participated in July, the International Congress of Psychology in Paris.
In 1891 , Freud published his work on unilateral cerebral palsy in children, in collaboration with Oscar Rie , then his critical study of theories of aphasia Contribution to the design of aphasia. Its distance with the thought of Charcot is maximum and there reminiscent of the "machine language" (sprachtapparat) for reporting disturbances in language function. This model foreshadows the "psychic apparatus" of his first topic. Freud and the unconscious links to language . In 1892 he published his translation of Bernheim's book under the title Neue Studien ber Hypnotismus, Suggestion und Psychotherapie. The same year he exhibited before the Vienna Medical Club design close to the French .
In 1893, Freud published several articles on hysteria in collaboration with Joseph Breuer and in particular the essay "The psychic mechanism of hysterical phenomena" ("Uber den Mechanismus psychischen hysterichen Phnomen"). He defends the concept of neurotic hysteria, while offering "a therapeutic method based on notions of catharsis and abreaction " . In 1894, with his article "neuro-psychoses of defense" ("Die Abwehr-Neuropsychosen, Freud focuses on the phobia. He also suffers from cardiac symptoms and quit smoking. Involved in the hysteria of a patient, Emma Freud, influenced by the theory of bisexuality Fliess , asked the friend to make Emma's nose because he thinks that his neurosis is linked. Fliess But a mistake by forgetting the medical gauze iodoform in the nose of the patient. Freud then scoring a dream (the dream tells of 'Irma's injection') on the night of 23 to 24 July 1895 on the accident and began to analyze the meaning to using the method of free association, "this study was to become, , .
The invention of psychoanalysis (1893-1905): hypnosis, the suggestion in the psychoanalytic treatment
In 1895, Breuer and Freud published their Studies on Hysteria, which include cases treated since 1893, including that of Anna O. (real name Bertha Pappenheim). Anna O. Breuer is the patient who is presented as a typical example of a cathartic cure . Before becoming the psychoanalytic treatment in the strict sense, Freud indeed had to abandon the suggestion and hypnosis and the cathartic method of Breuer and take into account the transfer , that is to say the feelings of patients screened on the analyst . It is indeed transfer that puts Freud on the way to a new approach, this project information on the nature of psychic conflict in which the patient is taken. In 1896, considering that his theory of law cited in psychology, Freud named "psychoanalysis" , but the sex factor is not predominant in the latter . Composed of the Greek ana (which means the ascent to the original, elementary), and lysis (dissolution analysis), the term refers to research from the outset of archaic memories related symptoms . Therefore Freud broke with Breuer, remained faithful to the cathartic cure, and wrote an essay left unpublished "Project for a Scientific Psychology. Yet in another article "Heredity and the etiology of neuroses" , from 1896 , Freud expressed his new design for the first time.
After the death of his father, October 23, 1896, Freud was shot down by physical pain. He turned his attention exclusively to the analysis of his dreams and is engaged in a "work of excavation in the past" . Nourishing the guilt for his father died, he began a self-analysis which absorbs more and more. He said trying to analyze her "little hysteria" and aims to see through the nature of the psychological apparatus and neurosis . During this self-analysis , and after abandoning his theory of hysteria, his childhood memories tributary. His nurse him to develop the concept of "screen memory" for example when he sees the amorous feelings for his mother and his jealousy for his father a universal structure that relates to the story of Oedipus and ' Hamlet . His analysis of his patients also provide arguments in building a new design, which allows him to reconsider, and hysteria and obsessions. Only the correspondence with Fliess reflects this evolution of his thought is such in a letter dated October 15, 1897 that Freud mentions for the first time the Oedipus complex . The Viennese neurologist explains: "I found myself as elsewhere feelings of love for my mother and jealous of my father, feelings that I think are common to all young children" .
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On May 2, 1896, before the League of Psychiatry, headed by Hermann Nothnagel and Krafft-Ebing , its design does not raise much enthusiasm, even if he delivers the title extraordinarius , . At the International Congress of Psychology in Munich in August 1896, Freud's name is mentioned among the best authorities in the field until 1897 when Van Renterghem cites as one of the figures of the School of Nancy .
In November of that year, Freud is concerned with the infant stages to sexual dominance. He announced to Fliess at the beginning of the year 1898, it expects to publish a book on dream analysis, and after a brutal period of depression, he published in 1899 The Interpretation of Dreams (Interpretation of Dreams) , . This is an autobiographical work since it is based on material from his own dreams. This period of self-analysis mixed neurosis is, as Henry F. Ellenberger , characteristic of the "creative illness" phase of depression and intense work that enabled Freud developed psychoanalysis beyond his personal problems .
Its location, social and financial, is improving. From 1899 to 1900, he served as assessor of the Imperial-Royal Association for Psychiatry and Neurology (Jahrbuch fr Psychiatrie und Neurologie). In addition, he worked intensively on his research and describes himself as a " conquistador " . He actually enjoys a lucrative customer base and is recognized by the Viennese society. In September 1901 , he feels able to visit Rome with his brother Alexander. The Eternal City has always fascinated Freud, because of his phobia of travel , , has always put off his visit to Italy . In Rome, he is especially impressed by the statue of Moses by Michelangelo . A few years later, in 1914, Freud published anonymously in the journal Imago, an essay entitled "The Moses of Michelangelo," in which he contrasts the two figures, one historical and the mythical, the liberator of the Jewish people.
During a visit to Dubrovnik (Ragusa then), Freud's intuition of the psychic mechanism of the slip as a developer of a complex unconscious . The same year, two Swiss psychiatrists, Carl Gustav Jung and Ludwig Binswanger Zurich, align themselves with psychoanalysis and emerging through the " school of Zurich , the movement grew in Europe and the USA . Earlier in 1901 Eugen Bleuler (with whom Freud began a correspondence), extremely impressed by The Interpretation of Dreams Freud had in fact asked his assistant, Jung, presenting the book to the psychiatric team of Burgholz. Switzerland becomes an ally in the development of the psychoanalytic movement.
Back in Vienna, feeling more autonomous in relation to Fliess, Freud break any exchange with him in 1902. Then he presents his opinions in several scientific conferences, to the Doktorenkollegium Vienna, then to the B'nai B'rith (a circle of secular Jews), they are welcomed.
In autumn 1902 , on the initiative of Stekel, Freud gathered around him a small group of stakeholders, which takes the name of Psychologische Mittwoch Gesellschaft ("Wednesday Psychological Society") and every Wednesday, discusses psychoanalysis , . According Ellenberger, from that date, Freud's life coincides with the psychoanalytic movement , . Freud's work are mentioned at the Congress of neurologists and psychiatrists doctors of Grenoble in the same year.
In 1904 he published The Psychopathology of everyday life. In September, he is closer to Eugen Bleuler , Zurich, and began a scientific correspondence with him. Therapies initiated by Freud on the basis of these assumptions then lead to the discovery that all his patients suffered no actual sexual trauma in their childhoods: they evoke fantasies and tell a "family romance", which they believe. Simultaneously, he discovered that some patients do not really want to heal. They resist and transposing old feelings towards their therapist is what Freud calls the transfer.
Freud speaks of psychoanalysis for the first time publicly in 1904 , in a series of lectures at Clark University in Worcester , Massachusetts , invited by its President Stanley Hall , along with Carl Gustav Jung , Ernest Jones and Sandor Ferenczi. Freud and Jung are being honored with the title of LL. D. (Doctor of two rights) . That's when he refers explicitly Jung as his "successor and crown prince" . In recognition, he said that credit for the invention of psychoanalysis back to Joseph Breuer. In 1914 , he said that although he considers himself the inventor of psychoanalysis, he considers the "cathartic method" Breuer is a preliminary phase to the invention of psychoanalysis.
The psychoanalytic institution (1905-1920)
In 1905 , published three books: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (ranked at the 25th place of 100 best books of the twentieth century ), which includes the assumptions of Freud on the role of sexuality and its fate in the development of personality , the joke and its relationship with the unconscious and Fragment of an analysis of hysteria: Dora . This is the report of the case of Ida Bauer, which illustrates the concept of transfer psychoanalysis. This transfer, in which the patient creates a neurosis (the "transference neurosis") in the relationship with her therapist, in a sense "experimental", is indeed to be analyzed as part of the cure because it determines the outcome. Contrary to popular belief, Freud's work does not raise criticism and indignation from the medical community, however, emphasize Ilse Bry and Alfred H. Rifkin . The success of psychoanalysis is also immediate from the 1900s and the early translations, Russian, dating from 1905 . The early work of Freud's disciples appear, Otto Rank , age 21, in effect gives him the manuscript of a psychoanalytic essay entitled "The Artist" .
In 1906, Freud focuses on a novel by German writer Wilhelm Jensen , Gradiva The analysis that using his method of investigation. The analogy of the rise of memories with archeology is central to its study , and he pulls out a book, The Delusions and Dreams in Wilhelm Jensen's Gradiva. Freud also definitely blurs with his friend, Wilhelm Fliess , who subsequently wrote a pamphlet , For my own case, in which he accuses Freud flight of ideas .
In March 1907, the isolation of Freud ceases . The fledgling group of psychoanalysts attempt to create a collection entitled the "Angewandte Seelenkunde Zr Schriften" ("Writings of Applied Psychology") published by Deuticke . Publishing Director, Freud publishes The first Gradiva. In 1908, the small group around Freud became the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, and in August Karl Abraham founded the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society. The following year, the first psychoanalytic journal is based (the Jahrbuch fr Psychoanalytische und Forschungen psychopathologische or Annals of psychoanalytic research and psychopathology), with Bleuler and Freud and Jung as directors as editor. Freud begins this review with the publication of the case of Little Hans.
April 26, the first International Congress of Psychoanalysis in Salzburg 42 members meets six countries (Austria, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, England and USA). Freud presents his "Notes on a case of obsessional neurosis" . In 1909 appears the Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Freud questioned later about the nature of psychoanalytic practice in an essay, "About the so-called wild psychoanalysis.
The year 1910 marked a peak in the history of psychoanalysis and Freud's life. At the second International Congress in Nuremberg organized by Jung, 30 and 31 March, has created the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) (International Psychoanalytical Association | International Psychoanalytische Vereinigung), whose first president was Carl Gustav Jung , and a second journal, the Zentralblatt fr Psychoanalyse, Medizinische Monatsschrift fr Seelenkunde . The API gathers under its umbrella groups (Local Ortsgruppen), those of Zurich (which is the seat), Vienna and Berlin . A patient of Jung with whom he had passed the act, Sabina Spielrein , puts it on the path of love toward theorizing the transfer analyst, he called the transfer-cons .
During his vacation in the Netherlands, Freud analyzes the composer Gustav Mahler , during an afternoon stroll through the city. Freud then traveled to Paris, Rome and Naples, accompanied by Ferenczi. Nascent psychoanalysis faces its first major opposition. In October 1910, responding to the call of Oppenheim, at the Congress of Neurology in Berlin, the German doctors in Hamburg are to index psychoanalytic practice in the sanatoriums local .
 Letter to the estrangement between Freud and Carl Gustav Jung in 1913 |
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While Freud publishes a childhood memory of Leonardo da Vinci , which appeared for the first time the concepts of narcissism , the sublimation and creativity, psychoanalysis receives new criticism from some medical circles. Moreover, the first schisms within it are emerging. His theoretical opposition to the theory of Jung, who became in 1914 the " analytical psychology ", in fact occupies those years .
In 1911 , Freud wrote a text known as Schreber but originally titled Psychoanalytic Notes on a case of paranoia (Dementia paranoid) describes as autobiographical. Freud recounts analysis lawyer and politician Daniel Paul Schreber. He also published a short text metapsychological "Formulations on the two principles of the course of psychic events" in which he describes the pleasure principle and reality principle. The following year, he completed his theory by adding two types of impulses: the life drive (the Eros ) and death drive (it will always retain the name Thanatos ) .
Management journals and theoretical work of the International Psychoanalytical Association , one of the seminars , Freud occupy considerably during this period, especially among those who work with him, rivalries are emerging and divisive theoretical challenge when he fights in particular question the role of infantile sexuality and the Oedipus complex as do those ever more intense, Jung, Adler, Rank, and others. It will integrate, in line with his theories, some of them in its assumptions , years later. So he refused the highlighting of aggression by Alfred Adler , as he considers that this introduction comes at the cost of reducing the importance of sexuality. It also denies the highlighting of the collective unconscious impulses at the expense of the ego and the unconscious individual and non-exclusive sexual impulses in the libido that has Carl Gustav Jung. In June 1911, Alfred Adler left Freud's first, to found his own technique and theory. The following year it was the turn of Wilhelm Stekel , while in 1913, in September, fell out with Freud Carl Gustav Jung .
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In 1913, Totem and Taboo Freud allows to demonstrate the social impact of psychoanalysis , . Secretly, since 1912, the idea of Ernest Jones , Freud gathered around him a small group of faithful supporters ( Karl Abraham , Hans Sachs , Otto Rank , Sandor Ferenczi , Ernest Jones, Anton von Freund and Max Eitingon ) under Die Sache name (the "Cause") and remained so until 1929, to save psychoanalysis from its various schisms. Each member receives one of Freud intaglio his private collection of Greek, he wears a gold ring .
During the war, Freud has little. It is mainly concentrated on writing his university courses, gathered under the title An introduction to psychoanalysis published in French under the title Introduction to Psychoanalysis in 1916. The fate of his son, the concern always. War paralyzes further extension of the psychoanalytic movement, indeed the Congress Dresden , scheduled for 1914 did not take place . In 1915, he embarked on the drafting of a new description of the psychic apparatus which he retains, however, that few chapters. What he is actually preparing a new topical approach to psychic. It is also proposed for the Nobel Prize by the Viennese physician Robert Barany. It publishes Mourning and Melancholia in 1917 and in January 1920 he was appointed professor. In subsequent years, while the political and economic context improves, Freud publishes turn: Beyond the Pleasure Principle, which introduces the impulses aggressive, necessary to explain some conflict intrapsychic and Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. Freud is indeed concentrated in these years of war, the establishment of a metapsychology which allows him to describe the unconscious processes in a triple angle, both dynamic (in relations between them), topical (in their duties within the psyche) and economic (in their uses of libido) .
In 1920, Freud develops a second topography of the psychic apparatus consisting of Me , from It and superego. The second topic is superimposed on the first (unconscious, preconscious, conscious). The development of personality and conflict dynamics are then interpreted as ego defenses against the instincts and emotions, rather than conflicting impulses (impulses in question are the death drives). Ambivalence and rabies were seen in the first topically as consecutive frustration and subordinate to sexuality. This new design evokes the active struggle taking place between life instincts ( sex , libido, Eros ) and death instincts and aggression (as other analysts have called thanatos ). Most fundamental impulses of life, death drives tend to reduce tension (back to inorganic repetition that increases the tension) and are noticeable by their projection on the outside ( paranoia ), their role in the libidinal impulses ( sadism , masochism ) or turning against the self ( melancholy ). Freud defends a double vision of the mind by Ernest Jones : "Most of those who have studied Freud was impressed by what might be called its dualistic emphasis. Had he been a philosopher, he certainly would not monistic , nor would he shared the pluralistic universe William James. " After the First World War in 1924, the psychoanalytic movement sees the departure of Otto Rank in 1929 and that of Sandor Ferenczi.
Extension of psychoanalysis and in recent years (1920-1939)
In October 1920, Professor of Forensic Medicine Alexander Lffler Freud invited to testify by a presentation before a committee on forensic war neurosis. He opposed Julius Wagner-Jauregg who claimed that her patients were war neurosis simulators. Then, from September 8 to 11, is held in The Hague the 5th congress of the IPA, chaired by Ernest Jones. Freud operates by reading "Supplements to the theory of dreams." On the other hand, the creation of a secret committee is decided, with Jones as coordinator. Psychoanalysis is growing significantly in Britain and Germany. Eitingon Max and Ernst Simmel in Berlin in fact create a psychoanalytic polyclinic while Hugh Crichton-Miller founded the Tavistock Clinic in London .
 Freud and his daughter Anna in 1913. | ||
| Family Freud | ||
| Mathilde Freud, married to Robert Hollitscher | (1887-1978) | childless |
| Jean Martin Freud, married to Esti Drucker | (1889-1967) | 2 children (Walter Freud and Sophie Freud 1921-2004: born in 1924) |
| Oliver Freud, married Henny Fuchs | (1891-1969) | 1 child (Eva Freud: 1924-1944) |
| Ernst Freud, married Lucie Brasch | (1892-1970) | 3 children (Stephen Freud, born in 1921, Lucian Freud , born in 1922 and Clement Freud: 1924-2009) |
| Sophie Freud, married to Max Halberstadt | (1893-1920) | 1 child (Heinz Halberstadt: 1918-1923) |
| Anna Freud | (1895-1982) | childless |
The first translation of Freud's text in France, Introduction to Psychoanalysis , by Serge Janklvitch, was published in 1922. The psychoanalytic movement acquires a psychoanalytic clinic in Vienna, Ambulatorium devoted to the psychoses and directed by three students of Freud (who only participates very little): Helene Deutsch , Paul Federn and Edward Hitschmann. In 1923, Freud was diagnosed with a cancer / A> of the jaw, who will suffer all the rest of his life. He wrote "The Ego and the Id" at a time when the psychoanalytic movement achieved an international reputation, especially in Britain and the United States . In 1925, Freud wrote Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety and an autobiographical sketch. The 9th Congress of the IPA Bad Homburg , Germany, held from September 2 to 5. Anna Freud reads the text of his father: "Some psychological consequences of sexual difference in the anatomical level." Freud can not indeed to travel, because of his illness. He met the French in 1925 Marie Bonaparte , who becomes his friend. Freud takes the analysis. In an article, "The analysis carried out by non-doctors" in 1926, he invited non-practitioners to use psychoanalysis. In this regard, Freud psychoanalysis speaks of "secular" or " profane. " He also analyzes the evolution of his thought in an essay titled: "Introducing myself."
In the last years of his life, Freud tries to extrapolate the psychoanalytic concepts to understand the anthropology and culture. His pessimistic vision of the human race continue to grow, especially after the dissolution of the secret committee formed by Ernest Jones, due to inheritance squabbles, jealousies and rivalries internal . So he wrote a number of texts in this direction, particularly on religion as an illusion or neurosis. In 1927 he published The Future of an Illusion , which deals with the religion of a psychoanalytic point of view and materialistic. In 1930 he published Civilization and Its Discontents in which Freud describes a process of civilization which is a reproduction on a larger scale of individual psychic process of evolution. His daughter, Anna , published Introduction to the psychology of children .
Do not consider themselves as a writer , he obtained, surprisingly, the Goethe Prize of the City of Frankfurt , in August 1930 . Then he returned the following year in his hometown of Freiberg for a ceremony in his favor. In a letter dated January 3, the writer Thomas Mann, Freud apologizes for having been slow to understand the relevance of psychoanalysis . In 1932, Freud worked in a work of synthesis, presenting lectures to an imaginary audience, a new introduction to psychoanalysis. In 1932 he published, in collaboration with the physicist Albert Einstein , their thoughts on war and civilization, from their correspondence, in an essay entitled "Why War? " .
In May 1933, Freud's works were burned in Germany during the burnings Nazi but the author refuses to leave the country until March 1938 when the Germans come to Vienna. The Vienna Psychoanalytic Society decided that each Analyst Jew must leave the country, and that the organization's headquarters be moved to where reside Freud . He finally decided to flee when her daughter Anna is arrested one day by the Gestapo. Through the intervention of U.S. Ambassador William Bullitt and a ransom paid by Marie Bonaparte , Freud, his wife, his daughter Anna and Paula domestic Fichte can leave Vienna by the Orient Express, June 4 Upon leaving, he is forced to sign a statement: "I, Professor Freud hereby declare that since the annexation of Austria by the German Reich, I was treated with great respect and consideration due my reputation as a scientist by the German authorities and particularly by the Gestapo and was able to live and work enjoying full freedom, I could also continue my activities as I wanted and to that end I met with the full support of those interested, I have no place to offer the smallest complaint. " He asked what was added the phrase "I can heartily recommend the Gestapo to everyone."
They join London, where they are received with full honors, including U.S. Ambassador William Bullitt, Freud has for some years now . The two men have in fact worked together on a study of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson called Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study, published in 1966. Freud and his family settled in a nice house, 20 Maresfield Gardens. He wrote his last book Moses and Monotheism. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine. Freud received the appointment with him, unable to move, shot by his cancer and thirty-two successive operations and treatments. In Vienna, Thomas Mann , 8 May 1936 delivers a praise and public support to Freud, explaining: "Freud makes his thought as an artist, like Schopenhauer, he is like him a European writer" .
Freud died at his home in London on 23 September 1939 , at 3:00 am, a carcinoma verrucous Ackerman, at the age of 83. He will never know the fate of the Nazis to his four sisters, exterminated in concentration camps . At his request, and with the consent of Anna Freud , Max Schur , his personal physician, he injected a lethal dose of morphine . His body was cremated at the cemetery in Golders Green and the last tributes were delivered by Dr. Ernest Jones on behalf of the International Psychoanalytic Association and the writer Stefan Zweig , September 26. The story of his long illness is done in detail by Max Schur. After the death of Anna Freud , in 1982, the house that had hosted the family in exile becomes the Freud Museum .
His Work: psychoanalysis
The psychoanalytic movement
Psychoanalytic theory: the "science of the unconscious"
Psychoanalysis - whose idea has evolved since its inception in 1896, the final papers written by Freud in 1930 - has three meanings according to Paul Lawrence Aswan. Indeed, the term refers primarily to a certain method of investigation of the unconscious psyche, but also a method of treatment ( psychoanalysis ) and, more generally, a design related to global psychological conception of man . "For the triple track personnel, pathological and cultural, it's unbeknownst to the human soul that seeks to become the interpreter" . More comprehensive manner, the psychoanalytic movement is the corpus of theories from analytic experience, participating in the conceptualization of the psychic apparatus. The psychoanalytic theory (which is called orientation psychodynamics within the psychological discipline), and despite the diversity of approaches, is based primarily on the initiative of Freud and the recognition of major concepts such as the unconscious , the transfer , the repetition and instinct. From the perspective of his method of approach, its purpose being the unconscious, psychoanalysis is a discipline focused on observation, not experimentation, so it is a "phenomenal science" attached to the medicine and psychiatry but having them with relative autonomy .
Since its founding early writings, Freud believes that the scientific nature of psychoanalysis lies in its object: the unconscious. However, most critical of psychoanalysis dispute this characterization of her scholarship. But it is, according to Lawrence Assoun, a collection of knowledge and research have reached a sufficient degree of unity and generality able to found "a consensus on objective relations gradually discovered and confirmed by verification methods defined" . It is therefore considered by Freudians as a natural science because it relies entirely on fundamental concepts, including that of instinct (Trieb) . Finally, psychoanalysis rejects any metaphysical .
Development and influence of the psychoanalytic movement
With its innovative design of the unconscious , Freud has a new understanding of neuroses and, beyond, of the psyche. The historical works of Ernest Jones and, more recently, of Henry F. Ellenberger recall that the concept of unconscious predates Freud, but state that it is a precursor of its way to theorize the unconscious, in its first topic and then in the second . The psychoanalytic movement has developed primarily with reference to Freud and his close supporters, then in opposition to his critics, both internal (Jung, Adler, Rank among the top) and external (environment including psychiatric and medical). The methods of training psychoanalysts are formalized in particular with its central pillar: the didactic analysis introduced for the first time at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute.
Thus there were several generations of psychoanalysts, and in 1967, those so-called "third generation" establishing a historical and epistemological movement. Jean Laplanche and Jean-Bertrand Pontalis thus isolate eg, about ninety concepts strictly Freudian within contemporary psychoanalytic vocabulary consists of four hundred and thirty words, so that Alain de Mijolla draws him into an accurate chronological panorama. The pioneering work of Freud has had an impact on many other disciplines on psychology in the first place, but also on the nosology of mental disorders on psychopathology , relationship help, psychiatry, education, sociology, neurology. At a broader level, Freud is also considered by some to have been the one who delivered the speech on sexuality and especially female sexuality, topics hitherto despised by many doctors.
The followers of Freud
After Freud's death, his legacy is shared between several schools, which maintain these reports often controversial, depending on the assumptions made and their specific national . Two types of currents can be distinguished: those that are "orthodox", close to the Freudian , and those deviating points on the founders, the current "heterodox." During World War II develops the issue of analysis in groups, with analysts such as Wilfried Bion. In France, there is no psychoanalytic activity during the Occupation and the other British Psychoanalytical Society remains the same bastion of psychoanalysis in Europe at that time. It takes place in England, from 1942, the oppositions between Melanie Klein , Anna Freud and the middle group. Psychoanalytic associations, however, see the day in different countries, all under the auspices of the International Psychoanalytical Association. In France, the Paris Psychoanalytic Society relays Freudian psychoanalysis. The current Lacanian deviates to failure in the fifties, especially about the Lacanian axiom as what the unconscious is structured like a language, and especially on how training of psychoanalysts who, for Lacan and his followers, differ radically from those of the IPA and affiliated associations. With the immigration of many psychoanalysts from Europe before, during and after the war, psychoanalysis becomes very important in the U.S., with the American Psychoanalytic Association ("A.Ps.AA") or the Self-psychology. The ego-psychology developed there but also many other currents (Freudian, Kleinian, etc..). Many psychoanalysts develop and propagate their vision of the Freudian concepts, more or less: Juliette Favez-Boutonnier , Daniel Lagache , Dolto , Jacques Lacan.
Influence of Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis has had a profound influence on most of the humanities : on the anthropology (with Geza Roheim and ethnopsychoanalysis ), an anthropology and legal sciences (with the jurist Pierre Legendre ), the Marxism (by attempts to Freudian-Marxism and with Herbert Marcuse ), political science, philosophy (with Gilles Deleuze and Jacques Derrida ), and even art (the surrealism of Andr Breton or Salvador Dali would be largely based ). The influence is also important in the field of artistic or literary interpretation. The notion of sublimation and more generally the Freudian theory in art has been taken up by Deleuze and Guattari , Rene Girard , Jean-Francois Lyotard , as well as aesthetics in art history and in cultural studies.
The concept of psychosomatic also important in the medical field, with for example Pierre Marty , Michel Fain and Michel M'Uzan. Michael Balint implements Balint Groups in England, group discussion and reflection between psychoanalysts and doctors on their respective practices from case studies. In France, Pediatrics in its report to the child is particularly influenced by psychoanalysis. The philosophy also sees a new paradigm as explained Paul Lawrence Assoun in Freud, philosophy and philosophers, through personalities of thought as Jean-Paul Sartre or Gilles Deleuze.
Main Freudian concepts
The unconscious
Freud introduces an entirely new conception of the unconscious. Since long, it was noticed that some phenomena are beyond the consciousness. Leibniz already observed that when we spent some time near a waterfall, one is at first annoyed by the noise for 'then forget it altogether. Arthur Schopenhauer describes the unconscious with his notion of "blind will." Novalis is the first to use the word "unconscious" and post-Romantic theories of Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann's Philosophy of Unbewussten with (Philosophy of the unconscious) in 1869 but especially Carl Gustav Carus (Psyche, 1851), which represents an "absolute unconscious" and "unconscious on, are often cited by historians of psychology as the basis Freud's work. Freud owes much to experimental psychology, including the approach to the hysteria. The phenomena of drunkenness or trance indeed give examples of loss of consciousness. Introduced by Freud's unconscious is not simply what is not consciousness. By unconscious, Freud meant both a number of data, information, injunctions kept out of consciousness, but it also means all the processes that prevent certain information to reach consciousness, and allow other to access, such as refoulement , the reality principle , the pleasure principle , the death instinct. Thus, Freud raised the unconscious as the origin of most conscious phenomena themselves.
The unconscious is the "inaugural thesis of psychoanalysis" . In a few remarks on the concept of the unconscious in psychoanalysis (1912), Freud proposes to describe the specificity of the concept. There is a hierarchical presentation of the concept that designates the first character or the ability of a representation or any psychic element present to consciousness intermittently and seems not to depend . Moreover, the concept includes the finding of the dynamics to this representation unconscious, and whose historical example is the hysteria. The concept therefore acquires its psychic qualifier. A third level is then complete the concept, which is accepted in psychoanalysis: the systemic level by which the unconscious manifests the properties of a system (that Freud means by the abstract UBW, "Ics" in French). The early psychoanalysts were able to talk about subconscious, a term quickly dismissed by Freud as being inaccurate to explain an existing sui generis . This last thesis is one that has to acquire its true specificity of psychoanalysis.
The three instances of the psychic apparatus
In its first topical , that is to say, in the second theoretical model proposed representation of psychic functioning in 1920, Freud distinguishes three levels: the unconscious, the preconscious and the conscious . In the second, the topic includes the id, ego and superego, three additional instances founders of psychoanalysis . The It (Es) is present from birth, these events somatic. If the id is inaccessible to consciousness, symptoms of mental illness and dreams can get a glimpse. It obeys the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification. The I (Ich) is largely conscious, it is a reflection of who we are in society, he seeks to avoid overstress of the outside world, to avoid suffering through, inter alia, defense mechanisms (repression , regression, rationalization, etc..) residing in the unconscious part of this proceeding. The ego is the entity that makes social life possible. It follows the reality principle. The superego (Uber-Ich) exists from birth and up to five years, the child inherits the parent body, group and social, and stores many rules of etiquette to follow. The superego develops when the Oedipus complex is resolved. Because of social pressures, internalizing moral norms or cultural group and its parent, child, adult and practicing the delivery. Indeed, the superego punishes the ego for its differences through the remorse and guilt.
The libido and infantile sexuality
The sexual drives are designed by Freud as an energy, which he called "libido" ("desire" in Latin). These impulses are likely many changes and adjustments according to the personality and the environment . The libido is in fact essentially plastic and delivery is the most common cause of mental disorders while its sublimation explains cultural production, intellectual and artistic works of mankind. The doctrine of Freudian libido has often been criticized as a "pansexualism materialistic . Forming the base of the Freudian metapsychology, the concept of libido, as described in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1920) is correlative to that impulse. "The libido theory allows .
Freud was the first to develop a theory of infantile sexuality with, first, the seduction theory. The idea of infantile sexuality is mostly formalized in 1905 in the book Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality , but it is based on previous work, especially the seduction theory, abandoned in 1897, and from which he demonstrates infantile sexuality through appearance instinctual . He described the existence of a radical opposition between primary and adult sexuality, marked by the primacy of the genital and infantile sexuality , where sexual purposes are multiple and many erogenous zones, so much so that Freud is often considered the discoverer of the sexuality of the child . Gradually, between 1913 and 1923, this thesis is revised by introducing the concept of "pregenital stages, before the introduction of the genital stage itself, and which are the oral stage , the anal stage and the phallic stage. Freud proposes to explain the evolution of the child through sexual instinctual character that will evolve through several stages of psycho-emotional, leading then to adult genital sexuality. Today is a significant theoretical psychology or psychiatry.
Dreams
According to Freud, the "interpretation of dreams is the royal road to the unconscious." Dreams are in the psychoanalytic model, representations of repressed desires in the unconscious by the internal censorship (the superego ). Desires are manifested in the dream of a less repressed than the waking state. The manifest content of dreams is the result of intrapsychic work which aims to hide the latent content , for example an Oedipal desire. Cure in psychoanalysis, the work is based on interpretation from the story (manifest content) of the dream. The associations of the patient about his dream can reveal its latent content. The dream work is based on four processes . First, the dream condenses, as if obeying a principle of economy. In one representation are concentrated several ideas, several images, sometimes contradictory desires. Secondly, the dream is off and the desire is distorted fixed on another object than it is, or multiple objects to the scatter. There is a shift in emphasis emotional. Moreover, the dream is an illustration ("representability") of desire in that it expresses it, nor words nor deeds, but in pictures, here plays the symbol: the representation of the object and replacement purpose of desire is sometimes typical, general-purpose . Finally, the dream is also the product of an activity also unconscious, but very close vigil activity in that it seeks to give an appearance of reasonableness, organization, internal logic (or "development secondary).
At the epistemological level, the gesture is to reintroduce Freud's dream production in psychology . He broke with the idea romantic dream containing a key or a secret and only the dream work explains its nature: the production of both complex and immanent in the psyche which is similar to a rebus. This theory of dreams (Traumlehre) according to Freud is that by which psychoanalysis has been able to rise to a simple therapeutic metapsychology general psyche. Indeed, the science of dreams in psychoanalysis based the rest of his theoretical edifice: "The dream has its meaning paradoxical in that it shows the unconscious at work in every subject and, as normal prototype, it illuminates training on the other twin that is the neurotic symptom " .
The drives and repression
"Basic Principle of metapsychology" Freud, the drive (Trieb), however, a polysemic definition . Both the psychic excitement, concept-border psychic and somatic, it is defined by a thrust (Drang), a goal (Ziel), an object (Objekt) and source (Quelle). It determines the representation and the affect . The impulses originate in bodily arousal, and that they are close to the instinct. Instead of a stimulus, the drive can not be avoided or shunned. She asks to be discharged into the conscious. There are several ways to unload a drive: dreams, fantasy and sublimation. Freud first distinguishes two groups of instincts: those of self or self-preservation and sexual instincts. Subsequently, and in his later writings, there are two other main types of impulses: the life drive (the " eros ") and the death drive (the " thanatos ") . Eros is love, desire and relationships, while Thanatos is death, the destructive and aggressive impulses. Thanatos tends to destroy everything built Eros (the perpetuation of the species, for example). The masochism is a typical example .
The discharge (Grundpfeiler) "cornerstone" of psychoanalysis , is also the oldest concept of Freudian theory. By 1896, Freud identifies a primary defense mechanism, then that equates to censorship and a priori structure the self and, in general, the psyche. Repression is both a drive and refusal to psychic action keeping the gap. Border between the conscious and the unconscious, the "censorship clause" also attests that the unconscious is "work" and process, not principle alone .
Oedipus Complex
"The Oedipus complex is perhaps the word most famous psychoanalytic vocabulary, one that is most likely to nominate Freudianism" . Derived from practical experience, Freud theorized the Oedipus complex in its first topography. The latter is defined as the desire unconscious maintaining a sexual relationship with the parent of the opposite sex ( incest ) and eliminate the rival of the same sex parent ( parricide ). Thus, the fact that a boy falls in love with his mother and wants to kill his father responds to the imperative of the Oedipus complex . It's in the letter to Wilhelm Fliess of 15 October 1897 that Freud evokes the complex. For Freud, the personality structure is created in connection with the Oedipus complex and the paternal function. The Oedipus complex comes at a time the stadium said "phallic." This period ends with the association between seeking pleasure and an outsider, the mother. The father becomes the rival of the child, the latter fear being punished as a result of his desire for the mother, castration by the father. The child represses his desires and then feeds his superego , with the birth of her guilt and shame, among others, and through a href = "Complexe_de_castration" title = "Castration Complex" class = "mw-redirect"> castration complex The five stages of psycho-emotional According to Freud, as he describes in his essay "The Infantile Genital Organization" ( 1923 ), the development of the Oedipus complex is a constitutive step psychic development of children. The desire to mother finds its origin in the first days of life and all its conditions psychogenesis. The mother is, first, the "Mother" and, secondly, that which gives pleasure sensual, through contact with the breast and through the body treatments. The child, whether girl or boy, therefore the first object of love which will remain crucial for the whole love life. This object relationship is thus invested with sexuality. This love object thus unfolds into five "phases" libidinal who also find their origin in the constitution of the child from the primal scene. The notion of "phase" or "stage" is not to be taken literally. She noted the primacy of one erogenous zone but does not imply that particular process is conducted in a mechanical and linear. At most, we can admit that a phase follows the other in the order described. The Oedipus complex thus unfolds through these phases according to their own properties which overlap to form a cluster of impulses, called "complex" Oedipus who, for the Freudians, finds its peak around age 5. Freud leads to the deduction by studying the case said the " Little Hans " . The pattern of psycho-emotional stages following a progression determined: The " oral "is the psychic organization of the first link. The food that passes through the mouth is indeed the first original sensuality. The pleasure produced by the erogenous zones s'taye on this vital link and then walked away, for example during sexual foreplay adult. It differentiates "oral suction" of the "oral phase of biting," which opens a display of aggression based on the ambivalence inherent in the object relationship. For Kleinian , the Oedipus complex is manifested already at this stage oral and decay occurs when the advent of the depressive position. Then, the " anal phase ", ranging from 1 to 3 years, is linked to the pleasure of controlling the routes of excretion. The " phallic phase "(or" infantile genital), 3 to 6 years or so, is related to masturbation. She knows the emergence and the oedipal conflict in its most acute phase. The "lag phase" lasts then 6 years in pre-adolescence, and corresponds to the decline of the Oedipus complex by the repression of sexual urges that are placed at the service of knowledge (or "epistemophilia") that lasts through adolescence and is permitted by the process of sublimation. Again, consider that this decline, this "latency" is relative and can vary between individuals, circumstances and timing of development. Psychoanalytic treatment, commonly called " psychoanalysis "or" standard treatment "refers to the practice psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud and his successors, inspired by the talking cure of Joseph Breuer. Psychoanalytic praxis has gradually been distinguished by Freud cathartic method of hypnosis . This term applies more broadly to a range of treatments more or less derived from psychoanalysis to the point that Jean Bergeret talking about verbal abuse made by some of the quality of " psychoanalyst ". Towards the end of his life, Freud himself back on the effectiveness of treatment, whereas psychoanalysis is above all know . Nature of transference, it is based on free association and part of the symptom (which is the manifestation of neurosis general) to reach its source, the drive returned. This censored content must reach the consciousness of the patient. The psychotherapy psychoanalytic implements all the concepts that Freud, in particular those of " free association "and neutrality (the analyst must allow the patient's spontaneous ideas expressed, it must listen without saying anything - let alone do - that does not disturb the associations of the analysand) and " floating attention (the attention of the analyst should not focus on one element or another of the speech of the analysand but remain attentive to the unconscious elements that might arise) . Moreover, the ethical framework based on the patient's sincerity and commitment on the psychoanalyst to neutrality and benevolence . The only goal of the analysis is therefore the development of patient work, the interpretive work of the psychoanalyst to remove the repression that creates the repetition, but the analysis may not be aware of repression that if, previously, had been deleted resistance that keeps . Freud makes his first analysis with Dora, whose real name is Ida Bauer. It is through the analysis of two of his dreams he can untie the family drama, Dora feeding sexual fantasies disabling . But, because of the transfer taking place on his person, Freud fails to cure permanently Dora. It recognizes only the latest in a postscript , he failed to realize that he was the object of his patient transfriel love. Dora the case is written from December 1900 to January 1901 but Freud published his Fragment of an analysis of hysteria that four years later. Freud then welcomed in analysis Ernst Lanzer , nicknamed "the rat man." This treatment provides an unparalleled clinical material, particularly in the study of obsessional neurosis. The patient maintains in effect a conviction following a paternal punishment for having masturbated . A third case founder of psychoanalytic practice is that of Herbert Graf, nicknamed "Little Hans". This has not been analyzed by Freud . The child suffers from a phobia of horses, tied to a psycho-congealing at the Oedipus complex. Through understanding of this mental schema, Hans is cured of his fantasies. A fourth case is known in psychoanalytic literature: that of Sergei Pankejeff , said the "Wolf Man" . Finally, with the President Schreber , Freud examines the psychotic and paranoid delusions present in Memoirs of My Nervous Illness magistrate . Freud gives up gradually to make homosexuality a biological or cultural provision (challenged by Eytan Dery) in, but is rather a choice psychic unconscious . In 1905, in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality , he speaks of "inversion", but in 1910 with a childhood memory of Leonardo da Vinci , he gave the word to select one of "homosexuality". In a letter dating from 1919, written by the mother of a young patient, Freud says: "Homosexuality is not an advantage but this is not something Oral stage => Anal stage
(+ Oral) => Phallic stage
(+ Oral + anal) => Latency
(+ Oral + anal + phallic) => Genital stage 18 months From 18 months to 3 years From 3 to 7 years
Oedipal situation From 7-8 years Adolescence The psychoanalytic treatment
Ethics and the Therapeutic Framework
The five founders case
Conceptions of Freud
The issue of homosexuality
Culture and nature
For Freud, culture refers to all institutions that separate the individual from the state animal . It means thinking, reason, language, science, religions, arts, all that has been created by humans. Nature corresponds to the emotions, instincts , impulses and needs. The human struggle continuously against his instinctual nature and its impulses, he tries to curb live in society, without which chaos would bring universal selfishness. However, Freud makes a constant confusion in his writings between civilization and part of the culture (Kultur) on the other . Its development process akin to that of psychological development. Thus, the higher the level of society, the greater the sacrifices of its people are important. By imposing especially sexual frustration, civilization has a direct effect on the genesis of individual neuroses. Western man in particular is not happy and the 1929, Civilization and Its Discontents , supports the thesis that culture is the main cause of neurosis and psychic dysfunctions . By clear rules that it imposes, culture protects the individual, even if it requires sacrifices instinctual consistent. These constraints can explain that there is a rage and rejection - often unconscious - vis--vis culture. In return, the culture provides compensation to the constraints and sacrifices it imposes, through consumption, entertainment, patriotism or religion .
In the essay "A problem of psychoanalysis" published in 1917 , and in his introductory lectures on psychoanalysis, written during the First World War , Freud explains that humanity in its history, has already suffered "two great vexations inflicted by science its self-esteem" . The first, he says, the date when Nicolas Copernicus states that "our Earth is not the center of the universe, but a tiny parcel of a world barely representable in its immensity." The second, he said, occurs when modern biology - and Darwin in the first - "returned the man to his progeny of the animal kingdom and the indelible character of his bestial nature." He added: "The third harassment, and most bitter, megalomania is the human suffering from the psychological research of today, who wants to prove to me he is not even master in his own house but it is reduced to sparse information on what happens unconsciously in his psychic life " .
Religion and parapsychology
Saying "unbeliever," despite his Jewish culture, Freud is critical vis--vis religion and believes that the human being loses more than it earns in the release it offers. According to him, humanity must accept that religion is an illusion to leave its state of infantilism , and compare this phenomenon to the child who must solve his Oedipus complex: "These ideas . Based on the theories of Charles Darwin in 1912, in Totem and Taboo, Freud explains the origin of mankind is based on the fantasy of a " primal scene "in which the killing takes place as father of primitive founding of the company. The men lived together in gregarious hordes under the domination of a male Almighty, which appropriated women's group and excluded other males. The latter then commit the murder of Father primitive ", then explained the murder that the incest taboo as an element of societies. Thomas Mann praised Totem and Taboo, he writes: " . In Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud down as the evolution of humanity into three phases: animist characterized by narcissism and totemism primary phase marked by the religious neurosis group and finally a science phase in which predominates the sublimation.
Occultism and Parapsychology little concerned Freud. Positivist, he sees a regression to the state animist. Considerations in the current war and death (1915), Freud explains that the belief in spirits is a reaction to the death. However, several events will relativize his opinion. Early in his meeting with Carl Gustav Jung , 25 March 1909, the two men are left alone to evoke the interest of para-psychological phenomena in psychoanalysis. Freud refuses to see the materials to be exploited, despising the interest of Jung. Then there is sudden cracking in the library of Jung, who, somewhat surprised, Freud announces that he will produce again. Indeed, shortly after, a new crack is heard, Jung notes that Freud is particularly so scared, and since then he has a deep distrust of the Swiss psychiatrist. The study of Christian Moreau discusses the texts of Freud in which he shows a certain perplexity in phenomena and in particular limits for telepathy.
Freud against antisemitism
The anti-Semitism does not weigh equally in the life of Freud, and fluctuates with the political changes of Austria and Germany in the early twentieth century , . Anti-Semitism plays a role at the end of his life when he had to flee Austria to the Nazi threat. Indeed, in 1933, Freud's works were burned by the Nazis, who see it as a "Jewish science" contrary to the "German spirit" . With the annexation of Austria by Germany, many psychoanalysts have given up their practice or emigrate when they were not killed or sent to concentration camps because they were Jews. Segregation was first developed in Hungary , particularly under Horthy Mikls . Then it spread in Germany in the twenties and Austria, not to mention the pogroms in Tsarist Russia. Therefore, most of those who survived emigrated to Britain , France, South America and the United States. Others like Max Eitingon are parties to Palestine before the creation of the State of Israel.
In his lecture on anti-Semitism of May 1937 Thomas Mann, writing about Freud, which often identifies the biblical character of Joseph : " . "Freud's last book, Moses and Monotheism" invents a Jewish tradition of liberalism and the scientific spirit " . Physician self-taught historian and close to Carl Gustav Jung , Henri Ellenberger has made a careful study on the situation of Jews throughout the region and was able to assert that Freud would have exaggerated the impact of anti-Semitism in his non-appointment an academic position of extraordinary professor. He argues his thesis so documented but other historians - though qu'Ellenberger was never suspected or accused of antisemitism (unlike Jung ) - consider that it downplayed the phenomenon in Vienna .
Regularly, in fact, Freudian psychoanalysis has been accused of being a "Jewish science". Thus Professor Martin Chemnitz Staemmler wrote in a text of 1933 : "The Freudian psychoanalysis is a typical example of the disharmony of the internal life of the soul between Jews and Germans. . Lydia Flem, Freud and Theodor Herzl , in their own way, responding to the crisis of Jewish identity, the first by imagining a topical mental, the other dreaming of a country geographically to the Jewish people .
Freud and cocaine
The discovery of the alkaloid from the plant of coca is researching contemporary of Freud, as for possible therapeutic applications. In 1884, laboratories Merck Freud entrust the responsibility of conducting experiments on the substance. Before creating psychoanalysis, Freud studied it and thought he could lend him all sorts of medical indications - in particular the treatment of neurasthenia . Freud works on the anesthetic properties of cocaine with two colleagues, Carl Kller and Leopold Knigstein in 1884. However, while urging yet his interest in medicine, he did not have time to test his power narcotic and must leave Vienna. His colleagues continue the experiments, particularly in the context of eye surgery. They eventually make their discovery before the Medical Society of Medicine in Vienna , . Freud returns to this episode several times in his works, including The Interpretation of Dreams.
Freud also occasionally consumed cocaine . He has spent between 1884 and 1887 and he wrote a text ber Coca , . He then turns away completely after a study suggested to his friend Ernest von Fleischl-Marxrow use it to cure his morphine addiction. He had used the opioid to relieve his suffering due to amputation of the thumb, Freud's thinking well do it proposes to replace morphine cocaine completely ignoring the toxic effects of the latter. A drug addiction replaces another, and finally after a suffering and agony without end, von Fleischl suicide.
Addiction to cocaine is reported in other countries, first in Europe, especially Germany where Dr. Wall, extols the merits without caution. In an article dating back to 1886, Dr. Albrecht Erlenmeyer is finally alert the medical community in specific terms, describing the same cocaine "third scourge of mankind" . Faced with criticism growing, Dr. Johann Schnitzler defends Freud . Freud defends the use of cocaine until 1887 and says that it is the subject that is predisposed and not the drug that causes addiction and continues to occasionally eat and to prescribe nasal application until 1895 when it began its self-analysis .
Criticisms of the Freudian theory
Reviews internal psychoanalytic movement
The main arguments are successful, during development of the psychoanalytic movement, with major divisions, first that of Alfred Adler (who then founded the individual psychology ) and that of Carl Gustav Jung (initiator of analytical psychology ). If the theoretical points of disagreement are numerous, related to libido, the Oedipus complex or the importance of sexuality in the psyche, the reasons are sometimes linked to personal conflicts for power struggles around the psychoanalytic movement. These controversies are from the years 1907 and 1911. Named the "apostates" by Freud, Adler, the first and Jung then oppose the concept of libido as essentially sexual in origin and that they viewed them as a "life instinct" broadly and a sense monistic. Freud feared above all that the dissidents do not abuse the psychoanalytic theory and practice. Assoun Paul Lawrence underlines that both say they want to put psychoanalysis in the right direction and save the cult of personality formed around Freud . Competition between the various schools, mostly between the circle and the Viennese school of Jung in Zurich, has the most intense blow to the young psychoanalytic movement, beginning in 1913 with the defection of Jung.
Other internal differences relate, for example, how early superego as described by Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott , . The opposition to Wilhelm Reich, it is mainly on differences between real estate practice of the treatment as practiced by one and the other, particularly about the rule of abstinence. The post-Freudianism thus begins with this new generation of psychoanalysts who empower themselves by some of the Freudian heritage while integrating its main contributions, and whose criticisms focus on the interpretation of the founders or key concepts of Block Freudian epistemological.
External Reviews
Criticism of the hagiography of Freud, "Freud Wars"
Much of the controversy around the scientific relevance of psychoanalytic concepts are called the "Freud Wars", a term coming from the United States. Freud's contemporaries, such as Karl Kraus and Egon Friedell, brought a number of criticisms; Kraus rejects the sexual interpretation psychoanalytic literature then Friedell describes the psychoanalysis of "pseudo-Jewish" and "cult" . Paul Roazen published a study on the relationship between Freud and Victor Tausk raises the question of responsibility of Freud and Helene Deutsch in the suicide of a brilliant student Many other critics accredited by historical documents exist . Many documents on the life and work of Freud, as some filed in the Library of Congress in Washington, are a time remained deliberately inaccessible and therefore unusable, and most of the most important pieces are still for long: initially certain documents of the container "ZR" were blocked until the year 2113, but the deadlock was recently brought to the year 2052 . Historically, most books discussing Freud refers almost exclusively to the biography of Freud by Ernest Jones , criticized for aspects hagiographic. After criticism from Janet , those of the philosopher Popper , and new historical research initiated by Henri Ellenberger and relayed by other authors who have built often scholarly reviews such as those of Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen , Jacques Van Rillaer or Jacques Benesteau , eventually led to review the history and scope of the work of Freud.
Qualified criticism of controversy , because of the number and specialty players, seems to reach its apogee with the publication of a collective work and multi-disciplinary: The Black Book of Psychoanalysis , corpus of articles published by Catherine Meyer. The most critical items are addressed, the scientific nature of psychoanalysis to Freud's personality, through the manufacture of suspected cases psychopathology . This book has provoked strong reactions from various quarters, psychiatric and psychoanalytic therapy, reviving conflicts of interests underlying them. Michel Onfray , Philosopher published in April 2010 a critical book on Freud called The Twilight of an idol : The Freudian fable in which he accuses of having generalized Freud's own case, having signed a dedication to Benito Mussolini, and also for having written "Man, Moses and Monotheism" burgeoning Nazism and anti-Semitism. Onfray repeats the usual criticisms already known and developed before him, using a grid of interpretation inspired nietzchenne. Michel Onfray published in October 2010 Apostille at dusk. Freudian psychoanalysis for a non.
Reviews from the ideological and political sphere
Before the 1917 Revolution , Russia is the country where Freud is the most translated. After the Bolsheviks came to power, there were parallels between Freud's thought and that of Marx in 1920. Freud was very reserved on the Bolsheviks , and had specifically asked: "what will they do when they have killed their last bourgeois" . "But when Trotsky / A>, which was very favorable to psychoanalysis, was condemned to exile in 1927, psychoanalysis was associated with Trotskyism and officially banned, "said Eli Zaretsky . Therefore, after having accepted the importance (with the Freudian-Marxism ), the French Communist Party began its campaign against psychoanalysis, and more broadly against the psychoanalysis in France. In 1952, Pope Pius XII gave a speech before the participants of the Fifth International Congress of Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology recognizing psychoanalysis but relativizing the descriptive power of its concepts. Thus, if psychoanalysis describes what happens in the soul, it can not pretend to describe and explain what it is for all . Ludwig Wittgenstein critical of him the hermeneutic psychoanalysis: "Freud has done a disservice with its pseudo-explanations fantastic. Any donkey now has these pictures on hand to explain, through them, pathological phenomena " .
However, Jacques Bouveresse writes: "Wittgenstein had been an admirer of Freud is not surprising, since Freud had the utmost quality that Wittgenstein regarded as fundamental in philosophy, namely the ability to offer new and illuminating analogies for the understanding of facts that are both familiar and enigmatic. What Freud did for him is essentially offering excellent comparisons such as comparing a dream and a rebus. "
Criticisms of the scientific nature of psychoanalysis
Part of the criticism of Freud and psychoanalysis is on the question of its scientific . Critics of Freud in his day and today are in fact sometimes involved the scientific nature of his approach, his methodology (the low number of cases, literary interpretation, etc..), its appearance is also highly speculative, its theoretical incoherence, lack of experimental validation or rigorous clinical studies (controlled and reproducible), manipulation of data and clinical and therapeutic .
For example, in The Psychoanalysis to the test (1992) Adolf Grnbaum explains that Freud does not prove anything scientifically: "the retrospective nature of the test-specific analytic framework is unable to authenticate reliably even what existence of childhood experience and even less rtrodicte (...), its pathogenic role " . Although critical of psychoanalysis, Grnbaum also precludes another critic of Freud's work: Karl Popper. The criterion of falsifiability (its "falsifiability" in other words) occupies most of their discussion. Unlike Popper looking psychoanalysis as a pseudo-scientific and therefore non-rebuttable, Grnbaum think some psychoanalytic assertions can be tested such as the supposed link between Freud's paranoia and homosexuality. In contrast, there are attempts at rapprochement between neuroscience and Freudian theories, notably those of Franois Ansermet and Pierre Magistretti , that of G. William Domhoff or psychiatrist Eric Kandel, who thinks that neuroscience and psychoanalysis can illuminate each other , are often attacked as theories based only on hunches . Many clinicians and rationalist thinkers therefore refuse to psychoanalysis its status as a scientific discipline. Recently, the work of Lionel Naccache of the phenomena of unconscious semantic priming have demonstrated the existence of a cognitive unconscious, which can not be equated with the Freudian unconscious . Freudian theory of dreams centered on the hallucinatory satisfaction of desire hidden through the mechanisms of displacement, condensation and dramatization has also been criticized . Finally, the idea that the free association provides access to the latent content of dreams has seen affected by experimental work concluded that the arbitrary nature of this method .
A quick timeline
- 1856: Birth at Freiberg in Moravia, now the Czech Republic.
- 1860: the Freud family moved to Vienna.
- 1881: Freud received his medical degree from the University of Vienna.
- 1883: Freud's case study Anna O. brought to his attention by his friend Joseph Breuer.
- 1885: Freud went to Paris to meet the great Parisian neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot
- 1886: Freud was as a doctor in Vienna and married Martha Bernays.
- 1895: Freud began his self-analysis and theorizes the Oedipus complex.
- 1896: first use of the term "psychoanalysis".
- 1899: publication of The Interpretation of Dreams.
- 1905: Publication of Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.
- 1908: Freud and his followers founded the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.
- 1920: Freud developed the second topography of the psychic apparatus.
- 1938: after the Nazis came to Austria, Sigmund Freud's family chose to exile in England.
- 1939: Freud died at the age of 83 years, Maresfield Gardens, London.
Works
In French, the translations are scattered among several publishers, Payot , Gallimard , PUF , Alcan. Since 1988, Presses Universitaires de France published the translation, a collective work under the scientific direction of Jean Laplanche , the Complete Works of Freud / Psychoanalysis , sixteen volumes published to date. This translation is controversial, because of what Laplanche defined as "a requirement of fidelity to the German text, but his opponents see him as a formalist exercise, involving neologisms that make comprehension difficult . The volume Translate Freud (1989) attempts to explain and justify the principles to which this great undertaking a new translation of Freud's complete works in France.
German, seventeen volumes were published between 1942 and 1952, entitled Gesammelte Werke. English, twenty-four volumes appeared between 1953 and 1974 as the Standard Edition. Both are currently authority.
In 2010, the situation changes radically translations of works since his writings have fallen into the public domain.
The principal writings of Freud translated in French are presented below, with the first year of publication in German in brackets:
- Complete works of Freud, Vol. I-XVIII, Presses Universitaires de France, 1998
- Cocaine, Brussels, Editions Complexe, 1976, includes, in addition to correspondence about it, "Writings on cocaine" (1884) and "Contribution to the knowledge of the effects of coca" (1885), this last reissued in a little cocaine to untie my tongue, Max Milo Publishing, 2005 ( ISBN 2914388764 )
- Contribution to the design of aphasia: a critical study (1891), PUF, 1996 ( ISBN 2130415474 )
- Studies on Hysteria (with Josef Breuer ) (1895), PUF, 2002 ( ISBN 2130530699 )
- Letters to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904, PUF, 2006 ( ISBN 2130549950 )
- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), PUF, 2005 ( ISBN 213052950X )
- On dreams (1900), Gallimard, coll. "Folio," 1990 ( ISBN 2070325547 )
- Psychopathology of everyday life (1904), Payot, coll. "Little Library Payot, 2004 ( ISBN 2228894028 )
- Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Gallimard, coll. "Folio," 1989 ( ISBN 2070325393 )
- Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (1905), Gallimard, Folio, 1992 ( ISBN 978-2070327218 )
- Delusions and dreams in Gradiva by Wilhelm Jensen (1906), PUF, 2007 ( ISBN 2130548253 )
- Psychoanalysis and establishing facts in judicial matters by a diagnostic method (1906)
- Analysis of a phobia of a small boy of five years: The Little Hans (1909), PUF, 2006, 2010 PUF - Quadriga ( ISBN 2130584632 )
- Dora. Fragment of an Analysis of Hysteria (1905), Payot, coll. "Little Library Payot, 2010 ( ISBN 2228904961 )
- The Rat Man: Diary of an analysis (1909), PUF, 2000 ( ISBN 2130511228 )
- Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1909), Payot, coll. "Little Library Payot, 2004 ( ISBN 2228894087 )
- About psychoanalysis called "Wild" (1910) republished under the title: The question of lay analysis, pocket-Gallimard, 1998 ( ISBN 2-07-040490-0 )
- A childhood memory of Leonardo da Vinci (1910), Gallimard, Folio Bilingual, 2003 ( ISBN 2070706656 )
- President Schreber (1911), PUF, 2004 ( ISBN 2130548288 )
- Psychoanalytic five (Dora, the Wolf Man, The Rat Man, Little Hans, Schreber), revised translation, Quadriga PUF, 2008 ( ISBN 2-13-056198-5 )
- The handling of dream interpretation in psychoanalysis (1911) in The technique of psychoanalysis, Presses Universitaires de France, 2007, coll. "Quadriga Great texts" ( ISBN 2-13-056314-7 )
- Dynamics of transfer (1912) in The technique of psychoanalysis, Presses Universitaires de France, 2007, coll. "Quadriga Great texts" ( ISBN 2-13-056314-7 )
- Advice to physicians on the psychoanalytic treatment (1912) in The technique of psychoanalysis, Presses Universitaires de France, 2007, coll. "Quadriga Great texts" ( ISBN 2-13-056314-7 )
- Totem and Taboo (1913), Payot, coll. "Little Library Payot, 2004 ( ISBN 2228894079 )
- The Beginning of treatment (1913) in The technique of psychoanalysis, Presses Universitaires de France, 2007, coll. "Quadriga Great texts" ( ISBN 2-13-056314-7 )
- The predisposition to obsessional neurosis (1913)
- To introduce the narcissism (1914) in "Complete Works of Freud: Volume 12, 1913-1914," Ed: Presses Universitaires de France, coll.: OCF.P, ISBN 2130525172
- Neurosis, psychosis and perversion, PUF, 1999 ( ISBN 2-13-045208-6 )
- Remembering, rehearsal and development (1914) in The technique of psychoanalysis, Presses Universitaires de France, 2007, coll. "Quadriga Great texts" ( ISBN 2-13-056314-7 )
- The Moses of Michelangelo (1914) in OCF flight. XII; Ed: Presses Universitaires de France, ISBN 2-13-052517-2
- The Wolf Man (1914), PUF, 1990, Ed: PUF-Qadrige, Great Texts, ( ISBN 2130570259 )
- Contribution to the psychoanalytic movement (1914) in Collected Works, Vol. 12 (1913-1914), Presses Universitaires de France, 2005 ( ISBN 2-13-052517-2 )
- Metapsychology , Presses Universitaires de France, 2010 ( ISBN 2-13-057957-4 )
- Overview of the transference neuroses: a metapsychological essay (1915), Gallimard, 1985 ( ISBN 2-07-070685-0 )
- Current thinking on war and death (1915)
- Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1917), Payot, coll. "Little Library Payot, 2004 ( ISBN 2-228-89405-2 )
- Mourning and melancholia (1917) (1917) In: Complete Works of Freud / Psychoanalysis Vol 13. Paris: PUF, 1988. ( ISBN 2130550096 )
- Metapsychological supplement to the doctrine of dream (1917)
- The uncanny and Other Essays (1919), Gallimard Folio, 1988 ( ISBN 2-07-032467-2 )
- It beats a child (1919)
- Psychogenesis a case of female homosexuality (1920)
- Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) Essays in psychoanalysis, Payot, coll. "Little Library Payot, 2004 ( ISBN 2-228-89399-4 )
- Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1921), Ed: PUF - Quadriga Great texts, 2010, ISBN 2-13-058500-0
- A few neurotic mechanisms in jealousy, paranoia and homosexuality (1922)
- The Ego and the Id (1923), Payot, coll. "Little Library Payot, 2010
- The economic problem of masochism (1924) in Collected Works, Volume XVII, 1923-1925, PUF ( ISBN 2-13-044302-8 )
- Some psychological consequences of the anatomical difference between the sexes (1925)
- Negation (1925)
- Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety (1926), PUF, 2005 ( ISBN 2-13-054980-2 )
- The Future of an Illusion (1927), PUF, 2004 ( ISBN 2-13-054702-8 )
- The question of lay analysis (1927), Folio - Gallimard, 1998 ( ISBN 2-07-040490-0 )
- Civilization and Its Discontents (1929) in The Malaise in Culture, PUF, 2004 ( ISBN 2-13-054701-X )
- New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1932) in New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis, Gallimard, 1989 ( ISBN 2-07-032518-0 )
- Why War? (1933) in collaboration with Albert Einstein , Shores, 2005 ( ISBN 2-7436-1364-5 ), online Matches
- Karl Abraham , Sigmund Freud Correspondence (1907-1926), Gallimard, 2006 ( ISBN 2070742512 )
- Sandor Ferenczi , Sigmund Freud, Volume 1 Correspondence, Calmann-Lvy, 1996 ( ISBN 2702125425 )
- Sandor Ferenczi , Sigmund Freud, Volume 3 Correspondence, Calmann-Lvy, 2000
- Ernest Jones , Sigmund Freud's complete correspondence collected by Andrew Paskauskas, PUF, 1998 ( ISBN 2130486363 )
- Oskar Pfister -Sigmund Freud, correspondence with Pfister, 1909-1939, Gallimard, 1991 ( ISBN 2070722937 )
- Lou Andreas-Salome -Sigmund Freud, Correspondence 1912-1936, Gallimard, 1970 ( ISBN 2070270033 )
- Carl Gustav Jung , Sigmund Freud, Correspondence 1906-1914, Gallimard, 1992 ( ISBN 2070721590 )
- Ludwig Binswanger , Sigmund Freud, Correspondence, 1908-1938, Calmann-Lvy, 1995 ( ISBN 2702123740 )
- Stefan Zweig -Sigmund Freud, Correspondence, Shores, 2006 ( ISBN 2869304935 )
- Romain Rolland , Sigmund Freud, Correspondence 1923-1936, PUF, 1993 ( ISBN 2130447465 )
- Family letters of Freud and Freud Manchester, PUF, 1996 ( ISBN 2130471196 )
- Unpublished correspondence with Ernst Simmel , 1918, in Psychoanalysis at the University, 1983 ( ISSN 03382397 )
- The Birth of Psychoanalysis: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess , Paris, PUF, 1996, Letters to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904,
- Stphane Michaud (ed.), Correspondence of Freud, Press Sorbonne Nouvelle, 2007 ( ISBN 2-87854-407-2 )
- Sigmund Freud - Max Eitingon , Correspondence 1906-1939, Hachette, 2009 ( ISBN 2-01-235749-0 )
References
Sources used for this article
- (En) (de) Works of Sigmund Freud
- (En) Sigmund Freud (trans. Serge Janklvitch), Contributions to the history of the psychoanalytic movement in Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis , Payot, coll. "Small library Payot, 1966 ( ISBN 2-228-88126-0 )
- The cathartic process of Breuer is a preliminary phase of psychoanalysis. Freud adds that definitely pushes hypnosis by the method of free association, p. 70.
- p. 24: "I have often proclaimed with gratitude the great achievements that has earned the school of psychiatry in Zurich, especially Bleuler and Jung, for their contribution to the dissemination of psychoanalysis."
- Freud explains that he worked to develop psychoanalysis for 10 years alone, truly alone, which steadily until 1904, p. 69.
- p. 101-102.
- The infantile sexuality is the major innovation of psychoanalysis. Freud said he was fighting then for "a new and original idea," p. 76.
- "I felt it necessary to adopt the form of a formal association in order to prevent abuses which might be committed in the name of psychoanalysis, once it had become popular," p. 119.
- Sigmund Freud, Civilization and The Points, essays, 2010, ( ISBN 2757802151 ) (Translation Bernard Lortholary).
- Other works of Freud
- Speaking of his autobiography, Freud confirms this link between its more than closely life and psychoanalysis: "My presentation of myself shows how psychoanalysis becomes the content of my life, and then comply with this principle that nothing justified what happens to me personally does not deserve to be interested in the light of my relationship with science, "in Sigmund Freud presented himself, Gallimard, 1991, p. 121-122.
- "ber Coca, Centralblatt fr die gesamte in Therapy, II, 1884, p. 289-314.
- "ber den Ursprung of Nervus acusticus," in Monatsschrift fr Ohrenheilkunde, Neue Folge, XX, 1886, p. 245-282.
- "ber Hypnose und Suggestion," in Internationale Klinische Rundschau, VI, 1892, p. 814-818.
- "Heredity and the etiology of neuroses," in The Journal neurological III, reprinted in neurosis, psychosis and perversion, PUF, 1973.
- Letter to Wilhelm Fliess of October 15, 1897 entitled "Abandonment of Neurotica," in Letters to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904, PUF, coll. "Library of Psychoanalysis, 2006 ( ISBN 978-2-13-056279-5 ).
- Letter to Jung of April 16, 1909, in Correspondence S. Freud, Jung, Taurus, 1978.
- Fragment of an analysis of hysteria: Dora, in Five psychoanalysis , Presses Universitaires de France, 2001, coll. "Library of Psychoanalysis" ( ISBN 978-2130456209 ).
- Analysis of a phobia of a small boy of five years: The Little Hans, 1909, PUF, 2006 ( ISBN 2130516874 ).
- Introduction to Psychoanalysis , Petite Bibliothque Payot, 1970, p. 414.
- "Psychoanalytic Notes on the autobiography of a case of paranoia: President Schreber, 1911.
- Freud's Correspondence 1873-1939, Paris, Gallimard, 1979 461-462.
- Freud's Correspondence 1873-1939, Paris, Gallimard, 1967, p. 461.
- Correspondence, Paris, Gallimard, 1979, p. 461-462.
- Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality , Gallimard, 1987, p. 44.
- Text taken in Introduction to Psychoanalysis , Payot, coll. "Little Library", 1975, Part II, Chapter 18, p. 266-267.
- The Future of an Illusion, PUF, 1973, p. 23.
- anthology of texts by Sigmund Freud, foreword by Charles Melman and Jean-Louis Chassaing, A bit of cocaine to untie my tongue, Max Milo Publishing, 2005, coll. "Testing and documents" ( ISBN 2914388764 ).
- (En) Lydia Flem, Freud Man: an intellectual biography, Seuil, coll. "The library of the twentieth century", 1991, 278 p. ( ISBN 2020133083 )
- During the visit of the Italian writer Giovanni Papini in 1934, Freud says feed a vocation as a man of Letters, p. 131.
- "In reaction to the death of his father (...) Freud engages in an intense work delves into his past, he strives to bring to light the fragments of his memory of his repressed childhood," p. 46.
- "The fear of an accident at the railroad continued throughout his life," p. 27.
- At the same time seemed a text by the literary historian, Walter Muschg Freud writer, who hails "a master of pen ', p. 140.
- p. 96.
- p. 141.
- p. 15.
- representations of Freud's psychic system using recurrent analogies, such as those referring to archeology or at home, 36-37 and 48.
- Freud sent Herzl a copy of The Interpretation of Dreams , p. 98-101.
- (En) Ren Major and Chantal Talagrand, Freud, Gallimard, coll. "Folio biographies," 2006 ( ISBN 2070320901 )
- p. 44.
- For a quick overview of the biographies of Freud's five sisters, read p. 47.
- p. 55.
- Goethe's poem would have instead contributed to his choice for medicine, p. 58.
- p. 64.
- a and b 74.
- Freud, however, that the test results of Mill on the empowerment of women, p. 80.
- p. 58.
- Origins and condition of their meeting, p. 150.
- " Other sources used
- Norbert Elias : Beyond Freud: sociology, psychology, psychoanalysis, Ed: Editions La Dcouverte, 2010, Coll.: Texts in support, ( ISBN 2707157600 )
- Paul Ricoeur, 1965
- Ernest Jones 2006
- Freud and Zweig portrayed: "You could not imagine a more intrepid spirit. Freud dared to express any moment what he thought, even when he knew he was uneasy and troubled by his statements clear and inexorable, and he never sought to make his position less difficult by any concession, even perfunctory. I'm sure Freud would have exposed without encountering resistance from the university for four-fifths of his theories, he was ready to wrap carefully, to say "erotic" instead of "sexuality", "Eros "instead of" libido ", and do not always get to the bottom of things, but merely to suggest them. But when it came to his teaching and truth, he remained intransigent resistance was stronger, the more it grew stronger in its resolution ", cited in Roudinesco and Plon , p. 369.
- Max Schur, 1982
- Anzieu, 1998
- Marthe Robert, 2002
- Henri Ellenberger. "History of the discovery of the unconscious." Edition Fayard, 1970 1994. Page 587. "(...) The second difficulty, more importantly, is that psychoanalysis, from its beginnings, has grown in an atmosphere of legend, so that an objective assessment will hardly be possible before the we have been able to identify the truly historical data of the haze of legend. It would be of inestimable value to discover the starting point of the Freudian legend and analyze the factors that led to its development. Unfortunately the scientific study of legends , their thematic structure, their development and their causes is one of the least explored province of science. "
- Frank Sulloway, 1998
- Alain Mijolla, 2010
- Roudinesco and Plon , p. 369.
- autobiographical essay written in the 1920 interview with Eli Zaretsky Life and Fate of Psychoanalysis, The World Series Out, p. 70
- a , b , c , d , e , f , g and h Olivier Douville, Chronology: Status of Psychoanalysis in the World, the life time of Freud (2006), available at hal.archives-open. en in Works cited but not used
- Stefan Zweig , The Healing mind, LGF, coll. "Biblio-test", 2003 ( ISBN 225394338X ).
- Marcel Gauchet , The Unconscious cerebral, Seuil, 1999, coll. "Librairie du XXI Century"( ISBN 2-02-013548-5 ).
- Leibniz , New Essays on Human Understanding, Paris, Flammarion, 1982, 1990, 441 p. ( ISBN 2080705822 ).
- Daniel Borrillo , Homosexuality from Plato to Foucault. Critical anthology, with D. Colas, Plon, 2005.
- Christian Moreau, Freud and the occult, Editions Privat, 1976 ( ISBN 2708928120 ).
- Jean-Louis Chassaing, Jacques Beraud, Olivier and Paul Bezy Claveirole, Cocaine, Aphasia. Preanalytical studies texts of Freud, Eres, 2006, coll. "Dossiers JFP '( ISBN 2749206685 ).
- Jacques van Rillaer, The Illusions of psychoanalysis, Mardaga, 1995 ( ISBN 2870091281 ).
- The Black Book of Psychoanalysis , folder on the publisher's website. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
- Franois Ansermet and Pierre Magistretti, Neuroscience and Psychoanalysis. A meeting around the singularity, Odile Jacob, coll. "College de France, 2010 ( ISBN 2738124151 ).
- (en) J. Allan Hobson, Dreaming. A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, 2002.
- (en) D. Foulkes, A gramar of Dreams, Basic Books, 1998 and GW Domhoff, The Scientific Study of Dreams, "in American Psychological Association, 2007.
Notes
- It is unclear whether the second or third marriage of Freud's father. It was common at that time to remarry quickly after widowhood.
- Oscar Rie is a pediatrician Viennese doctor and close friend of the Freud family.
- A commemorative plaque (it is in this house July 24, 1895 the mystery of dreams was revealed to Dr. Sigmund Freud ") which is currently at 19 Berggasse in Vienna said that the dream told of the" injection given to Irma is the prototype of dream interpretation according to psychoanalysis.
- The title of extraordinarius is the first degree, that is to say teacher without pulpit. The letter is signed by Freud promotes the Emperor Franz Joseph himself.
- The Psychological Society of Wednesday was the first psychoanalytic society in the world, she meets including: Rietli Rudolf (1865-1917), Max Kahane, Jekel Ludwig (1861-1954), Wilhelm Stekel (1868-1940), Hugo Heller (1870 - 1923), Alfred Adler (1870-1937), Paul Federn (1871-1950), Eduard Hitschmann (1871-1957), Max Graf (1875-1958), Hanns Sachs (1881-1947) and Otto Rank.
- The Schriften Zr Angewandte Seelenkunde publish works of Freud, Franz Riklin , CG Jung , Karl Abraham , Sadger, Pfister, M. Graf, Ernest Jones , Sorfer, Keilholz and von Hug-Hellmuth. The collection ends in 1913, shortly after the publication of Imago. See Brigitte Lemer et al, "Freud and the editorial activity", in Swarm, 1 / 2001, No. 7, p. 59-81.
- This "map central psychoanalysis or monthly medical psychology" was Alfred Adler and Wilhelm Stekel as the first editors and Freud as managing editor.
- A new journal, Imago, has been operating since spring 1912. The first issue includes an essay by Freud in particular, "The fear of incest, which became part of Totem and Taboo.
Notes
Related articles
- Biography of Sigmund Freud
- Complete works of Freud / Psychoanalysis
- Vienna Psychoanalytical Society (WPV)
- Psychoanalysis
- Psychoanalyst
- metapsychology
- Critique of Psychoanalysis
- Alfred Adler
- Karl Abraham
- Carl Gustav Jung
- Sandor Ferenczi
- Ernest Jones
- Hans Sachs
- Otto Rank
- Max Eitingon
- Ludwig Binswanger
- Infantile sexuality
- First topical
- Second topography
- Consciousness
- Unconscious
- Seduction theory
- Dream Interpretation
- Upsetting
- Oedipus complex
- Ego-psychology
- Kleinnisme
- Lacanianism
- Nebula marginal
- Egology
- Attachment theory
- Existential analysis
External Links
- (En) Bank of Freud's essays on the site megapsy
- (En) Site Freud Museum
- (En) Site of the International Association for the History of Psychoanalysis
- (En) article "Freud" on the site psychoanalyst-paris
- (En) texts by Sigmund Freud on the site The conventional social science
- (En) Filmography and multimedia
- The Mysteries of a Soul (1926) a film by Georg Wilhelm Pabst, which was recommended for the screenplay by Karl Abraham and Hanns Sachs. Loosely inspired by a patient of Freud
- Freud, secret passions (Freud the Secret Passion) (1962) John Huston, from a screenplay by Jean-Paul Sartre
- Sigmund Freud - the invention of psychoanalysis (1997), two documentaries made by 55 min and Elizabeth Kapnist written with Elizabeth Roudinesco , Broadcast France 3 and Arte
- Sherlock Holmes' attack on the Orient Express (1976) by Herbert Ross, Freud using Sherlock Holmes to cure his drug addiction
- The Visitor (2002), a film based on a play of Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt featuring the meeting of Freud and God.
- Princess Mary (2003), film about the encounter of Marie Bonaparte, Freud, of the treatment she has performed in it, and its investment in the dissemination of psychoanalysis in France.
- Freud, in the privacy of Genius published by the INA , Les Grandes Heures and Abeille Musique
Further reading
Main article: Bibliography in psychoanalysis.List of books- Ernest Jones , The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, Presses Universitaires de France, coll. "Quadriga great texts", 2006
3 volumes, vol 1 ( ISBN 2-13-055692-2 ) vol 2 ( ISBN 2-13-055693-0 ) vol 3 ( ISBN 978-2130556947 ) t. 3.- Frank Sulloway, Freud, biologist of the mind, Fayard, 1998 ( ISBN 2213601925 )
- Anzieu , Self-analysis of Freud and the discovery of psychoanalysis, Presses Universitaires de France, 1998 ( ISBN 2-13-042084-2 )
- Marthe Robert , The Psychoanalytic Revolution: The Life and Work of Freud, Payot, coll. "Little Library Payot, 2002 ( ISBN 2228896705 )
- Peter Gay , Freud, a life, Hachette Literature, 1991
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Version 6 April 2010 this article was recognized as "good article", that is to say that it meets quality standards for style, clarity, relevance, citation of sources and illustration.
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