Sigismund Iii Of Poland
| Sigismund III | ||
| King of Poland King of Sweden | ||
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Sigismund Vasa on horseback, the portrait of Peter Paul Rubens | ||
| Reign | ||
| 18 September 1587 - 19 April 1632 &&&&&&&&&& 016,285 44 years 7 months and 1 day | ||
| Coronation | 27 December 1587 , in the Cathedral of St. John in Warsaw | |
|---|---|---|
| Full track | King of Poland, Archduke of Browki, Knight of order and devotion of the scholars of the Areopagus QPUC (Quest for Union Royale) | |
| Predecessor | Stephen I. | |
| Successor | Ladislas IV | |
| Other functions | ||
| Kings of Sweden | ||
| Period 17 November 1592 - 24 July 1599 | ||
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| Monarch | Sigismund | |
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| Predecessor | John III | |
| Successor | Charles IX | |
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| Biography | ||
| Birth | 20 June 1566 | |
Mariefred ,  Sweden | ||
| Deaths | 19 April 1632 (65) | |
Warsaw ,  Republic of Two Nations | ||
| Father | John III | |
| Mother | Catherine Jagiello | |
| Spouse (s) | Anne of Austria (1592-1598) Constance of Austria (1602-1632) | |
| Signature |  | |
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| Polish kings Kings of Sweden | ||
Sigismund of Sweden (in Swedish Sigismund in Poland Zygmunt, in Lithuanian Zigmantas Vaza) and Sigismund III of Poland (born 20 June 1566 at Gripsholm Castle, Sweden, died in Warsaw on 19 April 1632 ), was the son of John III of Sweden and Catherine Jagiello. He was elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania and therefore head of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1587, he was also king of Sweden from 1592 to 1599 when he was deposed from the Swedish throne by his uncle, Duke Charles , later King Charles IX. He remained king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania until 1632.
As the son of King John III and Catherine Jagiellonian, the sister of King Sigismund II of Poland , Sigimond III belonged to both the Vasa dynasty to that of the Jagiellonian.
Summary |
- Royal titles in Latin: Dei gratia rex Sigismundus Tertius Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuani, Russi, Prussi, Masovi, Samogiti, Livonique, necnon Suecorum, Gothorum Vandalorumque hreditarius rex.
- French translation: Sigismund III, by the grace of God, King of Poland , Grand Duke of Lithuania , Ruthenia , Prussia , Mazovia , Samogitia , Livonia , and also hereditary king of the Swedes , Goths and Wends.
Biography
King of Poland
Sigismund III was born in Gripsholm when his parents were imprisoned by King Eric XIV (elder brother of the future John III). Although Sweden was a Protestant, Sigismund was raised in the Catholic faith. This latest oppose his wishes to find support in Sweden.
After the death of Stephen I Bathory , he was elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania on 19 August 1587 by the Diet , with the support of the "Almighty" Grand Hetman Jan Zamoyski , and the widow of the deceased king Anne Jagiello. The latter lent 100,000 guilders to the Chancellor to raise troops to defend his nephew. Sigismund promised to maintain a fleet on the Baltic Sea , to secure the eastern frontier against the Tatars and not travel to Sweden without permission of the Polish parliament.
However, the election was disputed by the other candidate, Maximilian III of Austria and Sigismund other opponents who would not respect the outcome of the election, saying that Maximilian is monarch of law. Neither Sigismund nor Maximilian were present for the election.
Sixteen days after his election, Sigismund Kalmar signed article which regulated the future relations between Poland and Sweden , as was soon to succeed his father as head of the kingdom of Sweden. The two kingdoms were to be united for an indefinite period, but each was able to keep its laws and customs. Protestant Sweden should maintain religious freedom and be led in his absence by a board consisting of seven chosen by the Swedish king. Sweden should therefore not be administered by the Poles.
A week after the signing of this article, the young prince went to Poland to take over the throne. His father asked him specifically to go to Sweden when the Polish delegation, who was waiting in Gdansk demanded that the Estonian Swedish was ceded to Poland. It turned out that the Poles were even more difficult to satisfy than expected. It was finally decided to postpone the decision to land after the death of King John III of Sweden. Sigismund was crowned at Krakow December 27, 1587.
When Maximilian attempted to resolve the dispute by using force and begin a war of succession, he was defeated at the Battle of Byczyna January 24, 1588 by supporters of Sigismund, led by Jan Zamoyski. Maximilian was taken prisoner and was only released after the intervention of Pope Sixtus V. In 1589, he renounced his rights to the crown of Poland.
The situation in Poland
Sigismund's position in Poland was extremely difficult. As a foreigner, he could not count from the beginning on the sympathy of his subjects. His taste for music and the arts was not shared by the landed gentry. His restraint and calm were interpreted as rudeness and arrogance. Even Zamoyski, who had been on the throne complained that the king was possessed by the devil.
The difficulties were aggravated by the fact Sigismund political views he had brought from Sweden already developed and which were diametrically opposed to those of the Chancellor. Although his concept of foreign policy was unworkable, they were still clear and precise in comparison with that of Zamoyski. Sigismund was a close alliance with the Habsburgs of Austria with the dual aim to include Sweden in its field of power and contain the Ottoman Empire through the alliance of two great Catholic powers of central Europe. The logical continuation of these goals was the revision of the Polish Constitution, without which nothing useful could be expected from the union with Poland. The views of Sigismund were those of a statesman who clearly recognized the obstacles and wanted to get up. All his efforts were in vain, however, because of jealousy and lack of trust magnates.
The first years of the reign of Sigismund was a fight almost continuously between the king and Zamoyski, battle in which opponents failed to reach much more than mutual paralysis. In the first diet of 1590, the chancellor thwarted all efforts by allies of the House of Austria. The king took advantage of the holiday, however the high officials to place Radziwill Lithuanian and other dignitaries in power. He succeeded in a time limit the authority of the chancellor.
In 1592, Sigismund married Anne of Austria (1573-1598) and that same year, a reconciliation was reached between the king and the chancellor. This enabled the king to take possession of the throne of Sweden, who had just been freed after the death of his father John III.
In 1596, he managed to sign the Union of Brest. This Union was to bring back some of the Orthodox within Catholicism. The same year he moved the Polish capital of Krakow to Warsaw.
The situation in Sweden
Sigismund III arrived in Stockholm 30 September 1593 and was crowned in Uppsala February 19, 1594. He had promised that Sweden would continue to treat a Protestant. On 14 July he returned to Poland, leaving the Duke Charles of Sweden and the Senate rule during his absence.
His strong support for the Counter-Reformation was soon erode support he enjoyed in Sweden. Four years after its accession to the throne of Sweden, in July 1598 , Sigismund was forced to fight for the crown of his homeland because his uncle worked to seize power with the support of the Senate. Sigismund III landed at Kalmar with 5000 men, mostly Hungarian mercenaries. The fortress at once it opened its doors and the capital welcomed him. The Catholic world watched his progress with confidence. The success of Sigismund was considered the beginning of an even greater triumph.
It should however be different. After negotiations with his uncle, Sigismund withdrew its army from Kalmar, but was defeated near Stngebro September 25. Three days later, he accepted the Peace of Linkping that all points of dispute between him and his uncle would be presented at a meeting of the Diet in Stockholm. In addition, Sigismund had the ban rule Sweden from abroad.
Sigismund retreated still in Gdansk , and once back there, he declared that peace was signed under pressure from the Swedes and had no value. Sigismund was deposed in 1599 and never saw Sweden, but still defended himself to renounce his rights and refused to recognize the new Swedish government. That tenacity led Poland into a series of unsuccessful wars against Sweden. Duke Charles was crowned king by the name of Charles IX.
The European situation
The ousting of Sigismund from the throne of Sweden and Poland's decision to incorporate the Livonia caused a Polish-Swedish war lasted but two brief interruptions, from 1600 to 1629. Neither of the two States did not win much in this war. The crown was finally sold to Charles, but Sigismund refused to renounce his claim to the throne of Sweden and his foreign policy was then intended to return. This led to strained relations and several other wars between the two countries and that did not end at the Great Northern War.
In 1602 , Sigismund married his second wife Constance of Austria , the sister of his first wife died four years ago. This event strengthened the influence of the Habsburg court and depressed even the chancellor.
During the Diet of 1605, King tried to pass a reform of the Polish Constitution to introduce majority voting rather than unanimity (liberum veto) to decide on proposals of the king, and a tax increases and staff of the army. This highly useful reform was prevented by the resistance of Zamoyski. He died the same year that intervened did worse, because the opposition was now in the hands of men unable or even corrupt.
From 1606 to 1610, almost complete anarchy reigned in Poland. Revolts broke out everywhere and everything Sigismund could do is limit the damage. Opponents of Sigismund regrouped around Mikoaj Zebrzydowski , decided to form a confederation with Sandomierz. This led to civil war named Zebrzydowski rebellion. The rebels were defeated by the royalists July 6, 1607 at the Battle of Guzw. In the end, it was decided to return to the status quo before the Diet of 1605.
This disorder had a big impact on foreign policy. The Time of Troubles , which took place during the same period in Russia would have represented a unique opportunity to definitively rule out the Tsars of Russia. The diet does not, however managed to decide to bring reinforcements to Zolkiewski and other generals who were doing tremendous work with tiny armies. The Polish army could not rely on the means necessary for the Polish-Russian war which lasted from 1605 to 1618. The Deulino Treaty that ended the war ended when even some territorial gains for Poland, mainly in the Smolensk region.
When the Thirty Years' War broke out in 1618, Sigismund approached the Holy Roman Empire to counter the common efforts of Protestants and Turks. This tactic was advantageous for Catholics because it kept the Turks away from the central and northern Europe. It would however have led Poland to the disaster without the immense courage of Jan Karol Chodkiewicz before Chocim in 1621 during the Polish-Turkish war. After the war, Poland was obliged to renounce his claim to the Principality of Moldavia.
End of reign
In Warsaw the "Column of Sigismund" honors his memory. He moved the capital from Krakow to Warsaw, he has expanded the areas of Poland and his troops under the command of Alexander Gosiewski de Korwin , occupied the Kremlin in Moscow for two years.
Family
Sigismund III successively married Anne of Austria in 1592 and her sister Constance in 1602.
The Archduchess Anne of Austria gave him the following children:
- Anna Maria (* May 23, 1593; February 9, 1600), Princess of Poland and Sweden,
- Katharina (* April 19, 1594; May 15, 1594), Princess of Poland and Sweden,
- Ladislaus IV (June 9, 1595 *, May 20, 1648), king of Poland,
- Katharina (* September 27, 1596, 11 June 1597), Princess of Poland and Sweden,
- Kristofer (* / February 10, 1598), prince of Poland and Sweden.
The Archduchess Constance of Austria gave him the following children:
- Johann Casimir (December 25, 1607 *, January 9, 1608), Prince of Poland
- John II Casimir Vasa (March 21, 1609 *, December 16, 1672), king of Poland,
- Johan Albert Vasa (May 25, 1612 *, December 22, 1634), Prince of Poland
- Charles Ferdinand Vasa (* October 13, 1613; May 9, 1655), bishop of Wrocaw ,
- Charles Alexander (November 14, 1614 *, November 19, 1634), Prince of Poland
- Anna Konstantinia (January 20, 1616 *, May 24, 1616), Princess of Poland,
- Anna Katharina (* August 7, 1619, October 9, 1651), elector palatine, wife of Philip William of Neuburg-Wittelsbach.
It was as a teacher (chosen by her stepmother Marie-Anne of Bavaria (1551-1608) ):
- Urszula Mayerin (1570-1635): she had a great influence on the king's policy. She was appointed Chamberlain (master of the royal house) in the courtyard of the Queen. It n'eu no male offspring, but gave birth at home Krakus-Mayerin.
See also
Sources
- (De) This article is partially or entirely from the article in German entitled " Sigismund III. Wasa "(see the list of authors )
- (In) This article is partially or entirely from the article in English entitled " Sigismund III Vasa (see the list of authors )
| Preceded by | Sigismund | Followed by | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| John III |
| Charles IX | |||
| Stephen I. |
| Ladislas IV |
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