Shema Israel

Section ^1: Deuteronomy ( Devarim ) VI 4-9

Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God is One

• Who is Israel?

  From the context of the verse itself, it is the people of Israel, which is for Moses. Shema Israel is one lesson: early in the Bible (Exodus 24:7), the people exclaimed: Na'asse venichma, "we will and we will listen" (see exegesis of this verse). This prayer also refers to Jacob / Yaakov (third patriarch of the Tanakh) that following his fight with an angel is renamed "Israel." This verse was recited by the twelve children of Jacob / Yaakov to reassure him on his deathbed because their father was afraid that once dead they forget its lessons and do worship the idols of Egypt. Yaacov had this fear since before dying, then he should announce the date of arrival of the Messiah, he had a memory lapse and thought that her children were not worthy in the eyes of God. Once this phrase repeated by the children of the patriarch, the heart of it subsided and he replied in a last breath of life: "Blessed is the name forever His glorious reign."

  This teaching is the monotheism , it is time to listen and to accept self the yoke of the kingdom of heaven (Kabbalat ol Malchut chamam) ( Mishnah Brachot 2:5). The Israelites were so far monotheistic "tradition", it is time they understand one of the most difficult concepts of Judaism, and one of its most basic: the Lord is our God (All- powerful), is One

  Not only one (unique), but A: the multiplicity of its attributes, generosity, justice, mercy, etc.. is apparent, and due to the failure to apprehend the man, to the extent of its finitude, infinity throughout the extent of its infinitude. The generosity of God's justice is mercy.

  This teaching is so difficult that Maimonides begins his Mishneh Torah with the words "Know that there is a First Being at the base of everything." not (from an oral teaching of Rabbi Leon Askenazi said Manitou - see on his site and the responsibility on cheela.org 11822 et seq )

  One can also interpret this announcement as uttered by the twelve son of the patriarch Israel to their father, Jacob, who received his name after Israel fought an angel.

  Rabbi Joshua ben Levi (an Amora highly renowned for his teachings aggadic ) said: "Jacob just before dying, was about to reveal the end of time ( End of Days ) to their children when the Shechinah (Divine Presence) suddenly turned away from him. Jacob feared that one of his children was perhaps unworthy. However, they all exclaimed "Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is One", by which they meant: "In God we are all together (in the belief of God we are all united) "Then he said," Baruch Shem (Kevod leolam va'ed). "(Treaty Pesachim. 56a, see also Bereshit Rabbah 98.).

  It may still be the people of Israel, which targeted nations, when they have acknowledged, according to the prophecy of Zephaniah that God is One and His Name Un

• Adochem / nai ELOKA / henou Adoshem / nai Eh'ad

  The Judaism teaches the ineffability of the Tetragrammaton. In " YHVH "is substituted Adonai (My Lord). Observant Jews refrain from pronouncing the name in vain, and in turn replaced by "Adochem" ( portmanteau of Adonai and Hashem), when they do not pray. However, some Jews, especially the Samaritans pronounced it more liberally, especially when greeting: see the angel in greeting Gideon Joshua Boaz or reapers in welcoming Ruth.

  Similarly for Elohim. However, this custom is not as universal, and some sages, especially Sephardim , rebelled against this practice. Rabbi Shalom Messas za "l, former Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem remarked to those who pronounced (for example) Netanel or Elhanan "Netankel" and "Kelhanan" that "kel" was close to the root "lekalkel (" destroy " in Hebrew ).

Veahavta (And you love)

The rest of the first section, named after the first word following the proclamation of the Shema in the Torah , instructed to love God at any time, any place, and teach his children.
Obligation to teach Torah (words), the passage contains subtle references to the Ten Commandments listed in the Talmud.
It also contains, according Rabbinites Jews , a reference to tefillin and parchments to be included in a mezuzah , now by virtue of this verse a "hallmark" of a Jewish home.
The Karaites do not recognize the use of tefillin (as they interpret totafot Zikaron "remember"), and do not include these Mezuzot parchment (these plaques containing the Ten Commandments).

The twice-daily recitation

The requirement to declare the Shema twice a day is immediately drawn to the first section of the Shema itself (Deut 6:7: "in your bed at thy rising."

"In the morning

These blessings are Yer gold , Rabbi Ahava , and we-Emet yav morning, Ha-ma aravm IVRA , Ahavat olam , Emet we-Emun and hashkivn night.

His twice-daily recitation was, according to Flavius Josephus , commanded by Moses himself ("Antiquities" 6:8), and has always been considered a divine command (however, there is a different view in the Sifre on Deut. 31).

According to the Talmud (Sukkot 42a), when a child starts talking, it is obligatory for her father to teach him the verse "Torah Moshe tsiva Lanou, Morasha Kehilat Yaakov" (Moses commanded us a law, an inheritance for the congregation Jacob-Deut 33:4) and teach him to read the Shema.

The Bedtime Shema

The first section of the Shema is recited before going to bed.
For Rashi , it is a custom established in order to properly perform the recitation of the Shema 'in your sleep, "because when the Shema is proclaimed in the synagogue for the evening service is too early relative to the time where people are really going to bed.
For others, it is derived from verse 4:4 of Psalms "Speak your heart upon your bed, then shut up."
Anyway, this is a rabbinic institution and unbiblical.

Other references to the Shema in Jewish tradition, Christianity and Islam and literature

• The Shema was the war cry of the priest , throwing Israel against the enemy (Deuteronomy 20:3; Talmud Sotah 42a).
• It is also the last word of those who die in faith, and became one of the martyrs tortured for their faith. Although there has been a lot under the Spanish Inquisition , the best known is Rabbi Akiva , who, tortured with pincers of iron and burned while a sponge was pressed over his head and his heart to prolong the agony , died reciting the Shema, expires even pronouncing ehad (A). A voice is then heard from heaven: "Happy are those who, like Rabbi Akiva died saying ehad (Talmud Brachot 61b).

• Primo Levi, a Jewish survivor of the concentration camp of Auschwitz , and preface his book If this is a man who recounts his experiences in the camps (excerpt):

• The Shema is also known in the Christian tradition . Hear O Israel the words are also spoken by Jesus (and the apostle Paul in the Epistle to the Corinthians , I Corinthians, 8:6).
  • In the Gospel according to Mark (12:29-30) Jesus says :

    The first commandment of all is: "Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God is one Lord: and thou shalt love the Lord your God with all thy heart and with all thy soul and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength. "

  • In the Gospel according to Luke (10:27) Jesus refers to the third verse of the Shema :

    "Love the Lord your God with all thy heart and with all thy soul and with all thy strength, and with all your mind"

  • In the Gospel of Matthew (22:37) Jesus also mentions the third verse :

    "Love the Lord your God with all thy heart and with all thy soul and with all thy mind." This is the first and great commandment.

  • Gospel of John (10:22-31):

    It was at Jerusalem the Feast of Dedication. It was winter. And Jesus walked in the temple in Solomon's porch. The Jews surrounded him and told him: How long will you keep us in suspense? If you are the Christ, tell us plainly. Jesus answered them, I told you, and you do not believe. The works that I do in my Father's name testify about me. But you do not believe because you are not of my sheep. My sheep hear my voice and I know them, and they follow me. I give them eternal life, and they shall never perish, and no one shall snatch them out of my hand. My Father, which gave them me, is greater than all, and no one can snatch them from the hand of my Father. I and the Father are one. "(This is an allusion to the Shema, that Jews recognize immediately) Then the Jews took up stones again to stone him.

• The Shahadah , declaration of Islamic faith, thus "equivalent" of the Shema Israel, begins with these words

(La ilaha illa-llh): There is no god but God

References

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