Shehita
| Shehita | |
|---|---|
 Shehita, Germany eighteenth century (illustration from Paul Christian Kirchner, Jdisches Ceremonial - Beschreibung und Gebrauch Jdischer Feste, 1734) | |
| Sources halakhic | |
| Texts in Jewish law relating to this article | |
| Bible | Deuteronomy 12:20-21 |
| Babylonian Talmud | Treaty Houllin |
| Sefer Hamitzvot | asse No. 146 |
| Sefer HaHinoukh | mitzvah No. 451 |
| Mishna Torah | Sefer kodashim, Hilkhot shehita |
| Shulchan Aruch | Yore Dea chap. 1-27 |
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The shehita ( Hebrew : "slain") is the Jewish ritual slaughter by curbing The shehita in Jewish sources The prescription of slaughter according to rules established is deduced from Deuteronomy 12:20-21 ("When you say ..." I would eat meat "... you can kill of your herd or flock ... as I 've specified), although no details are contained on this "so that I have prescribed." The Torah states, however, various laws on how to handle carcasses: only animals that the Torah describes as "pure" and "no defects" may be slaughtered and eaten , the flesh of the animal must be emptied of its blood and it must be covered , blood, tallow and entrails of animals are prohibited and it is forbidden to slaughter an animal and its offspring on the same day . Furthermore, in memory of the patriarch Jacob, suffered a hip injury during his fight with the angel on the shores of Jabbok the children of Israel do not eat the "sinew of the hip (sciatic nerve) which must be removed after slaughter. The corpus of the laws of shehita has been mainly oral before being reduced to writing in various compilations Tannaitic , the Mishna and the Sifre , midrash to learn the laws of the Book of Numbers and Deuteronomy. According to this, one can infer: "You can kill it is a single ritual slaughter, and that its goal is holy (the presentation of offerings ) or secular (the consumption of meat ); " the way I've specified "means that" Moses received on Mount Sinai with the laws of the esophagus, trachea, much of one for poultry, the greater part of two The cattle " . These laws are covered and detailed in the Treaty Houllin. It teaches that every Jew can practice shehita, with the exception of a child, an idiot or a deaf mute (the medieval authorities and later will be more restrictive on this point). The course of the shehita is summarized by the rabbis as five basic laws, all orally transmitted to Moses . According to one view, shehita would apply only to livestock and animals (that is to say non-domestic animals) and what are the sages who would later extended to poultry and it is in any case not necessary for fish and insects allowed . It may not in any case take place only healthy animals and is invalid if the verification post-slaughter revealed the presence of an injury or illness which caused the death of the animal in the year . It is not required for a beast found in the womb after slaughter, provided that it "has not set foot on the ground" (which is immediately seen as part of its mother and not as an independent being) . Discussed many times, these laws are codified in the twelfth century by Moses Maimonides in his Mishneh Torah. It is on this that are based authors of the Arbaa Tourime and Shulchan Aruch , which include laws shehita in the first part of Section Yore Dea. The shohet an individual must be highly qualified, whose mastery of the laws of shehita treifot and is evidenced by a certificate (Kabbalah) issued by a competent rabbinic authority before which he made three shehitot Ritual shehita
The shohet
In addition to limitations contained in the Talmud, the shohet not exercise if his hands are shaking or intoxicated , and later medieval authorities restrict access to the profession to women and that Jews who transgress voluntarily .
The knife killing
The shehita can be made with a particular knife, called hallaf or Sakin. It must meet certain requirements in terms of the size, sharpness, texture, etc.. and be capable of being refined and polished with the sharpness and finesse required for shehita.
Unlike animals for slaughter, a priori presumed lawful, the blade is presumed hallaf flawed and should be checked, according to the Talmud before each bleeding . The Shulchan Aruch wanted to abolish this practice, considering the precaution unnecessary since any shohet is obviously learned in the laws of shehita, unlike the time of the Talmud . However, it has continued to the present day.
The knife to slaughter has been a serious controversy between Hasidim and Mitnagdim the eighteenth century: the Hasidim wanted to introduce a new method of preparation of the knife, rejected by the Gaon of Vilna. It enacted a herem (anathema) on shehita and meat from Hasidim in 1772. The ban was later lifted Slaughter After checking his knife and before slaughter, shohet recites the blessing on the slaughter (Blessed are you ... Who hast sanctified by Thy commandments and hast commanded us to slaughter). In the case where many animals must be slaughtered, one blessing suffices. After the blessing, all conversation not related to the slaughter is prohibited . The act of slaughter itself is to cut the esophagus and trachea of the animal. Both pipes should be resolved among beasts and cattle, only one in birds. The slaughter is legal if they are almost totally and not totally cut . The shohet applies his knife after the stretched skin incision for a free and easy. The shehita occurs downstream of the larynx, upstream of the bifurcation of the trachea . The incision is in the middle of the neck and includes only the soft parts (the cervical vertebrae should not be affected). The vessels are to be drilled on both sides of the neck in poultry . The shehita guided by five fundamental principles taught by the rabbis as the errors to avoid: The breach of any of these five rules gives the slaughtered animal status Nevel, except for 'ikkour as eggs and milk from animals such supplies remain well that the beast does more. As soon as the shehita completed, the shohet must still carry out some steps necessary for the Kosher meat, although it is more than shehita per se. The shohet must: Historically, bedikot were performed by the shohet who had carried out the slaughter. Currently, they are left to care for a mashguiah ("supervisor") of the kashrut , which shall then make the hekhsher (certificate of kashrut) on the products to the consumer. A rabbi is also the scene of slaughter when in doubt Nikkour The nikkour involves removing parts of the animal forbidden for consumption, after the checks were made. It is certain organs such as kidneys and intestines, blood vessels (in view of the prohibition of eating blood), and sciatic nerve, for cattle, tallow (helev) . The procedure is long and tedious, especially the posterior part of the animal. Learning is difficult and unrewarding (acquiring meat often unappetizing appearance), the practice of the posterior nikkour (nikkour ahoram) has gradually lost in most communities, so that the posterior part of the The animal is often sold on the market non-Jewish , . In the case of birds and non-domestic animals, the shohet must cover the bloodshed during the shehita with dirt or ash , after reciting the appropriate blessing . At the time of the Temple, he had also taken the parties back to Cohen , namely the shoulder, jaw and stomach . The shehita is one of the pillars of traditional Jewish societies (number of Ashkenazi surnames as Schchter, Schechter, Reznik, etc.. Thereof) alone to ensure their compliance with red meats and white standards of the Act Jewish. From the twelfth century, some Spanish communities levied a tax to fund the voluntary and shohet shehita; this usage then spread in Eastern Europe , ). It is subject to strict controls by the Rabbinical organizations, which are involved both in training of fellers in the good performance of the slaughter. In Israel , the shehita is supervised by the Chief Rabbinate in the service of the state, the glatt kosher is controlled by several private ultra-Orthodox Legal aspects and controversies around the shehita The shehita was perceived, especially from the nineteenth century, when a large portion of Jews in Western Europe have entered into the urban fabric, as a method of cruel killing in violation of the rights of animals. She is currently attracting, with other forms of ritual slaughter, many debates around the world, outside of the state of Israel The Jewish authorities deny any such claims (according to traditional Jewish sources, the shehita must conform to the respect and the absence of cruelty to animals , , a major principle of Judaism ) and insist that the basic tenets of shehita designed to provide the animal a quick death without suffering (as well as several studies have shown , , , ). The first votes in favor of abolishing the shehita were heard in 1864. They encounter no echo outside the kingdom of Saxony and Switzerland in 1866. However, investigations are conducted, particularly in Tsarist Russia in 1876, the doctor's report concludes Isaac Dembo Aleksandrovich the invalidity of the criticism against the shehita . The Veterinary College of Sweden did the same in 1920. The first bill to abolish the shehita is deposited in the German parliament in 1887 (it was unanimously rejected) . Norway votes to ban shehita its territory in 1930. She is also a measure in Germany in 1933 (that order is set aside in 1960), as Hitler came to power, then Sweden and Iceland. For many Jews, the Semitic character of these historic steps no doubt . The shehita does not comply with European standards for slaughter adopted in 1979 by the Council of Europe : they include a stunning pre-mortem in the compulsory slaughter protocol , which makes the animal Taref the eyes of Jewish law, whatever the method used . The project DIALREL conducted in 2010 by the European Commission, based on studies conducted in New Zealand in 2009 inter alia, reaffirmed these positions, he concludes that such methods of curbing result in numerous animal suffering and it is clear , comparison between all methods of slaughter stunning pre-mortem seems the most able to mitigate . An amendment in the draft regulation on informing consumers about the quality of food was passed to that effect June 16, 2010 by the European Parliament , providing a labeling system indicating whether the animal was or was not slaughtered according to European standards . The Jewish authorities in England have noted the potentially discriminatory effect of this amendment on the shehita . Currently, Directive 93/119/EEC which, while advocating the stunning pre-mortem, also includes a measure of exemption under the Freedom of worship is being applied in various EU countries European. In 2004: The United States is one of the countries with legislation to protect ritual slaughter: freedom of worship is forbidden by the First Amendment and the Humane Slaughter Act (also in force in Canada) defines ritual slaughter as the one of the humane killing methods . However, stopping short of 1958 prohibits the animal be stunned before, which poses the same problems at shehita in Europe. Temple Grandin , professor of animal science from the University of Colorado and an activist for the welfare of animals, has developed several techniques of restraint consistent with the Human Slaughter Act and in cooperation with the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards (legislative body Conservative Judaism ) . It voted in 2000 the adoption of methods of Grandin and the rejection of interference . The monitoring body for the ritual slaughter performed by Orthodox Jewish ritual remains the Orthodox Union. The New Zealand decided to ban shehita its territory , following studies conducted in 2009 which concluded that the technique of shehita not reduce animal pain . The conclusions of these studies were rejected by Temple Grandin because it believes the protocol used by the authors would not be that ritual slaughter . Suites slaughter
Bedikot
. This measure of severity gave its name to the Glatt Kosher , more rigorous than usual. Other
Social aspects shehita
However, other surveys and studies argue that these principles are not always implemented or will implement in practice , and France, a study conducted by INRA in 2009 concludes that " effectiveness of the ritual slaughter in terms of induction of unconsciousness is dependent on both technical aspects, equipment and priest (sic), and aspects of animal ", she suggests" to apply a stunning after the ritual slaughter " . In Europe
Outside Europe
In the United States
When the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals released in 2005 pictures of a slaughterhouse glatt kosher, which shows including cattle remain conscious for several minutes after being felled by the rules , processes that slaughterhouse are strongly criticized by the CJLS and Grandin (the latter would emphasize that the shehita proves generally superior to other methods of slaughter and that these are the methods of this slaughter - and he alone - who are the subject of his criticism ) but they are defended by the OU (which nevertheless insists that efforts be made in the direction of the PETA) . Other
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