Shabbat

Shabbat or Shabbat ( Hebrew : - abstained) or shabbes in Yiddish is the rest day assigned to the seventh day - the number 7 said in Hebrew - of the Jewish week, which begins Sunday.

It is observed the Friday before sunset Saturday after leaving the star by many Jews regardless of their level of practice. There are tables (lou'hot) said hours distributed in most communities.

The Sabbath is also the official public holiday in Israel and in addition to shops, public transport does not work.

Gave the word "Sabbath" in French, "Sabbath" in English, "sabt () in Arabic," Shabbat "() in Armenian," sbado "in Spanish," Sabato "in Esperanto.

More indirectly, "Saturday" is derived from "samba-di" in Old French, and "Samstag", "Saturday" in German , through the Gothic sambaz-tac-tac samez then.

The concept of "gap year" is also associated, although the concept is also derived from the Jewish concept of the fallow year chemitta.

Biliterals root ^{Biblical Institution of the Sabbath}

Shabbat has its origins in the creation of the world , early reference book of Judaism.

Genesis 2:2-3: God ended His work on the seventh day, he had made, and he abstained on the seventh day from all His work which He had made.

And God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it because on this day he abstained from all His work which He had created and made. The observance of Shabbat is mentioned in many instances in the Torah , most notably Exodus 20:8-11 and Deuteronomy 5:12-15.

The Sabbath is not only a tribute to "the creator God" ( Elohim ), it is also the one to "God the Savior" ( YHWH ), which requires the removal of barriers not only professional but also social in that day. However, as pointed out the Shema Israel , YHWH is Elohim, it is unique.

There are other important occurrences Ex 31:12-37 , Ex 35:2-3 , Lev. 19:3 , Lev. 7:30 p.m. , Lev. 23:3 , and Nu. 28:9-10.

Other direct quotes in the Tanakh include Is 56:4-6 , Ezekiel (ch. 20, 22, 23) and Neh. 9:14 , not counting the numerous allusions and quotations which the Sabbath is not the central subject.

Status in Judaism

Shabbat is the fundamental principle of Judaism. Observe the Sabbath, stop all work on the approach of the night Friday night, making it publicly profession of faith that God created the universe from scratch, that His mind over matter, he is the master of our workforce, our lives.

Source: Shulchan Aruch of Rabbi Short Ernest Weill , quoted by Joseph-Elie Charbit, in Siddur Pata'h Eliyahu

The Tanakh and the Siddur (Jewish prayer book) describe three roles Shabbat:

• A commemoration of the redemption of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt ;
• A commemoration of the world's creation by God , and that abstention was the seventh day;
• A foretaste of the world to messianic times.

While most other cultures and religions do not regard the Sabbath as a holy day (except Sabbatarianism ), Judaism gives him instead a pre-eminent status, virtually unmatched in the religious celebrations:

• Shabbat is the first holy day mentioned in the Tanakh, and God was the first to observe (see above).
• describes the liturgy of the Sabbath Bride (kala), the arrival of Shabbat, Friday evening, as compared to that of a bride, that everyone must accuillir at the entrance of the home or the synagogue , and Queen (malka), accompanies a feast for his departure (Melaver Malka, cf. below).
• The Sefer Torah is read during the Torah reading , part of the office Saturday morning, and reading is longer than those of Monday and Thursday (introduced by Ezra ). The Torah, comprising 54 parachiot is fully read at the annual cycle, due to a Shabbat parsha by (sometimes two). Shabbat, the reading is divided into seven sections, once again outnumber the number of sections read at another celebration, including Yom Kippur. After the Torah is read the Haftarah , passage of prophetic books.
• Rabbi Shimon Bar Yohai taught that the Messiah would come the day when all Jews observe two Sabbaths consecutive correctly ( Talmud , Shabbat Treaty 118).
  • if it is on the teaching of the wise based on what Zohar , do not see a message exclusively esoteric impeccable observance of Shabbat already requires considerable efforts greatly from one person (some have never observed a single Shabbat in their lives), the observance of Shabbat by an entire people, including assimilated and apostates, and this for over a Shabbat, not to " score a coup "but continuously, even routine, this would mean that people have such great virtues that the kingdom of God is already on earth. (See also mitzvahs and principles of faith of Judaism )

Observance

The typical table of Shabbat: A glass of kiddush , two Hallot (covered with a mat) and two candles.

The Sabbath is a day of celebration as much as prayer. Three meals better than usual, the Shalosh seoudot are offered at the end of each office:

1. Erev Shabbat Rishon the Seoud, Friday evening
2. Seoud Chenit after shacharit + Musaf on Saturday, shortly after noon
3. Chlichit Seoud, between Mincha and Shabbat Arvit of Motsei (evening prayer that concludes Shabbat), late afternoon The best food is reserved for Shabbat. In some less advantaged backgrounds, is the only day where you eat meat, although there is no strict obligation to consume, as would be the case for Yom Tov.

Melaver Malka is the last meal out of Sabbath for delaying the departure of this holy day: Only most practitioners add this last meal. The influx of the faithful is also more important than the Sabbath week (even if it does not equal Yom Kippur). It is for some the only day of worship.

The Sabbath is a day of celebration and rejoicing, all fasting is prohibited. Other than fasting on Yom Kippur (which is not a day of mourning, despite the trappings of mortification) fell on a Sabbath should be postponed to Thursday preceding a rule. Similarly, the mourners during chiv'ah should behave "normally" on the Sabbath, without the express overtly outward signs of mourning (as Qeri'ah ). They remain, however, compelled to mourn in private, not washing and refraining from any sexual activity or joyful.

Mandates

The rabbis interpret Shamor vezakhor (Guard and remember) through a series of prohibitions of activities (shamor) and specific activities to date (Zakhor)., Hamor and zakhor being symbolized by the lighting of two candles before entrance of the Sabbath (not later than 18 minutes before the scheduled time of sunset). It is a mitzvah specifically reserved for women (wife or mother). If the wife can not turn on the lights (some use oil, not candles), is the man to turn them on. Similarly, a man living alone has the same duty to turn these lights.

Although most laws are restrictive Sabbaths (see below), the Talmud teaches that the fourth of the Ten Commandments contains positive references to the requirements of the Sabbath, namely:

• the recitation of kiddush Shabbat shel yom (sanctification of the Sabbath day) over a glass of wine hidden in the beginning of Shabbat before the first meal (Saud Richon, see above) and after morning prayers during the second meal (Saud oak, cf. supra).

• eat three sumptuous meals (see above), the first two meals to be initiated with two braids of challah (traditional bread). The third meal, the Seoudah chlichit is generally mild and often Pareve (neutral) or halavi (slag), which contrasts with the previous ones.

• Recitation of Havdalah , or "separation" in the dark Saturday, conducted over a cup of wine, fragrant spices and a candle with two wicks.

• the delight of Shabbat (Oneg Shabbat), an obligation to enjoy this day and rejoice: nice clothes, good shoes, good food etc.. are recommended, and, to some extent, marital relationships, provided that the union is legitimate and that each partner feels pleasure.

• honored the Sabbath (Shabbat Kavod), making an effort during the week to prepare each Shabbat to come. This may include a shower on Friday evening (before Shabbat), a hairstyle, special clothing, preferably beautiful and comfortable, but also refrain from making unpleasant conversations.

Prohibited Activities

Jewish law prohibits all forms of melakha (plural melakhot) on Shabbat. This case, which generally means "work" does not correspond to the usual definition, or defining physical work. It comes from Gen. 2:2-3

The sages taught that there are three degrees of creation:

1. the beri'a, creation ex nihilo or de novo
2. the Yetzira, training
3. assi'a the finish, passing from form to function.

Based on the juxtaposition of corresponding Biblical passages, they banned all activities that were necessary for the construction of the Tabernacle , in other words, the activities of "finishing" or which, according to another interpretation, can exercise control over the environment.

Status of prohibitions

Each leads melakha prohibitions derived. For example, "produce a Fire" includes any form of power; "battle" causes "tearing", etc.. Consequently, most daily activities are prohibited. Conduct a toledah (generation, that is to say directly derived activity) is incurring a penalty as severe as the fulfillment of a melakha. Activities more indirectly derived, instituted by the Sages as the chevout are subject to more lenient sentences.

Moreover, melakhot are not so much activities as "categories of activities." For example, the "triage" to "separate grains and waste", which should relate to field work, is understood to mean the Talmud, that is to say "separation between edible and inedible" filter water for drinking, remove the core of fisheries, fish bones, etc.. The gefilte fisch , the traditional stuffed carp "was invented by the Ashkenazim to remedy this situation.

Another example, using a switch activity falls under the "build" or "demolish" (the Hebrew word to define it can be interpreted as "destroy to rebuild"). The conventional solution is to use pre-set timers, although it is not unanimity among Posqim.

Clearly, the Talmud forbids virtually any work activity and identifies thirty-nine prohibited activities that are adapted to the modern world by the Sages (cooking, salting food, writing, extinguish a fire, carrying an object outside the city, use the power-if a light is lit, you do not shut down, etc.).

Limitations of these prohibitions

In any situation where his life is in danger (pikoua'h nefesh), a Jew has the duty to violate any religious rule could jeopardize the rescue of this life. Although not restricted to the Sabbath, this rule was instituted after the death of Hasidim who had refused to defend a Shabbat during the Maccabean revolt. Chevout rules can be violated in situations less (eg a flu patient). It should be noted that it is not permissible bend the rules, but a human and religious duty.

Other legal principles accurately determine what activity constitutes a desecration of Shabbat.

Example: Principle of Shinui (Change) - a severe violation normally, such as writing, would not if the act was done in an unusual way for a weekday, for example, write with your left hand for a right-handed.

This principle applies in post-facto (bedi AVAD) and only in very specific circumstances.

If the fringe Orthodox and " traditionalists "of Judaism adhere to these prohibitions literally, the progressive movements believe that if we study these prohibitions, as part of Jewish law is ultimately for everyone to choose which follow, or whether to follow them. They tolerate such writing for entertainment, since it contributes to the Oneg Shabbat.

Circumventing legally Act

When a human or medical need arises, without an emergency, it is possible to perform acts prohibited to face the changing technology that produces them in ways that do not break the law:

• "Sabbath elevator" stops on every floor, avoiding people to press the call buttons and floor.

• timers avoid using switches. We can also let the light or appliance run all day. Not to be confused with some "switches" special made so as not to turn on / off the light in case you accidentally activated the switch.

• it is allowed to wear his clothes. Wearing his keys? Some clerics have found the solution by "incorporating", for example by tying them to their belts, so they are considered apparel.

Although technically impeccable and dialectically, these devices are not always in the "spirit of the day", and many rabbinical authorities tend to restrict the weak or sick, or in practical situations (such as keys) ...

Permitted Activities

The following activities are instead encouraged to Shabbat:

• Spend Shabbat with the family.

• Attend offices synagogue to attend the prayer and reading the Torah.

• Visiting family and friends (in walking distance permitted, unless a Eruv has been established.

• Invite guests (hakhnassat or'him, "bring guests - hospitality, in other words).

• Sing zemirot of Shabbat (songs specially designed for the Sabbath, usually during meals).

• Read, study and discuss Torah , his comments , whether in the Mishna , the Talmud , or subsequent Wise , meditate on the Halacha or the Midrash.

• Have marital relations with his wife, especially on Friday nights. The Shoulhan Aruch speaks of it as a "double mitzvah ", as it combines procreation with the celebration of Shabbat, both regarded as commands toranas.

• According to the Reform Judaism , "we should avoid the usual activities or occupations where possible (which unworthy Orthodox) and not engage in activities that bring joy, rest and holiness that day. "

Karaite Practices

Just as the Jews Rabbinites, the Karaites are devoted entirely to prayer in the synagogues. However, their prayers are different, almost exclusively made up of biblical passages. They also practice the total prostration, what other Jews do not normally do that Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur.

Unlike Rabbinites Jews, Karaites do not welcome the Sabbath in light of the chandeliers. Instead, believing that it is a violation of the prohibition on making a fire Shabbat, as stated in the Torah, some apply it to the letter, and extinguish all domestic fire, natural or artificial. However, like other readers of this passage exist, this is not a universal custom among the Karaites.

Moreover, the Karaites refrain from sex with their partners during the Sabbath.

Perceptions of Shabbat in the other Abrahamic religions

In the New Testament

Mark 2:27-28:

Then he said to them: The sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath, so that the son of man is Lord even of the Sabbath.

Pope John Paul II said in an apostolic letter, The Lord's Day or Dies Domini, published May 31, 1998 , the importance of return to a theology of the Sabbath in order to better understand the Paschal Mystery. Pope John Paul II calls on Christians to rediscover the Sabbath commandment. The willingness of the Catholic Church to rediscover his Jewish roots is rooted in the resumption of dialogue between Jews and Catholics initiated and desired by the Second Vatican Council.

In the Qur'an

Surah 2: 65. You really know those of you who broke the Sabbath. We then told them: "Be ye apes, driven away (from the mercy of God)! '66. We made a hard lesson for contemporaries and for generations to come, and a useful warning to people thinking.

Surah 16: 123. Then We inspired you: "Follow the religion of Abraham, pure monotheism, and it was hardly a polytheists." 124. The Sabbath was appointed only for those who differed about it. Surely your Lord will arbitrate between them on the Day of Resurrection in what was the object of their contention.

Traditions

The principle of a holy day, devoted to God at the expense of daily activities, was adopted in all Abrahamic religions. Besides all texts agree on the term Sabbath and its meaning related to the creation of the heavens and the earth.

• Early Christians, (see Judeo-Christian ), Jews following the teachings of Jesus Christ , followed the Jewish law and in particular the Shabbat. After the crucifixion of Jesus is in the history of Christianity , on Sunday , Day of the Lord, as we celebrate the death and resurrection of Christ.

• The so-called judos-Nazarenes continued to keep the Sabbath. It's a minority.

• Following the Reformation , certain Protestant currents are returned to Jewish law and therefore the Sabbath. Particularly in Eastern Europe.

• The Seventh Day Baptists , the Seventh Day Adventist Church and other movements of Christianity have restored the Christian Sabbath from Friday evening to Saturday evening. Their practices differ considerably from the Jewish tradition.

See also

• Kiddush
• Challah
• Gefilte fisch
• Tcholent
• Torah
• Haftarah
• Havdalah
• Shabbes goy

External Links

Links in French:

• Shabbat.
• Blessings to be recited while lighting the lights of Shabbat.
• Time in Jewish life.
• The laws and customs of Shabbat in the North African Jewry in the site Torat Emet 's Rabbi Zecharia Zermati.

Links in English:

• Online Shabbat Guide.
• A More Detailed Summary of the Laws of Shabbat Site Torah.org, based on Shoulhan Arukh.
• The Laws of Shabbat (A 37-part self study course) by Rabbi Daniel Schloss. (The laws of Shabbat by Rabbi Daniel Schloss)
• Honoring Shabbat.

Bibliography

• Josef Erlich, The Flame of the Sabbath, Plon, "Terre humaine", 1978
• Aryeh Kaplan , The Sabbath, a foretaste of eternity, Emunah, 1982
• Wigod Geoffrey (ed.), Encyclopedic Dictionary of Judaism, article "Sabbath," Kite Laffont, coll. "Mouthpieces", Paris, 1996.

Notes

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