Sexual Liberation
The sexual revolution covers significant changes in the behavior and manners sex occurred in the West in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This movement is mainly influenced by the sexual emancipation of women , the assertion of gender equality and the recognition of non-procreative sexuality and non-marital.
This revolution is the essence of a scientific revolution marked by a cluster of discoveries and advances: the spread of condom latex since the 1930s, treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in the first place where the syphilis that was rampant since the Renaissance with the discovery of antibiotics from 1941, and the diffusion of contraception (the IUD was invented in 1928 , and the contraceptive pill discovery in the early 1950s).
It is accompanied by a "right of revolution" in the West in which women are gradually gaining equality legislation, including obtaining the right to vote and therefore the possibility of pushing for reforms that concern, equality within the torque and the right to abortion .
If the sexual act was risky, leading to the possibility of unintended childbearing, the risk of sexually transmitted diseases is no longer a lesser extent. The sexual revolution is developing in this context, we speak of "free love".
The sexual revolution is inconceivable without taking into account its corollary: the sexual deprivation, sexual repression and its function is to combat and eradicate. "The sexual deprivation is mainly in the absence or weakness of non-reproductive sex life. Sexual repression is the set of devices, social, medical, legal, ideological, aesthetic, contributing to the weakening or the lack of sex life nonbreeding. Sexual liberation is defined as the conquest of the possibilities of life and non-reproductive sexual satisfaction that is supposed to be associated with a psychological level (such as exceeding the psychological processes that oppose these). The sexual revolution describes the politicization of the struggle against sexual repression devices and is a project of social transformation that can take many forms Reform and / or radical (Giami, 2002).
Summary |
Scientific revolution
Following the industrial revolution of the nineteenth century, advances in science and technology have resulted in the production of better contraceptives. Advances in manufacturing and production of latex make possible the manufacture of condoms that can be used by men and women to prevent pregnancy , low cost. Originally (1855) rubber and a thickness of one to two millimeters, condoms have a side seam, are expensive (although reusable!) And uncommon. In 1912, Julius Fromm (in) , a German chemist, invented a manufacturing process that involves dipping a glass mold into the latex solution which allows the production of thinner condoms and seamless. The brand is marketed Fromm Act in 1919 and still available today in Germany. By the 1930s, mass production of this product allows the production of a product as thin and as cheap as the one we know today. Condom use has actually spread to the Second World War, American GIs are seeing a strong incentive to use them: "Do not forget - Put It On Before You Put It In." Indeed, veterans of the First World War had returned in numbers infected with venereal disease Antibiotics The development of antibiotics in the 1940s makes the most curable sexually transmitted diseases once serious, removing the fear and the threat of sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis. Until then, syphilis associated with the spread venereal usual poses a serious public health problem. From 1870 when the disease and its symptoms are formally identified, the mercury-based treatments are widely available but doctors often have difficulty persuading their patients to treat this disease unspectacular in its milder forms. Mercury, centuries-old remedy and potassium iodide provide a processing solution. But in fact, killed as much mercury as syphilis itself. We understand the reluctance of patients to recover and, consequently, the intractable problem of public health arose. The penicillin (penicillin G) is discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in September 1928. It is introduced for therapies that from 1941 , thirteen years later, not previously used in the laboratory to clean Petri dishes of their bacteria. It will be widely disseminated after the war to treat venereal diseases caused by bacteria. Advances in chemistry , pharmacology , and knowledge of the biology and physiology of human lead to the discovery and development of contraceptives , intrauterine device or pill. The IUD is a contraceptive device intrauterine invented in 1928 by Ernst Grafenberg , it contains copper which has a spermicidal effect and causes mild inflammation of the mucous membrane which makes it unsuitable for implantation. This is the method of reversible birth control the most widely used. Research on the contraceptive pill began in 1953 with the work of Drs Gregory Pincus and Min Chueh Chang (in) , under the impetus of the pioneer family planning what Margaret Sanger and through private funding provided by Katharine McCormick (in ) , heiress and suffragette. The first tests were held in 1956 in Puerto Rico and the authorization for the U.S. market is given by the Food and Drug Administration May 9, 1960. Initially reserved for married women alone, and then extended to single women, its use is spreading in spite of legal resistance. The advent of methods of contraception allows couples to control their reproduction. They are available in France since 1967. The availability of condoms latex cheap for men and the IUD and the contraceptive pill for women helps to liberate sexuality from the threat of pregnancy , separating sex and procreation. If the condom or with more traditional methods such as coitus interruptus , women were subject to good-will of their male partners in terms of limiting the risk of pregnancy with the IUD and the pill, they take control of reproductive function of their bodies and free themselves. This does not happen without resistance from what otherwise can not be named as the "patriarchal power" that slows the legalization and spread of products of these scientific discoveries. This brake is the subject of a detailed analysis below. The medicalization of abortion and its legalization make it safer and more accessible. It is not a "scientific revolution" as such, the methods used are known, its medicalization, the voluntary interruption of pregnancy or abortion, making it less risky, however, for women who often died of sepsis following an intervention by an abortionist , do not always meet the principles of asepsis. Scientific innovation in the field, medical abortion ( RU 486 ) takes place after the sexual revolution itself. The fact is that, again, women are offered a way to regulate and control the reproductive function of their bodies and that, again, the dam is essentially legal. Once the fallen twin threats of sexually transmitted disease and unwanted pregnancy, there is the generation of baby boomers born after the Second World War to remove traditional constraints on sexual behavior, moral, religious and legal. She will use it successfully. Sex is an instinct , an instinct irrepressible and like all living things, man is no exception to the pressure. However, humans are not animals, and is also a social being and the companies it represents have worked tirelessly to regulate, control, normalize the sex act, qualified its suggestion of erotic or representation of qualified pornographic. Humankind has not waited for the 1960 Libertine. What characterizes the sexual revolution is: The poem Annus Mirabilis by Philip Larkin crystallizes the spirit of the sexual revolution in the first stanza: The 1960 and 1970 saw the collapse of moral values rooted in the tradition of Judeo-Christian societies and the emergence of permissive attitudes and to accept greater sexual freedom that is manifested in the phrase " free love. " Precepts such as "fruitful and multiply" in Genesis , no longer seem appropriate in developed countries. In July 1968 , with the encyclical Humanae Vitae , Pope Paul VI redefines the position of the Roman Catholic Church "on marriage and birth control" but for many believers, it's too little, too late: gap between practice and doctrine will steadily worsening. Sigmund Freud was a pioneer in demonstrating that the origin of human behavior is rooted in the libido. This new paradigm of psychoanalysis revolutionized modern self-image of an entire culture. The prudish Victorian replaced by a new awareness of sexual desire. Men have an Oedipus complex and women have a craving for penis. The womb is the source of all sensation erotic later life. This new philosophy is the support of a new intellectual and cultural ideology of the new age of sexual frankness. However, this theory is widely criticized by professionals in the field. The anarchist followers of Freud, Otto Gross and especially Wilhelm Reich , who invented the term "sexual revolution", develop a sociology of gender in the 1920 and 1930. In 1948 , Alfred Kinsey and his colleagues, responding to a request for information for student (s) of Indiana University on human sexual behavior, publish the male sexual behavior (Sexual Behavior In The Human male), and five years later, the woman's sexual behavior (Sexual Behavior In The human female). Their publication began a revolution in the representations of sexuality, human sexuality and brings to light. At that time, public morality condemns open discussions about human sexuality, especially sexual behaviors that do not aim the reproduction. These books examining for example the frequency of various sexual practices like homosexuality , are a scandal and have considerable influence, many believed that the study of sexual behavior may break the family structure and deteriorate the company U.S.. These books provide a basis for the work of William Masters and Virginia Johnson , whose initial study, the sexual response (Human Sexual Response), published in English in 1966, explains the physiology of clinical sexuality. The Hite Report on address other details about ten years later. The writings of Herbert Marcuse and Wilhelm Reich sometimes referring to Karl Marx provide all kind of justification policy. Morality on sexual matters suffers. The actual magnitude of this change of manners remains uncertain. The main change is not an increase in the number of sexual intercourse or in new forms of sexuality. But just the appearance of a word more open than previous generations on the subject. For the historian David Allyn (en) is a period where it appears more tolerant of premarital sex, the masturbation , the fantasies erotic , the child and possibly the homosexuality. In practice, the great success in France of the novel La Garonne of Victor Margueritte , published in 1922 , does not seem to confirm this thesis. In Europe, it is attributed more readily to the gradual spread in the public writings of Sigmund Freud , Margaret Mead , etc.. United States, this conformity is puritanical traits, contrary to normal human sexual behavior or even, ironically, those established by culture. In response to this period of Cold War puritanism, a cultural revolution took place in the form of a sexual revolution. The sexual behavior of the vast majority of women date yet for a generation after the start of the "revolution." Women reaching sexual maturity after about 1984 have behaviors similar to those generally accepted in men, except in the most religious homes. They include more partners, two to three and starting sex classic three to five years before the women of the generation of the 1970s. This change of behavior is rarely reported, because not doing so more sensation. The representation of nudity, previously locked in the straitjacket of a mythological guise (Cohort Greco-Roman gods with multiple loves, nymphs sheer thigh, if Eros was not her name) is free, invaded advertising, erotic or pornographic magazines are sold in kiosks. The Nudist develops. The sex education is entering colleges and miniskirts made their first outings in the street. The song erotic 69 Year of Serge Gainsbourg would have been possible without this sexual liberation. A flashback takes place a few years later, moral stances on sexuality becoming much more conservative in the 1980s , partly due to the epidemic of AIDS. A second wave comes with Michel Houellebecq , who in his first novel extension of the field of battle , is to show that sexual liberalism leads to the same situations that the unstable economic liberalism. The issue of sexual liberation is launched in France in 1966 with the publication of an issue of the journal Partisan "Sexuality and repression" which includes contributions from leading theorists of the sexual revolution and surveys on the situation of youth and women to illustrate the sexual misery. This issue opens the debate on this issue is within the perspective of the general emancipation of men: "It therefore seemed necessary to show the fundamental importance of the old debate, freedom or repression, in view of this egalitarian society libertarian and we want to see one day be born. " At the outset, and even before the events of May 1968, the issue of repression and sexual liberation is posed in political terms. A second issue of Supporters on the same topic published in 1972. It continues the theoretical development of the sexual revolution and provides an important section in the repression of homosexuality. It is one of the few attempts that deals jointly homosexuals and "heterosexual." Report cons normality (overt homosexual Front of Revolutionary Action) appears in 1971 and is also in the revolutionary movement which he criticizes the sexual conformity and male chauvinism. "If then our reports homosexuals are by definition the negation of certain social relations constitutive of patriarchy and capitalism, why have not we always been a revolutionary force? . (Giami, 2002) An important figure who played a key role in the development of the movement of May '68 in France: Boris Fraenkel died in Paris April 23, 2006 at the age of 85. The 1960 and 1970 mark somehow the end of patriarchy , the censorship and advancing women's equality in national legislation. Politics is embedded in sexual matters related called the "politics of sex" . The right of a woman to an abortion raises reactions traditionalists against abortions, activists of the " pro-life "against the" pro-choice. " Sexual liberation, coupled with the individualism , and sometimes creates a current reactionary powerful, embodied for example in the Argentine dictatorship of the Revolution (1966-73), influenced by national-Catholicism . Sex between persons of the same gender, the homosexuality is strictly taboo at different times, domination of society by the Church, no longer stigmatized. Women and men, lesbians and gays , demand and obtain many rights previously reserved for couples heterosexual. The doxa American film, very conservative in the mid- twentieth century , is listed in the Hays Code , which specifies that: In short, cinema is a reflection of a moral society, prudish, austere, self-righteous, correct. In fact, society is far away from this distorting mirror: it reveals that the published work of Alfred Kinsey in 1948 and 1953. The Hays Code was abolished in 1966 and gave way to a growing popular erotic climate. Gradually, public opinion became more tolerant towards partial nudity for men, and the display of breasts for actresses, first in the "adult movies", and later in more mainstream films. In France ... And God Created Woman brand, in 1956 , the propulsion of Brigitte Bardot to the status of sex symbol and media hysteria unleashed: the whole French society is not yet ready to accept the image of a woman emancipated. A class of stars particularly well endowed with charisma and sex appeal emerges. Thus an entire culture is immersed and eroticized by the film and TV culture. Actresses such as Mae West , Raquel Welch , Jane Fonda and Sophia Loren will be exhibited explicitly sexual in their castings which were fond of the media. Acceptance of media representation of nudity frontal or sexuality became the norm in many American and European countries. Deep Throat was the first pornographic movie to know, in 1972 , a distribution and returns public criticism of the status "Nerdy": "Deep Throat was one of the first pornographic films to get an audience that extends beyond the pornographic theaters. He challenged U.S. laws on obscenity and has been featured in movie theaters 'regular' and he has participated in the 'liberation' of pornography in the United States and the rest of the Western world. He has made pornography acceptable social phenomenon that could not be challenged by conservatives, religious groups and women jammed. " In less than a decade, the American cinema went from puritanical censorship in general public distribution of a pornographic film! United States from 1959 to 1966, the prohibitions against these three books with erotic content are explicit applications to the courts, and refused. A little earlier, a reform of regulations (as well as local customs and monitoring activities) determines what can and can not be published. For example, the Customs Service of the United States banned Ulysses of James Joyce , by refusing its importation. The great weight carried by the index Librorum Prohibitorum of the Catholic Church among Catholics is a boycott effective, efficient and immediate of any book that is identified. The Watch and Ward Society (en) , a largely Protestant creation inspired by Anthony Comstock (in) , makes the hunt for contempt a national sport. In 1959 , Grove Press (in) published the unexpurgated version of Lady Chatterley's Lover by DH Lawrence. The United States posted confiscated copies sent by mail. Counsel Charles Rembar (in) is suing the recipient's post office in New York , and wins in New York and federal appeals. In England in 1960 , the British government tried unsuccessfully to prosecute Penguin Books for obscenity, for having published Lady Chatterley's Lover, DH Lawrence's novel, banned since the 1920s for its offensive content. Mervyn Griffith-Jones summarizes the reasons for the complaint to the jury: "Is it a book you would like your wife read it? . After the failure of the application for prohibition, the novel becomes a bestseller, selling 2 million copies. In 1965 , Tom Lehrer celebrates the erotic appeal of the novel in his cheerfully satirical song Smut with the couplet "Who needs a hobby like tennis or philately got a hobby: rereading Lady Chatterley. " The novel Tropic of Cancer of Henry Miller ( 1934 ) contains explicit sexual passages and may not be published in the United States; an edition printed by Obelisk Press in Paris sees contraband copies enter the United States. (In 2003 , booksellers requesting more than 7500 for this edition.) The sex manuals non-fiction Court decisions that legalized the publication of Fanny Hill had a much more important, freed from fear of legal action, non-fiction work about sex and sexuality appear. In 1962 , we published Sex and the Single Girl (en) (in French translation Double or Nothing) by Helen Gurley Brown (en). The title itself would have been unthinkable a decade earlier. (In 1965 she became editor of Cosmopolitan magazine.) In 1968, a erupts minirvolution within the Catholic Church when the encyclical Humanae Vitae of Paul VI is rejected by many theologians, faithful, priests and bishops. In 1969 , Joan Garrity, identifying himself only as "J." The Sensuous Woman published (in French translation: The sensual woman), full of practical advice, such as improving the dexterity of the tongue. The same year saw the appearance of the book of David Reuben (in) Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex (But Were Afraid to Ask) (en) (in French translation Everything you ever wanted to know about sex but never Afraid to Ask). Despite the medical qualifications of Reuben, the book is available. For many readers, it is exactly its promises. A woman from a small town in Wisconsin says, "until I read this book, I never really knew exactly what homosexuals did. " Gender The depiction of nudity was never banned in the West, it is only subject to standards that gradually become lighter. The novelty of the sexual revolution, the emergence of the desire of the woman, her assertion, but also the emergence of public awareness of men's sexual fantasies and the spread of pornography. During the 1950's a singer / actor in particular, Elvis Presley , has a very prurient dance using movements of his body in a sexually suggestive manner. That "Elvis the pelvis" to his hip movements significant. Millions of young women become his fans, he and their "idol". On stage and in concert, young women squeaky, shrill scream and cry. This is an important factor in the "loss of inhibition" and "youth rebellion" of 1950 and 1960. Make love before marriage was a male prerogative and visiting brothels an almost obligatory for young men (at the time of military service for example). The virginity of women, however, was a "value" fiercely defended by the families, the doxa. Things are changing so ... In the early 1970s, it was acceptable that universities can co-educational housing where male and female students mix freely. Free love continued in various forms throughout the 1970s, but ended abruptly when the public discovered the AIDS, sexually transmitted and fatal in the early 1980's. Premarital sex is opened adopted by followers of the culture-cons, then the majority of youth in the 1970s. From the mid-1960s in San Francisco , a new culture of "free love" emerged and tens of thousands of young "hippies" preach the power of love and beauty of sex as part of the ordinary student life. This is part of a culture-cons to this. Also in the 1970 and 1980 pregnancies are interrupted more easily, because the abortion is accessible. This leads to an appreciation of some of the time as an "age of promiscuity, decadence and hedonism, even causing a reaction in America, where some seek to return to" family values ". Pornography is no longer stigmatized, and movies show more traditional sexual intercourse as "entertainment", with little reaction. Magazines depicting nudity and sexual acts can be very sophisticated, like Playboy magazine, are accepted as respectable newspapers where celebrities speak on security, since freedom of speech guaranteed to them by the constitution of the United States. The feminist movement slogans to abandon bra (in) , and later opposed the description of women as "objects" in contexts such as pornographic magazines and annual competitions such as Miss World and Miss universe. The liberalization of mores in the 1960s and 1970s corollary to the acceptance of minority sexualities first and foremost, the homosexuality. Gay liberation is intimately linked to that of heterosexual women: in order macho traditional homosexual couples is a threat to the concept of unequal couples in which reigns paterfamilias who has a "power of life and death" on his wife, his children and his slaves. If the woman is the equal of man Notes Women's Contraception
Sex and morality
The decline of patriarchy and moral weight of Churches
Theorists of sexuality
The words and deeds are released
The politics of sex
End of censorship in cinema
The end of literary censorship
Man-object
Premarital Sex
The redefinition of pornography
The gay liberation
See also
Bibliography
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