Schism Of 1054
The Schism of 1054, is known to be great Schism, Schism or Schism Orthodox (Western perspective) is schism from Rome, the Latins or schism schism Catholic (Eastern point of view), and separates the Western Church (the Catholic Church ) and the Eastern Church (the Orthodox Church ), traditionally placed in 1054. It is the culmination of decades of conflict and reconciliation between the two Churches.
Summary |
The schism has an origin, legitimacy and a pretext.
The origin is geopolitical: the Papacy , geographically distant from the Roman imperial power of Constantinople , but close to that of the kingdoms of the West Germanic (successively Lombard , Carolingian and Germanic ), sought to protect its interests and its spiritual or temporal faithful , to combat heresy and to ensure its authority, the alliance of powers and relatives still in search of legitimacy, rather than the protection of a distant power whose legitimacy was based on the patriarchy of Constantinople .
The pretext was the uniformity of the rites by Latin liturgy in the southern Italy , recently conquered by the Normans, the Byzantines. The patriarch of Constantinople , Michael Cerularius (Keroularios), refused the abolition of the Greek liturgy also in force in southern Italy. The stumbling block was the use of unleavened bread (the dough was not lifted) in the West. It follows an exchange of letters in which clumsy Cerularius Michel says the ecumenicity the patriarchate of Constantinople, when the Emperor Constantine IX was still in favor of an alliance with Rome and wanted to reconcile.
The Pope Leo IX sent to Constantinople the legates Moyenmoutier Humbert , Frederick of Lorraine (later pope under the name of Stephen IX ) and Peter of Amalfi. Michel Humbert and Cerularius are just as likely that the other one. Michel Cerularius doubts on the validity of the appointment of legates. Humbert raises the problem of the Filioque and the discussion turns to the exchange of insults. On 16 July 1054 , Humbert and the legates deposited on the altar of the cathedral Hagia Sophia the bubble Pope excommunicating Michael, then go out and shake the dust off their shoes . On 24 July the Synod Standing Byzantine replica anathematizing legates. The pope is not implicated. The case is not taken very seriously at the time, despite the excommunication, a few years later the Emperor Alexius I Comnenus , also lifted by Pope Urban II. At the end of the eleventh century , there is no question of schism .
Not until the twelfth century that things spoil at the time of the Crusades. The reasons for this progressive failure are to be found among both doctrinal and liturgical differences simmering between the two churches since the eighth century , and as regards the political rivalry between the Western states that are beginning to assert itself, and the Empire Byzantine whose power declined in the twelfth century. The milestone will eventually be the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204.
Consequences and news
During 911 years, every single church itself as a continuation of the Church "Catholic and Orthodox of the first millennium (" universal and fair-believer "in Greek), denying that status to another, described as schismatic.
Despite these differences are difficult to overcome, relationships are partially relaxed in the twentieth century in an effort to ecumenism : the mutual anathemas were lifted on 7 December 1965 by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I , and the word schismatic is prohibited. Pope Benedict XVI continues today quite fruitful dialogue with the Orthodox Churches, including the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople , who was invited, for example, pronounce the homily during the Mass of the Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul, June 29, 2008. Moreover, the Patriarch of Moscow was first invited to speak before the Synod of Bishops in October 2008. Finally, the Patriarch of Moscow Alexy II visited the Cathedral Notre Dame de Paris in 2007 to venerate the relics of the Passion of Christ , which is a particularly strong gesture.
See also
http://membres.multimania.fr/historel/moyenage/11e/schisme.html
Related articles
Bibliography
- Michael Kaplan, "Byzantium and Rome: the Great Schism," in History, No. 51 (1982), p. 23-33;
- Lina Murr Nehme, 1453: Muhammad II requires the Orthodox schism, Franois-Xavier de Guibert, Paris , 2003, ( ISBN 2-86839-816-2 );
- Steven Runciman, The Eastern Schism: the papacy and the Eastern Churches, XI - XII centuries, Belles Lettres, coll. "History", Paris , 2005, ( ISBN 2-251-38072-8 ).
References
- Georges Duby: L'An Mil, Julliard, Paris, 1974 ( ISBN 2-07-032774-4 ) and The Age of Cathedrals: 980-1420, Gallimard, Paris, 1976 ( ISBN 207029286X )
- The apocryphal nature of the Donation of Constantine was soon proved in 1442 by the humanist Lorenzo Valla
- This is an allusion to a passage in the Gospel of Luke (9:6): "And if people do not get you, get out of that city, shake off the dust of your feet in testimony against them "(Translation King James Version )
- "No one at this time is aware that a lasting rift. Between 1054 and 1204, many approaches seek to restore communion" (Cheynet AD (eds.), The Byzantine World, Vol. II Paris, PUF, 2007) [ref. incomplete]
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