Sanskrit
| Sanskrit saskrtam | |
|---|---|
| Region | Indian world |
| Typology | inflectional |
| Classification by family | |
| |
| Official status | |
| Official language of | India |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | its |
| ISO 639-2 | san |
| ISO 639-3 | san |
| Sample | |
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change  | |
Sanskrit or Sanskrit History Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-European languages, in the branch Indo-Iranian , in the sub-branch of Indo-Aryan. Sanskrit has profoundly influenced the languages of northern India, like Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Marathi, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Nepali, even the Romany (Gypsy). His name saskrtam, which means "perfected," is fairly recent, the language has for centuries been simply designated by (VAC) or (sabda), "speech, language, Sanskrit is felt as the only possible language, some metaphorical designations as (grvabh), "language of gods", marked his character eminently religious. The first meaning of Sanskrit is that of "old Indo-Aryan" mother language that gave birth to a multitude of dialects and language is parallel to the sister of former Iranian (sub-branch as evidenced by both languages, the Avestan and Old Persian ), which separates it away. The study of several Indian languages, or Indo-Aryan mean, however, leads to wonder if, parallel to the Sanskrit, at least one other ancient Indo-Aryan could not coexist in Northern India in ancient times, including bequeathing in modern Hindi vocabulary and phonetic variants inherited from the core but not attested in Sanskrit, unless it is only level language (ie, fit to the caste of merchants). Based on documents found in countries Hittite and written in the other Indo-European language , including some Indo-Aryan words, common names (on horseback) and nouns (theonym), it is possible to determine a shape Indo-Aryan was spoken in the fourteenth century BC. BC West Asia. However, the certificates Indianisation Asia Minor in the Bronze Age, many linguists believe that this is not strictly speaking "old Indian" or Indo-Aryan, but a form of Indo-Iranian religious or cultural level close to the pre-Vedic. In other words, the emergence of the old-Indian would have been favored in a socio-cultural group who speak Indo-Iranian joint group made up of traders, mercenaries riders (the Mariyanu) Goldsmiths (lapis lazuli), not only immersed in Mesopotamia, but also in Egypt and Asia Minor, where they were associated with Assyrian merchants as to the groups of Hurrian areas subcaucasiennes down to Syria and Cilicia (empire of Mitanni in northern Syria, Cilicia Kizzuwatna of Luwian). The oldest form of Sanskrit attested in more tangible is called Vedic is the language in which are written the Vedas. There is only one Veda (knowledge) in the form of four volumes which Rig-Veda , or Veda hymns (Rig-), the oldest set of texts of Hinduism. However, it is extremely difficult to date the Rig-Veda itself, and thus the beginnings of the real history of the language Vedic scriptures, in fact, were primarily recited and learned by heart (they are of elsewhere yet). Linguists agree now discern several layers of history in the Vedic (at least two or three), according to the grammar, and style theonym. The first nine books of the Rig Veda contain in particular the so-called "ancient Vedic". This language is archaic and not very standardized one of the closest to the Indo-European languages, "Anatolian" apart (Hittite, Luwian particular), and it is valuable for comparative linguistics as the volume of its texts, the extent of its grammar and rich vocabulary suitable for the analysis. Vedic Sanskrit is the archaic form of Sanskrit in which the four Vedas (the Rig-Veda, the Yajur-Veda, the Sama-Veda and the Atharva-Veda) were composed (mostly based on the language have been written in "Vedic means" and "Vedic recent"). The Vedic Sanskrit differs from classical Sanskrit in a range comparable to the difference between Homeric Greek and Classical Greek. As an indication, it may indicate the main differences between the Vedic Sanskrit and Classical Sanskrit: A later form of Vedic already evolved (note the disappearance of the subjunctive, for example), forms a pre-classical Sanskrit, used around the fifth or fourth century BC. AD. We could talk to him of "Vedic newest terminal. That's what Pini Sanskrit, probably the first grammarian of the ancient world (although his structuralist approach can be the result of a legacy older), describes in phonological and grammatical, in a work of precision and a formal rigor unparalleled until modern linguistics develops much later. It attempts to describe in his treatise, the Adhyy, the language he speaks and highlights the specific formulas that consider the Vedic hymns, without actually saying that they are archaic. Language begins to normalize. In the third century BC. AD , the first Prakrit (or Prakriti, " The writings of the Sanskrit Long purely oral tradition, or perhaps gradually using logographic or ideographic symbols or syllabic signs (via acrophonic) related to religion, the Hindu religion did not need to set its text. It later that the use of the Brahmin , first ( semi-syllabary used for edicts of Ashoka ), and the multitude of scripts derived, is generalized to secular texts, and sacred. Each region of India uses writing that serves to rate their own language to write Sanskrit texts, the Sanskrit and has no writing of record and, especially, may be noted that various semi-syllabary must be able to represent some phonemes that they do not use otherwise. It can give an example of the versatility of Indian scripts with a single sentence Sanskrit noted in several spellings: In the early seventh century, at the time of the Dynasty of China Tang , when the great Chinese Buddhist scholar Xuanzang studied Buddhist Dharma in India and brought back to China hundreds of sutras and commentaries, the script used in India and the Buddhist texts was writing called Siddham, Xtn Chinese. These settlers British who, during their supremacy, imposed one of these entries, the Devanagari , also after the Brahmin. It is now that Devanagari is written mostly in Sanskrit in India and Western editions. In addition, by transmitting the Buddhism , the Sanskrit words have been adapted Chinese and then Japanese , whose records logographic demanding the creation of phonetic characters for the use or the use of characters regardless of their meaning, so the Sanskrit term Bodhisattva is notedwhich read probably drunk-bf-sat-Thwa in Chinese way (nowadays ptsdu, abbreviated(Pusa), whence also the French word poussah " toy rocking "and" fat man plump and good-natured). These characters alone (t), "pull" and (du), "compact soil" make sense, which was ousted in the compound for the benefit of sound, while and have never used that 'to the transcript and also have no meaning. Finally, the Tenth Congress of Orientalists settled in 1894 in Geneva, a transcript Latin nowadays is only used in Western academic literature. This same transcript, which increased somewhat, can also transcribe all other Indian languages, whether or not Indo-Aryan, using the same symbols. This transcript is described in detail in the article on the transcription of traditional languages of India. The study of the writing of the Indus civilization , based on seals and seal impressions "Harappan" dated third millennium BC, leading some researchers, including India, suggest that also expressed, not a Dravidian language (most common view), but at least on some documents indicating pre-Hindu rites explicit enough, an Indo-Iranian or Indo-Aryan. More recently, a linguist has also proposed, based on the frequency of characters and epigraphy compared to discern in the Cretan Minoan noted in Linear A (syllabic writing of the first half and the middle of the second millennium BC. JC Crete ) a language of the Indo-Iranian, whose level of religious language (applied to stone libation tables) is closely related to ancient Sanskrit Vedic (see references and links below). Theonym as the Indra, Asura, there would have their equivalents (I (n) tar, Asiri) that are reminiscent of those gods of the Mitanni and the pre-Islamic Iran. Sanskrit literature is one of the richest in the world, both through its extension in time and by the variety of subjects which it treats, it has fascinated many people outside of India. In France, the largest contributor to the knowledge of Sanskrit-speaking culture is indianist Louis Renou ( 1896 - 1966 ). An important reference book in French, very useful for knowledge of this culture, is India Classic Manual of Indian Studies (2 vols.), He ran with his colleague Jean Filliozat ( 1906 - 1982 ). Classical Sanskrit has 48 phonemes: Sanskrit is an inflected language. Verbs are conjugated in three voices ( active , middle , passive ), three modes ( indicative , optative , imperative ), four systems temporal and aspectual : and three persons. There are also forms for the infinitive and the gerund , as well as for different types of trials ( frequentative , causative , etc.).. The inflection uses prefixes , suffixes and infix , and the repetition and ablaut. The nouns and pronouns know three types ( male , female , neutral ), three numbers ( singular , dual , plural ) and eight cases ( nominative , accusative , instrumental , dative , ablative , genitive , rental and vocative ). The inflection uses the affixation and vowel alternation. The language has features agglutinating regarding the construction of compound words like the German. Word order in Sanskrit is relatively free with a tendency SOV. Grammars Lexicons Other articles 
That iva bless those who love the language of the gods. ( Kalidasa ) Study of the Sanskrit-speaking culture in France
Main Features
Phonology
Grammar
Morphology
Syntax
Bibliography
( ISBN 9782130358947 )
( ISBN 2-7200-1049-9 )
This book contains many Sanskrit words in Devanagari and transliteration Geneva.
See also
Internal Links
External Links
- [Pdf] French-Sanskrit Dictionary by Grard Huet
- [Pdf] Introduction to Sanskrit
- [Pdf] A Practical Introduction to Sanskrit
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