Saint Louis Missouri
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| From top to bottom and from left to right: St. Louis Cathedral , Art Museum of St. Louis , the arch of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial , Washington University , a statue of St. Louis and Forest Park. | ||
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| Signet | Flag | |
| Nickname: Gateway City, Gateway to the West "," Mound City " | ||
| Country |  United States | |
| State |  Missouri | |
| County | Independent city | |
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| Foundation | 1764 | |
| Contact | 38 38 '53 "North 90 12 '44 "West / 38.648056, -90.21222 | |
| Mayor | Francis G. Slay | |
| Area | 171.3 km | |
| Population ( 2005 ) | 354 361 inhabitants. | |
| Density | 2224 9 inhabitants / km | |
| Time Zone | Central ( UTC - -6/-5) | |
| Website | Browse | |
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St. Louis (English abstract in is an independent city in Missouri to the United States , named after Louis IX of France.
Located about 470 miles southwest of Chicago , the city has 354,361 inhabitants and Greater St. Louis is the main town of the largest urban area of Missouri and the 16th United States has 2,879,934 inhabitants 2008 (source: U.S. Census Bureau ). At its highest density in St. Louis hosted the World Fair of 1904 and the Summer Olympics of 1904.
In the nineteenth century, immigration coming from Italy , of Germany , of Bohemia , and Ireland flooded St. Louis, dye cuisine and architecture of the city. Many African-Americans headed north of the city during the Great Migration.
Summary |
History
Colonial period (XVII - XVIII centuries)
In the seventeenth century, the Saint-Louis is explored by the French. In 1673 , Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi River, a few years later, Cavelier de la Salle descends the river to its mouth. The latter takes possession of the valley in the baptizing "Louisiana" in honor of Louis XIV. The northern region of Louisiana is also known as Upper Louisiana or Illinois Country. A French settlement was founded in 1699 near the site of Cahokia. The French built a series of forts ( Fort de Chartres , Kaskaskia , Prairie du Rocher ). Catholic priests establish a mission near the present site of St. Louis in 1703.
The town was officially founded by the French merchant Pierre Laclede - Laclede Ligueste or Peter - and his young assistant and son-in- New Orleans Auguste Chouteau on 15 February 1764. In 1765 , St. Louis became the capital of Upper Louisiana. Between 1766 and 1768 , is administered by the Lieutenant Governor French Louis St. Ange de Bellerive. But the Treaty of Paris signed on 10 February 1763, enshrines the French defeat in the Seven Years' War : France lost many territories in North America, including the eastern bank of the Mississippi is ceded to the United Kingdom. As for the west bank of the river, she returns to Spain. After 1768 , St. Louis, is controlled by the Spanish governors and continues even after the signing of the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso , on 1 October 1800 , which returns the territory to France. On 18 January 1803 , Napoleon Bonaparte , then consul for life, decides not to keep this vast territory. Louisiana was sold to the young United States on April 30 1803 against the sum of 80 million francs (15 million). American sovereignty comes into force on 20 December 1803 (see note of the Louisiana Purchase ).
The expansion in the nineteenth century
St. Louis is part of the United States since 1803 , at which time it had about 1000 inhabitants. The following year, the famous Lewis and Clark expedition from St. Louis and explores the American West to the Pacific coast. The men are back on 23 September 1806 , after a long journey that subsequently initiated the conquest of the West. The heyday of steamboats opened in 1817 when Zebulon Pike arrived in the city. St. Louis became the last port on the Mississippi, which is in the middle of the nineteenth century , the second port of the United States behind that of New York. Missouri officially became a U.S. state in 1820 and St. Louis is the most populous city.
In 1849 , an outbreak of cholera and a major fire hit the city. Following these two disasters, the municipal authorities decided to impose a code of planning and improve wastewater management. The population grew so quickly through the immigration of German families, Irish and Italian: in 1860 there were 160 000 inhabitants, while the city has only been one hundred years.
The Civil War (1861-1865) affects the economy of the port, although the arsenals produce warships for the Union. On 4 July 1876 , the city of St. Louis vote splitting with the rural county of St. Louis and became an independent municipality (independent city). During the second half of the nineteenth century , St. Louis provides the nation with a series of businessmen and celebrities ( Sara Teasdale , TS Eliot , Tennessee Williams ) that the reputation of the city and several companies are based (the company Ralston Purina- , Anheuser-Busch , International Shoe and Brown Shoe Company ). With Chicago and New York, St. Louis acquires the first skyscraper : the Wainwright Building , designed by architect Louis Sullivan out of the ground in 1892. Nikola Tesla made a public demonstration of radio communication in 1893. The city is hit by a tornado in 1896 which destroyed several neighborhoods, causing the deaths of 255 people.
XX century
According to the census of 1900 , St. Louis is the fourth most populous city in the U.S. . In 1904 , it hosts a World's Fair and the Third Olympic Games of the modern era. During the Great Depression , the destitute gather in the largest Hooverville in the country which had about 1,000 people . St. Louis is experiencing a significant industrialization. The diffusion of the automobile allows suburbs spread around the center. The middle classes begin to flee the town, so it loses half of its population between 1950 and 2000. The project planning Pruitt-Igoe (1955-1972) was a failure.
XXI century
In 2010, the city has about 360,000 inhabitants and is ranked this year as the city's most dangerous U.S. 2 100 acts of criminal origins for 100 000 inhabitants while the national average is around 430 .
Geography
The city is built on a site of low-lying terraces overlooking the banks of the Mississippi , just south of the confluence between the river and its tributary the Missouri. The River of the Fathers and the Meramec will also converge. Area have the appearance of grasslands and fertile floodplains. The geological structure is of type karst with caves and springs. The region is rich in coal , clay , limestone and dolomite , which provide building materials.
St. Louis is on a fault that is exposed to earthquakes, generally low. Seismologists say a quake of magnitude 6 can happen by 2040 and could do significant damage in the city.
Climate
The climate in St. Louis is like Continental , because the city lies within the North American continent. In the absence of nearby mountain barrier, it suffers the influence of air masses in polar winter and tropical in summer. The annual temperature range is 26.1 C . Average temperatures recorded at the airport station are 13.5 C over the year. Annual rainfall of about 980 millimeters. Winters are rather cold and dry (- 6 C in January), spring is watered, the summers are hot and humid (32 C in July). The Indian summer can last until late November. The record low was recorded - -30 C, the maximum temperature of 47.2 C. The last two heat waves (1995 and 1999) have killed hundreds of people. , a historical level in 228 years . The wall of protection against floods up to 16 m and constructed to contain the water volume of the largest flood of the Mississippi occurred in 1844 , managed to narrowly avoid an overflow.
Natural Environment
Before the founding of the city by the French, the St. Louis area was covered by prairie and forest of oak , serviceberry , Dogwood and Maple. The plane of the West grew on the banks of rivers. There are still a part of primary forests in the Forest Park.
The fauna consists of coyotes , deer , gray squirrels , possums. In parks, we can observe the Canada goose , the mallard , the great egret and the great heron. The Gulls often follow the barges on the Mississippi River. The bald eagles and many species of amphibians ( Bufo americanus ) and insects ( Cicadidae , Coccinellidae , mosquitoes) inhabit the river banks. St. Louis is in the path of migratory birds that can be observed at Tower Grove Park.
The metropolitan area of St. Louis is the 18th in population, with a total of 2,764,054 inhabitants in 2004.
Neighborhoods
The city of St. Louis consists of 79 neighborhoods that are not necessarily administrative entities:
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Economy
The city concentrates the headquarters of various companies: Anheuser-Busch , founded in 1852, has many beverage brands ( Budweiser ), Energizer Holdings , the chain of fast food restaurant Hardee's ... The group distributes a portion of its profits in the form of donations associations in the region (ten million dollars in 2007) The Saint Louis is also home to Monsanto , the company famous multinational company specializing in biotechnology plant. The car rental company Rent-A-Car is headquartered in Clayton. There are also the direction of McDonnell Douglas and the company Sabreliner. The city has a regional office of the Federal Reserve of the United States.
Despite the deindustrialization that hit St. Louis, the city still has several factories in various sectors: automotive production units ( DaimlerChrysler in Fenton , General Motors in Wentzville and Ford in Hazelwood ). The pharmaceutical sector and health benefits from synergies with the School of Medicine, Washington University.
Between 1982 and 2001, the Lambert-St.Louis International Airport is the hub of the main airline TWA. In 2001, after the bankruptcy of the company and its merger with American Airlines , the number of flights serving St.Louis decreased significantly.
Education
Higher Education
Monuments
There are many museums and monuments in St. Louis: The City Museum (City Museum) offers a wide variety of exhibitions. The home of Eugene Field is located in the downtown, that of Scott Joplin , too. The museum of the history of Missouri (Missouri History Museum) has among other topics the Lewis and Clark Expedition or the display of 1904. The Fox Theatre on Grand Boulevard has a frontage of Byzantine style.
There are several churches in the city, but most important is the Cathedral Basilica ("New Cathedral"). It is built in the Byzantine style and Romanesque Revival. The interior is decorated with one of the largest programs of mosaics in the world.
The St. Louis Cathedral (1834), also known as the Old Cathedral (Old Cathedral) is the oldest Catholic cathedral west of the Mississippi. It is located next to the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. The area of the hill ( The Hill ) is an old Italian neighborhood. The Soulard Market district is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city (1779-1842).
The Jefferson National Expansion Memorial is a symbol of the city built near the place of departure of the Lewis and Clark expedition, it was classified National Memorial December 21, 1935. It is managed by the National Park Service (NPS). The ark was built in 1954 and symbolizes the gateway to the West. This park commemorates the purchase of French Louisiana by the United States, the establishment of the first cathedral west of the Mississippi and the debate over slavery raised by Dred Scott Sandford. It lies on the banks of the Mississippi, and houses the Museum of Westward Expansion. It is visited each year by four million people. The great arch measuring 192 meters tall and was designed by Finnish architect Eero Saarinen. Tourists can reach the top to get the best view of St. Louis.
Twinning
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Lyon ( France ) since 1975 (due to the same physical configuration of these two cities located at the confluence of two large rivers) -
Stuttgart ( Germany ) -
Bologna ( Italy ) -
Galway ( Ireland ) -
Bogord ( Indonesia ) Sub-model used for the maintenance of the model {{}} Pairing via the linked pages. Submodel used for maintenance of the model {{}} Pairing via the linked pages . -
Nanjing ( China ) -
Samara ( Russia ) -
Suwa ( Japan ) Sub-model used for the maintenance of the model {{}} Pairing via the linked pages. Submodel used for maintenance of the model {{}} Pairing via the linked pages . -
Szczecin ( Poland )
Celebrities
- TS Eliot , poet
- Tennessee Williams
- William S. Burroughs
- Shelley Winters , actress
- Grace Bumbry , opera singer
- Naomi Shihab Nye , poet
- Nelly , rapper
- Randy Orton , wrestling (wrestler) in WWE
- Evan Bourne , wrestler (wrestler) in WWE
Born in St. Louis
- 1838 : Kate Field , a journalist and actress ( 1896 )
- 1859 : Francis Finn , a writer for Catholic Youth
- 1906 : Josephine Baker , singer ( 1975 )
- 1911 : Vincent Price , actor ( 1993 )
- 1916 : Betty Grable , actress ( 1973 )
- 1920 : Clark Terry , jazz
- 1922 : Redd Foxx , actor ( 1991 )
- 1926 : Chuck Berry , singer, guitarist and composer of rock'n'roll
- 1929 : Moses Gunn , actor ( 1993 )
- 1936 : John Danforth , politician
- 1941 : Dick Gephardt , politician
- 1942 : Marsha Mason , actress
- 1945 : Katherine Neville , writer
- 1947 :
- Ann Peebles , soul singer
- Kevin Kline , actor
- 1980 : Chingy , rapper
- 1983 : Matthew Korklan , wrestler wwe
- 1993 : Taylor Momsen , Actress / singer / model
1979: Murphy Lee, rapper
Sports
See also
Notes
- census.gov
- U.S. Census Bureau - Table 13. Population Of The 100 Largest Urban Places: 1900.
- http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab13.txt
- Denise Artaud , America is in crisis. Roosevelt and the New Deal, Paris, Armand Colin, 1987, ( ISBN 2200371160 ), p.28
- St. Louis is the most dangerous city in the U.S. , American 24, 22 November 2010.
- New Data Confirms Strong Earthquake Risk to Central U.S. | LiveScience
- Jean-Paul Amat , Lucien Doriz , Charles The Heart , Emmanuelle Gautier , Elements of Physical Geography, Paris, Bre, al. Grand Amphi, 2002, ISBN 2-7495-0021-4
- (en) The Mississippi River Flood of 1993 . Retrieved on 2007-10-23
- (en) Missouri Historical Society, " The Founding of St. Louis ' National Park Service . Retrieved on 2007-10-23
- (en) Charlotte Mikolajczak, " St. Louis, home of Bud, was the hangover 'to' Courrier International ', La Libre Belgique. Published on 16 July 2008 , accessed 21 July 2008
Bibliography
Internal Links
- List of bishops and archbishops of St. Louis
- Metro-East
- Planetarium James S. McDonnell
- Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra
External Links
- (En) Articles in French St. Louis
- (In) Official Website of the Municipality
- (In) Tourist
- (In) Regional Chamber
- (In) Tourism
- Maps and aerial photos: 38 37 '40 "N 90 14' 34" W / 38.627718, -90.242806
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