Revolt Canuts
The revolt of the silk workers in Lyon ( France ) in November 1831 , was the second social insurrection characterized the early era of heavy industry. She was preceded in 1819 , riots in Vienna when the introduction of new looms, crushed by the regiments of the line: the weavers break new weaving machines invented by Jacquard , for these machines and compete deprive them of their livelihood.
Summary |
The context: the organization of production of silk in Lyon in the early nineteenth century
In the early nineteenth century , the textile is the main industrial activity . The workshops are mostly settled in the houses of the slopes of the Croix-Rousse, but also to St. George in Old Lyon , Bourgneuf (Pierre Scize) The Guillotire and Vaise. One type of industrial factory, the factory of silk Sauvagre , employing 600 workers, were at Saint-Rambert-l'le-Barbe , now the northern district of Lyon. The production of silk, like any luxury activity, is highly subject to economic fluctuations. Much of the demand comes from North America, and is very sensitive to competition. Under the Empire , the government has accepted - or at least tolerated - the introduction, at certain times of regulated prices in the factory in Lyon. This resulted in an increase in wages. After the economic crisis of 1825 , the silk weavers and their companions, encouraged by Catholics, have established mutual aid societies, while the professional nature associations ( unions ) are prohibited by law The Hatter. In 1831 , the economy is sluggish and weighed on demand for silks. The weakness of activity causes the workers' wages down. Since the best years of the Empire , wages have fallen sharply. On 18 October 1831 , the silk workers are asking the Prefect of the Rhone , Louis Bouvier-Dumolart , play the intermediary for manufacturers to establish a tariff for limiting the price decline. The warden meets once a commission of employers and workers who sets a tariff on Oct. 26 and gives the Industrial Tribunal the responsibility for supervising the application. But the intervention of the prefect was frowned upon by a number of manufacturers that take their attitude to demagogy, and the concessions of their representatives for signs of weakness: 104 of them, invoking the principles of the Revolution , which including the Le Chapelier Law and Order Allarde of 1791 , enshrined the principle of non-state intervention in labor relations, refused to apply the tariff, which they denounce as an impediment to economic freedom and rejected as exorbitant claims of silk workers in wages ( 10 November 1831). This attitude caused the uprising of the workers on November 21. On 21 November 1831 , hundreds of weavers roam the Red Cross , which is then an independent city . They force those who are still working to stop their looms, upset the National Guard , draw up barricades and march on Lyon, black flag at the top. On November 22 , Lyon, workers are taking over the barracks of the Good Shepherd, looting the armories. Several guard of the army or the National Guard were attacked and burned. The infantry is trying in vain to stop them, then back under the tiles and bullets, while the National Guard, many of whose members are recruited among the silk workers, going on with the rioters. After a tough battle - about 600 people including some 100 dead and 263 wounded on the military side, and 69 dead and 140 wounded civilian side - the rebels gained control of the town fleeing in the night of 22 to 23 November The general Roguet , commander of the 7th military division, and the mayor, Victor Heal. Insurgents beware of any looting. They occupy the Hotel de Ville, but their leaders, who were "gone on strike" that to obtain the correct application of the collective agreement, do not know what to do with their victory. An insurrectionary committee formed under the impetus of some Republicans, but do not take concrete measures for lack of a real program and also support the silk workers, who refuse to see their movement recovered for political purposes. In Paris, the news of the riots and the takeover of France's second city by the insurgents cause amazement and dismay. In the House, the Opposition, led by Francis Mauguin , a beautiful game to stigmatize the incompetence of the department, while the chairman, Casimir Perier , whose government has set a first goal of restoring public order after the agitation of the Three Glorious Days , Lyon blamed the troubles on the propaganda of Saint-Simon and led supporters of Charles X. As for Louis Philippe , he had no doubt that the revolt is the result of republican conducted . On November 25 , Perier expressed in the House of Deputies: he announces that the Duke of Orleans , eldest son of the king and Marshal Soult , War Minister, put themselves at the head of an army of 20,000 men to regain Lyon. Louis-Philippe 's commitment to the firm, but prohibits them from resorting to executions . It is very critical vis--vis the prefect but remains cautious about the rate . On November 28 , the Duke of Orleans , son of King Louis-Philippe , and Marshal Soult moved to Trvoux where they wait for calm to return in Lyon. They return in the December 3 , bloodless , without negotiation, without obligation of any nature whatsoever. The tariff is canceled, the warden removed, dissolved the National Guard, placed a large garrison in the city. The government decided to build a fort, to separate the Red Cross in the city of Lyon. 90 workers were arrested, 11 of which will be pursued: they will be paid in June 1832. Soult reports to the king of complete success of his mission : it does not fail to attribute the cheers that were heard in "recognition for the king and the prince and the silences" an expression of sadness which was obviously the testimony of repentance "and noted that all authorities have come" to pay their respects to Bishop "and that all were" very good speech, except the Archbishop , which merely said he had nothing but prayers to do " . Between 17 and 20 December 1831 , the opposition left-wing tries to bounce the case of Lyon in the House of Deputies. Casimir Perier said that wanted to arm Revolt "against the freedom of trade and industry" and said December 26 that "society will not allow itself to threaten with impunity. "The vast majority of members approve the action of the department and proceeded to the agenda, ignoring protests and without giving effect to the investigation request by the member of the extreme left of Eusebius Salverte. After the failed uprising of 1831 , Republicans have sent to Paris Lyon emissaries who have created a network of secret societies, often in close association with the guild artisans of the silk. In late 1833 , the government never expected a new insurrection in Lyon, to the extent that the economy is good and where the Lyon silk industry was buzzing . Yet, the Republicans will maneuver skillfully to create an insurrection by resting on a pay dispute emerged in February among the workers of the plush. The employers finds that the good economic situation has increased excessively workers' wages and imposed on them down. The result is a conflict, strikes, whose leaders are arrested and brought to justice. Their trial begins on April 5 , when the House of Lords debating a law to tighten repression against Republican Association (See Section Broad laws under the July Monarchy ). The Republicans managed to create an amalgam between political associations, which are actually covered by this text, and membership organizations to which workers are very attached silk workers of Lyon. Also, the April 9 , thousands of artisans are rising while the leaders enact "agendas" they do not hesitate to date "22 Germinal Year XLII of the Republic." The army occupied the city and bridges. Soon the first shootings broke out with the troupe, which draws on the unarmed crowd. Immediately, the streets are covered with barricades. Organized workers stormed the barracks of the Good Shepherd and barricade themselves in neighborhoods by making real armed camps, like La Croix-Rousse. This is the beginning of the " bloody week ". Adolphe Thiers , Minister of Interior, will apply a tactic he republished in 1871 to crush the Paris Commune : withdraw from the city to abandon the insurgents, the circle, then resume. On April 10 , new shootings took place with the troops. Insurgents seize the telegram . 10,000 insurgents taken prisoner will be tried in a "monster trial in Paris in April 1835 and will be sentenced to deportation or heavy prison sentences. A third uprising will take place in February 1848 after the abdication of Louis-Philippe and the proclamation of the Republic. The Voracious take possession of the City Hall , the Prefecture and the forts of the Red Cross. The same Voracious lead a fourth uprising in June 1849 , echoing the Republican Parisian uprising (see Day June 13, 1849 ). Bounded on the suburb Croix-Rousse, she will be violently suppressed by the army. The revolt of the silk industry was born in working-class consciousness a sense of real community of interest. And it is the starting point of a protest era, the physical and mental distress of the workers in this period of capitalism was born accentuate, as evidenced by the famous memory of Dr. Louis Rene Villerm at the Academy of Moral Sciences and policies. The revolt of the silk industry has influenced the great movements of social thought: the Saint-Simon , Karl Marx , Fourier , Proudhon or certain players social Catholicism as Frederic Ozanam and Antoine Chevrier. The workers' revolts Lyon continued to shake the city. During the summer of 1869 , 2000 workers " oval "went on strike to demand increased wages and reduced working time . The strike, which lasted two months, marked the awakening of women in politics and the labor movement. A few years later, in 1899 , is a town steeped in its past workman Rochebillard Marie-Louise gave birth to the first female unions . After the riots, some silky looking to occur elsewhere in the city. The migration of jobs to rural areas is increasing (in rural areas, the home business is a supplement to income from land). The workers are scattered, outsourcers and avoid the risk of rebellion. In 1851 , the Marshal of Castellane does not want to repeat the capture of Forts Lyon by rioters. So he removed the troops but not much. It creates the camp Sathonay , a few kilometers from the Red Cross. The railway between Sathonay and Croix-Rousse (the Online Lyon - Trvoux ) completes the device in 1861. The revolt of the silk weavers of November 1831
The origins of the crisis
Insurrection (21-24 November 1831)
Regaining control
The second insurgency canuts (April 1834)
The Voracious uprisings (1848 and 1849)
Impact
After the revolts
Notes
Bibliography
Related articles
External Links
References
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