Real Presence
Transubstantiation is literally transforming a substance into another. The term means, some Christians (especially Catholics), the transformation of bread and wine into flesh and blood of Christ during the Eucharist.
On the religious, Christians Catholic Roman , Armenian and Maronite use the term "transubstantiation" to explain that in the Eucharist , the bread and wine , by the consecration of the Mass are "really, really and substantially" transformed or converted into body and blood of Christ , while maintaining their physical characteristics or species (texture, taste, smell: appearances) initials.
Summary |
The substance is what exists by itself (ipsum esse subsistens). Thus, the shape of a hat is not the hat itself, nor its color, size, texture or any other sensible property. This is the cap itself (its " substance ") which has a shape, color, size, texture while being distinct from those properties. Contrary to appearances or accidents , the substance can be perceived through the senses. The substance is one of ten categories of being defined by Aristotle (a substance and nine accidents ).
When Jesus said during the Last Supper : "This is my body," which he holds in his hands has the appearance of bread, but according to Roman Catholic doctrine, the substance of the bread has been converted into Christ's flesh. So it's really his body, even if appearances accessible to the senses or to scientific studies remain those of bread. The same conversion occurs at every celebration of the Eucharist.
- "By the consecration of bread and wine effects the change of the whole substance of bread into the substance of the body of Christ our Lord and of the whole substance of wine into the substance of his blood and this change, the Catholic Church rightly and properly called transubstantiation. "(Council of Trent, quoted in the Encyclical Ecclesia de Eucharistia , 2003, Ch.1 15)
They talk about "real presence". In this connection, the Eucharistic presence of Christ begins at the consecration and endures as long as the sacred species (bread and wine) remain. Hence the cult of the Blessed Sacrament , which undergo rapid development during the Baroque period. We consider that Christ is truly present in the Blessed Sacrament.
In the writings of Hippolytus of Rome , he is asked to show a special reverence for the sacrament. Belief in transsubtantiation was shared by several apostles of the early centuries of Christianity. The consecration of nuns to Jesus in the Eucharist at the time of Cyprian of Carthage attests to the antiquity of this doctrine. Augustine says: "Let no one eats that flesh without first adoring it; ... we should sin were we not to adore it. "
History
According to Chesterton
The concept is opposed to the simple consubstantiation defended by some Transubstantiation for other churches The Orthodox Church and the Churches of the three councils , as well as the Assyrian Apostolic Church of the East , admit that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ. However, they generally do not go as far into philosophical speculation on the theory of transubstantiation and speak rather of "mystery". Fearing to deviate from the truth by trying to guess too much detail, they prefer the term "change" (in Greek ) bread and wine. Orthodox theologians usually use the term that refers to a change metousiosis mystical essence not only of bread and wine, but also among those who share the Eucharist. During the reign of Henry VIII, the official teaching of the Anglican Church was the same as the Roman Catholic Church. With his son, Edward VI, the Anglican Church came closer to Protestant theology and opposed to transubstantiation. Elizabeth I approved of the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion that marked the difference between the Anglican and Roman doctrines: "Transubstantiation (or change the substance of bread and wine) at the last supper of Christ, can not be proved by the Scriptures, but it is inconsistent with the terms of the Gospel, it destroys the nature of the sacrament and has given rise to many superstitions. " Anglicans do not generally feel bound by doctrines which, according to the News, "can not be found in Scripture or proved by them." Therefore, some Anglicans (especially Anglo-Catholics ) accept transubstantiation while others reject it. Archbishop John Tillotson denounced its "barbaric", whereas impious to believe that the faithful who participate in communion "eat and drink really natural flesh and blood of Christ." Some recent authors agree, however, the Anglican doctrine of transubstantiation, or avoiding the term itself, speak of an "objective presence" of Christ in the Eucharist. Others argue ideas close to consubstantiation , a position held by the Protestant Reformed Churches. The Lutherans believe that in the Eucharist, the body and blood of Jesus Christ are objectively present "in, under and with the form" of bread and wine in propane, propane sub, cum pane ( Formula of Concord of 1577). Luther explicitly rejected transubstantiation by saying that the bread and wine remain bread and wine fully while being fully flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. He stressed the real presence (and not symbolic or figurative) of Christ in the Eucharist. His doctrine, however, must be distinguished from consubstantiation in the strict sense: the body and blood of Christ, according to Luther and his successors are not so local content in bread and wine. Substances are not united permanently, but only in the sacrament, hence the term "sacramental union". Many Protestant churches believe that the communion symbolically commemorates the Last Supper of Christ with his disciples ( Ulrich Zwingli ) or that its celebration takes its importance in the meaning it takes the eyes of a believer ("transignification). Some Protestants believe that any doctrine of the Real Presence is the idolatry , because it would venerate the bread and wine as if it was God. Others, like churches Presbyterian , believe the real presence but without resorting to explain transubstantiation. Presbyterianism restrained classical doctrine Calvinist presence "tire" the bread and wine feed the body of the communicant, while the body of Christ spiritually nourishes his soul. However, when the Presbyterian Church USA, has signed an agreement with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, both affirmed their belief in the real presence. The Latter-day Saints celebrate the Eucharist by taking bread and water in remembrance of Christ's atoning sacrifice. The broken bread represents the broken flesh and the water represents the blood that was shed to atone for the sins of mankind (1 Cor 11:23-25, D & C 27:2). The wine was replaced by water, but the meaning remains the same (D & C 27:2). The Joseph Smith Translation of Matthew 26:26,28 gives this: "... This is in remembrance of my body ... This is in remembrance of my blood "(italics added). Eastern Churches
Anglicanism
Lutheranism
Other Protestants
Mormonism
See also
References
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