Radical Critique

The radical critique is a branch of philology. It examines the origins and sources of text. The radical critique applies to all "founding texts, whether the Iliad or the Odyssey , the Bible , the Koran or the Dao De Jing attributed to Lao Zi. In the West, this work enjoyed a certain notoriety because of the theological-political consequences it had on Western Christianity.

The radical critique focuses particularly on the sources that contributed to the document and determines who was the author, date and place of composition of the text. It also looks to external sources of texts ^{Criticism of sources and radical critique of the Bible}

Originally, the radical critique was referring to the practice of a group of biblical scholars in Germany serving in Tbingen , including:

• Friedrich Schleiermacher ( 1,768 - 1834 );
• David Strauss ( 1,808 - one thousand eight hundred seventy-four );
• Ludwig Feuerbach ( 1804 - 1872 ).

which began in the late ^eighteenth century and early ^nineteenth century to analyze historical archives of the Middle East in the ^first century of the common era and time Bible of the Old Testament , looking for confirmation independent of the events recounted in the Bible. Their intellectual genealogy lies in Locke , Hume , Kant , Lessing , Fichte , Hegel , and the rationalist French.

These ideas, developed in Germany by Graf and Wellhausen , traveled to England with Coleridge and more with English translations by George Eliot in the life of Jesus by Strauss ( 1846 ) and Feuerbach's Essence of Christianity ( 1854 ). The Life of Jesus ( 1863 ) by Ernest Renan ( 1823 - 1892 ), continued the same tradition.

Three years before the publication of the Life of Jesus, liberal theologians Anglicans began the process of integration of this critical history in the field of Christian doctrine in Essays and Reviews ( 1860 ). In Catholicism , The Gospel and the Church ( 1902 ) by Alfred Loisy designed to refute the Essence of Christianity, a lecture published by Adolph von Harnack , less inspired than Renan, revealed to the public the modernist crisis ( 1902 - 1961 ).

With the work of scientists or theologians as Rudolf Bultmann , the radical critique of the Bible has been used for "demythologize. This type of work is perceived as a threat by some branches of Christianity's most traditional and recent trends Judaism who read the Bible in the historical foundations of Israel.

Convictions dogmatic method of radical

Among Catholics, Pope Leo XIII condemned the "errors of rationalism and the radical critique" in the encyclical Deus Providentissimus of 1893 , which will allow Merry del Val to excommunicate Alfred Loisy. Pope Pius X denounced him, the radical critique in his apostolic constitution Lamentabili.

Some fundamentalists , in Protestantism and Judaism, decreed that a radical critique is heretical because they claim that the Bible is the word of God instilled in the patriarchs, prophets and apostles.

Jewish academics and liberal Christians responded by stating that belief in God has nothing to do with the belief that a text, namely the Bible or the Gospels , has more a writer. Moreover, they emphasize the circular reasoning that is to use biblical statements to "prove" the authenticity or historicity of the Bible.

Origins of Islam and the Koran

We first highlight the ambiguity of the term critical means both:

• degrading the charge,
• the work of researchers seeking to identify the body of literature sources such religious or not, and build history.

For the former, see the feature article, critic of Islam. The current section of this article is only interested in aspects of philosophical, historical, theological set.

Apart from the traditional criticism or canonical exegesis , the radical critique of the origins of Islam and the genealogy of the Quran begins in the late ^nineteenth century but it is outside the circle of scholars with the 1977 publication of work of John Wansbrough as the Quranic studies and The Sectarian Milieu ; his theory that later called "the deconstructionist school" or "hypercritical" states that the Qur'an is the compilation of a series of logia. This line is, mutatis mutandis, that followed by Youssef Seddik , the axis of criticism:

• the hadiths collections of traditionalists most famous and most played ( Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, and many others). He notes that the circumstances of revelation or compilation are contradictory. It concludes with a reconstruction of the Koran during the compilation of Uthman , highlighting the disappearance of the Koran Hafsa , transcribed in leaves, which was burned after the death of the wife of Mohammed;
• stresses borrowing patterns of stories to books popular at the time as the Alexander Romance of Pseudo-Callisthenes example in this Surah when Moses, accompanied by a young servant retraced his steps to find the fish provided for lunch and was resurrected then left towards the water.

With refinement of study and reflection, school philological theories developed with researchers such as Gerd Puin , Manfred Kropp who will work on biblical sources of the Qur'an ( Old and New Testament ). In particular, Manfred Kropp assistant to his field of study of epigraphy Nabataean , Aramaic , Ge'ez and Arabic , this led him to raise the possibility of entering the Koran texts from a bible Ethiopia, the existence of a proto-Quran as suggested by the study of inscriptions engraved on the inside of the dome of the Mosque of Omar . He understands that this text, which differs from the version of the Vulgate uthmanienne on semantic and grammatical points, from a text sufficiently official to have been carved into the dome.

The historical-critical exegesis of the Koran came out in public with two events:

• Case of Sana'a Qur'an , in which the Yemeni government to withdraw ^Dr. Gerd Puin permission to study a manuscript found in the attic of the Mosque of Sana'a. This document in writing Hijazi has the distinction of showing a text prior to the compilation of Uthman with a different order of verses and a few minor changes in the text.
• the publication of the work of Christoph Luxenberg : Die Syro-Aramische Lesart the Koran: Ein Beitrag zur der Entschlsselung Koransprache (2004, Verlag Hans Schiler) . His thesis is a spell in the myth of the "Arab inimitable" or the "clear Arabic" the Koran. Indeed, even the traditionalists recognized as Tabari acknowledge the difficulties posed by certain statements of the Koran. For each statement that could not find adequate clarification of the traditionalists in the collections of canonical exegesis , he tries to consider it not as a statement in Arabic, but as a statement in the Syro-Aramaic, a language close to Syriac ; each of its interventions clarify the problem and provide solutions to issues left pending from the traditionalists. This book gives the news to the work of Alphonse Mingana who saw the sources of the Koran written in Syriac a cult antitrinitarian as it existed at the time and quantities after dogmatization of Christianity.

School Semitic rhetoric, represented by Michel Cuypers pfj, University of Leuven, working on the comparison between the structure of narratives of Bible and the Koran. The only reservation that he has found so far deals with the methodology relied heavily on the retroversion (as regards the Bible).

References

Bibliography

about Christianity

• (En) (de) (nl) Dutch Radikal Kritik the link on the French part of the site but different content published in German or Dutch is even more significant that the French speaking part. Library, it is still possible to find the seminal book by Gustav Adolph Van den Bergh van Eysinga Die Radikale Kritik des Neuen hollndisch Testaments, Jena, 1912.
• The Life of Jesus by Ernest Renan
• Journal of Higher Criticism (English)
• Catholic Encyclopedia article "Biblical Criticism (Higher)" (in English) This article is an excellent example of turn of mind developed by the modernist crisis , the Catholic Encyclopedia published his text in 1908, fully modernist crisis.

on the Koran

• Review of Jacqueline Chebbi , the legend of Muhammad , Lord of the tribes. The Islam of Muhammad., Paris , Noesis, 1997.
• Jacqueline Chabbi Quran decrypted: Biblical Figures in Saudi, Fayard.
• Alfred-Louis de Prmare , The Foundations of Islam: Between writing and history, Seuil.
• Alfred-Louis de Prmare, The Origins of the Koran, issues of yesterday, today's approaches, Tetrahedron, 2010.
• Michel Cuypers , Rhetoric Semitic texts from the Bible and the Islamic Tradition (Collective), CERF.
• Youssef Seddik , The Koran, another reading, another translation Barzakh Publishing / Earthscan.
• Christoph Luxenberg, The Syro Aramaic Reading Of The Koran, translated, revised and enlarged his earlier book (2007) online book
• David Sidersky, The origins of the legends in the Muslim Koran and in the lives of the prophets, Geuthner, Paris, 1933.

See also

• Biblical exegesis
• System Graft-Wellhausen
• Quest for the Historical Jesus
• Pontifical Biblical Commission
• History of research on the Pentateuch

External Links

• The thesis of the Koran "created".

• Portal religions and beliefs

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