Publius Sulpicius Quirinius
Publius Sulpicius Quirinius (synonym: Cirinus, Cyrenius in Ancient Greek ) (? - 21 AD.), was born in Lanuvium (30 km south of Rome) Biography As we learn from Tacitus , Sulpicius Quirinius was not for the family patrician of Sulpicii, but had more modest origins, it is representative of those notable Italian experiencing strong upward mobility in the late Republic and early principate. The first action that we do know about Quirinius was the war he waged against the Marmarides during his government of the province of Cyrenaica. The date is uncertain but is generally placed before his consulate, about 20 BC. BC or 15 BC. AD . This military action seems to take after that, better known by Cornelius Balbus the cons Garamantes . It earned him a sizable fame and the nickname of Marmaricus (winner of Marmarides). In 12 BC. AD , because of distinguished service, administrative and military, he had rendered to the State, Caesar Augustus to the rank of consul. He then led a successful campaign against a people of Cilicia (located in present-day Turkey), Homonades ; rewarded by the Emperor: Quirinius received the insignia of triumph. In 1 BC. AD , he was given as advice, rector, the young Gaius Caesar. During the exile of Tiberius to Rhodes , between 6 av. AD and 2 , it seems that Quirinius was shown to be close to him and Tiberius has demonstrated its compliance. Tiberius praised this action posthumously during the sitting of the Roman Senate decided that its public funeral. Between years 2 to 4 m. Aemilia Lepida , then repudiated it, which gave rise to a lawsuit twenty years after the repudiation, the trial which is known to us by Suetonius and Tacitus. Lepida was a descendant of Sulla and Pompey. From 6 to 9 , he was sent to Syria , with the title of legate of Augustus , propraetor (Legatus Augusti), as governor of this province imperial consulate. At this time he was ordered to identify the Judea , which had been held in the province of Syria by the deposition of Archelaus. The historian Flavius Josephus (Book Chapter XVIII. III) is the governor of Syria Cyrenius thirty-seven years after the battle of Actium , which took place September 2 31 BC. AD , this census has taken place in 6 AD. Conduct a census when the province falls under the direct administration of Rome is attested by a procedure elsewhere that provoked the revolt of Judas the Galilean (see Acts ). The Gospel according to Luke speaks of the census of Judea , which took place while Quirinius was governor of Syria. It is during this period Luke was born Jesus Christ. In 16 , Quirinus in Rome, where Marcus Drusus Libo Scribonius his ally by his wife Aemilia Lepidi, present at Tiberius 's request for clemency . Libo, "as stupid as noble" according to Seneca, was accused of plotting a coup. Tacitus devotes a long trial of this descendant of Pompey . Grace was not accepted by Tiberius, who claimed to rely on the Senate: Libo ends up committing suicide. In 20 came the accusation against his wife Lepida Quirinius. Complex trial that earned him unpopularity and where his humble origins were recalled. Lepida was accused of several serious offenses: adultery, poisoning and horoscope consultation on the individual members of the imperial family. This last accusation was very serious: the belief in astrology is highly prevalent thought that consulting the horoscope of the Prince returned to speculate on the date of his death, the difficulties ahead of his reign and eventually was the first step of a conspiracy against him. Eventually, Lepidus was not sentenced to exile . However, his popularity was affecting Quirinius, already despised by the people because of his greed. The date of the Government of Quirinius in Syria raises a chronological problem which has been widely discussed since the census of 6 can not match the birth date of Jesus. To resolve this inconsistency time, several solutions have been proposed, the most widely used being that of an error by the evangelist. Nevertheless, some scholars have argued in the nineteenth century, the idea that Quirinius made two governments of Syria, and he would have conducted a census before. To support this hypothesis, Quirinius was assigned a registration bearing a fragment of curriculum honorum anonymous because broken, found at Tivoli ( CIL XIV 3613 = ILS 918 = ITI IV 4, 1) and on a character who ruled Syria. Until the twentieth century, it was thought at times that the entry stated that the character had governed Syria twice, which would have helped explain the passage in Luke, but E. Groag showed that the real meaning of inclusion was that the character had received two legations, one of them being that of Syria, in any case the entry can therefore provide support to the text of the Evangelist. Moreover, if it is still sometimes given, the allocation of registration Quirinius was not the most widely used and several other names were proposed: Marcus Plautius Silvanus , Lucius Calpurnius Piso , Gaius Sentius Saturninus . The mission of Quirinius, after the deposition of Archelaus, was to transform a client kingdom in the provinces directly administered by a Roman governor. For this, he proceeded to count the population and assessment of their property, to secure and allocate the toll that the province was in Rome he continued the census in Judea he also did in Syria. This practice was one of the innovations of the reign of Augustus , the first documented case being the census in the provinces of Gaul -27. As in Judea, the census raised discontent, and it is also a result of an attempt to provincial hundred that the Romans lost in Germany 9. The mission of Quirinius was so delicate and left a vivid memory among the provinces. This probably explains remember his presence in the text of the Gospel of Luke. Besides the chronological inconsistency, the text of the Evangelist raises several other historical problems. According to Luke, the census has affected the entire earth, incorrect assessment in the case of a census which involved only a province, but ultimately well aware of the perception that passed the provincial innovations of the reign of Augustus. For Fergus Millar, however, that Luke made use of the census of Quirinius, to explain how Jesus was born in Bethlehem, is "totally misleading and ahistorical" . For the census of Quirinius was not extended to the Galilee, where Jesus' family lived, as it was headed by Herod Antipas and was not yet part of the province. The knowledge that we have the mission of Quirinius also allows us to witness the establishment of a new type of Roman province , the future provinces procuratoriennes , led not by a senator but a member of the equestrian order. The province was initially entrusted to a prefect (praefectus), the title does not generalize procurator until later, and that Quirinius who accompanied and assisted Coponius , the first warden, especially when faced with the revolt of Judas the Galilean. Quirinius proceeded with the sale of property of Archelaus and replaced the high priest Yoazar by Hanan . The census of the province of Syria is known to us by an inscription in honor of a Roman knight , Quintus Aemilius Secundus, who made, as inferior to Quirinius, the census of the inhabitants of the city of Apamea , a city which while 117 000 were free men . Tacitus tells us that eleven years later, the provinces of Syria and Judea demanded a reduction of tribute, Quirinius who had apparently heavy-handed it . Quirinius died in 21 (year 774 of Rome), old enough and without leaving offspring. Tiberius , always overflowing with gratitude for the services he had rendered during his exile Rhodian, granted him a state funeral. His mission to Syria and the census in Judea
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