Home › Protestantism

Protestantism

Sobriety: the small temple Waldersbach , the former parish pastor Oberlin.

Protestantism or Protestant Christianity brings together all the current religious Christians left the Catholicism that arose in Europe during the Reformation led by theologians such as Martin Luther , John Calvin , Hus , Zwingli and many others.

There are 26 unions of churches within the Protestant Federation of France alone. .

In the early ^twenty-first century, there were nearly 800 million Protestant Christians in the world.

Summary

1 Origin of the word "Protestant"
2 The Protestant Thought
3 Many churches and movements
4 Today in France
- 4.1 Everyday Life
- 4.2 Today in France
5 History
6 The figures of Protestantism
- 6.1 Personalities French Protestant
7 Holidays and gatherings
8 Notes and references
9 See also

/ / Origin of the word "Protestant"

On 31 October 1517 , students of the monk and doctor of theology Martin Luther reacted to the campaign of indulgences launched by one of the highest dignitaries of the Empire, Albert of Hohenzollern, Elector and Archbishop of Mainz , they display on the door of the church in Wittenberg and send for the man who was the last great master of the Teutonic Order a letter from Martin Luther composed of 95 theses , both finding the drifts of the Church , scathing critique of the abuse and solutions. Among theses, the access of all to the Bible without social discrimination and equality between men have a strong echo in the largely peasant population to the point where it causes the spring 1525 the Bauernkrieg ( Peasants' War ) in the Holy Roman Empire.

To put a quick end to this violence against the ruling class, the princes gather at the First Diet of Speyer in 1526. They agree the decree of emergency rule and decide that each prince chooses to practice religion in his state, opponents were forced to flee to another state in favor of their faith. The confessional has already begun in late 1526 by John of Saxony , which institutionalized the Lutheranism.

However, absent from this meeting formed by its constituents , Charles Quint remains opposed to these provisions. Accused by the Holy See to support Luther, Charles V decided to halt the spread of Lutheran theses. So he convened in 1529 with his brother Ferdinand ^I , a second Diet of Speyer in which he dismisses all the concessions made by the princes to peasants. Thus, it reintroduces the cult Catholic and the Mass in Latin. They respond immediately under the leadership of John of Saxony by issuing a protest. The princes are signatories called "Protestants."

"Part. past adj. and subst. * protest from the German Protestant (itself borrowed from Latin Protestants,-antis, part. meadows. protestari of, v. protest) name given to followers of Luther, because in 1529 at the end of the Diet of Speyer (April 19) they protested publicly call decree of the Emperor, to a general council: "N / protestieren und wir bezeugen yesterday ... Got mit ffentlich vor, dass". "

- HOM , Some Words On The Protestants

Protestant thought

Protestants are reluctant to talk about "doctrine" or "religion." They prefer beliefs, values or commitments.

They still prefer to preserve a space for discussion and exchange among the faithful, particularly for their expressions of faith, even the most conservative.

The Six Great Principles

All sensitivities together, the Protestant share these fundamental points (first two concern the hello):

Sola gratia ("by grace alone")

Man can not earn his salvation from God , but God gives him free love. What makes man capable of loving him too. Thus, the value of a person depends only on the love of God, not its quality, or merit, or social status.

Sola fide (faith alone account)

This donation is made to the opportunity of a personal encounter with God in Jesus Christ ( solo Christo , by Christ alone). That faith, not a doctrine or a human work. One person to another, it can occur suddenly or be the result of a journey. Everyone saw her in a special way, as his response to the declaration of God's love.

Sola scriptura (by Scripture alone ")

(To get in touch with the universal priesthood and lighting need the Holy Spirit)

Regarded as carrying the word of God, the Bible is both the only theological authority and the only guide, ultimately, for faith and life. It is illuminated by the preaching of ministers called by the Church and formed by it (but the Holy Spirit can call other preachers that only these). Through it passes the human testimony, she draws from the principles of life which is exercised personal responsibility of everyone.

Soli Deo gloria ("glory to God alone")

Only God is sacred, divine or absolute. Thus, no human enterprise can claim an absolute, universal or intangible, including theology. Moreover, assuming that God gave freedom to men, Protestants are generally supportive of a social system that respects plurality and freedom.

Ecclesia semper reformanda ("the Church must be continually remodeled)

Ecclesiastical institutions are human realities. They are seconds. "They can make mistakes," said Luther. Thus, churches must constantly look critically at their own operation and their own doctrine from the Bible. By contrast, Christians believe that Catholics should be guided by the Church clearly. Certainty in some cases may go to dogma (truth that we can not deny), delivered by a council or the pope under the " Papal Infallibility ".

Priesthood

Principle, that Luther considered central to the Protestant Reformation , whereby each is called "prophet, priest and king" under the sole lordship of Christ. This concept destroys the principles of hierarchy within the Church. Every baptized person has a place of equal value, including ministers (whose pastors are a part). From studies of theology and recognized by the Church, they are serving the community for the proclamation of the Word of God (preaching and sacraments) and the specific tasks that result. Women have access to departments of some Protestant churches, it has evolved in different countries and eras.

Protestant practices and beliefs

Protestantism has fewer "rites" as other religions.

Religion is just based on the sacred writings: the Bible consists only of the Old and New Testament , not apocryphal.
Practices are common with major practices of the Catholic Church (prayer, Bible reading, Sunday worship and participation in the Eucharist, the sacrament ).
Protestants participate in celebrations of Christmas , the Palm , on Friday , at Easter , to Ascension and Pentecost.
The Baptism with the Holy Supper are the only two sacraments for Protestants. Baptism is unique and occurs in adulthood.
Protestants do not practice the sign of the cross , accusing him of being a form of superstition.
The Protestant believes in eternal life (see Gospels).
The cult of the funeral is for the support of family and friends, it focuses on the proclamation of the Gospel : the promise of resurrection. The deceased is buried simply, with respect: reading a Bible verse and prayer for families.
The autopsy , organ harvesting and cremation be authorized by the doctrine.

Differences with the Catholic Church

There are many differences between the Protestant and Catholic worship. The main differences are:

Protestants refer mainly to the quasi-Bible (sola scriptura).
Protestants do not recognize the authority of the Pope. So there are a multitude of Protestant communities unaffiliated with each other.
There are only two sacraments (baptism and the Eucharist) among Protestants against seven among Catholics (Baptism, Eucharist, confirmation , the reconciliation , the marriage , the ordination and the anointing of the sick ). Protestants have no particular sacrament of reconciliation (the dialogue with a priest). For them, simply confess his sins directly to God.
Most Protestants do not believe in the Real Presence of Jesus at the Last Supper but rather to a symbolic presence, the bread and wine may also be made "in memory of". There is no transubstantiation.
The concepts of purgatory (place of suffering that is accessed after death to atone and cleanse themselves of sin before entering heaven), canonization (Catholic practice, but also Orthodox, in which a man or woman is recognized as Saint or Saint), excommunication (the practice where the Pope does not someone from the church and is prevented for a time or permanently receive the sacraments) and indulgence (then there was the possibility for a Catholic to pay a sum of money to the Pope in exchange for the forgiveness of sins, especially now that the pardon given by the Pope for major holidays, such as Plenary Indulgence Christmas, or to other occasions) simply do not exist.
Protestants do not give a special place for Mary. Some do not believe in her Immaculate Conception , which is not a dogma of Protestantism. Nevertheless, Mary is one of the key witnesses in the same way as followers of Christ.
Protestants do not call for intercessors like Mary and the saints in their prayers. According to them the believer is responsible to God alone and should not go through intermediaries for dialogue with Him.
Protestants believe that Jesus is the only intermediary between God and themselves. They do not believe in the usefulness of the confession. Every believer confesses his sins to God.

Many churches and movements

The twenty-first ^century, the Protestant heritage is lived through many movements, because the very principle of Protestantism is reformer, wants to permanently eradicate the potential weight of tradition. Thus, there are a multitude of movements, often relatives.

Protestant churches present in France

Protestant churches in France, some gathered in the Protestant Federation of France , have several very different faiths.

Churches Lutheran and Reformed : historic churches

The Reformed churches are the heirs of John Calvin and Zwingli. In France there are three alliances of Reformed churches: the Reformed Church of France , the Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine (bankruptcy) and the National Union of Independent Evangelical Reformed Churches.

The Lutheran churches are heirs of the theology of Martin Luther. The Lutheranism back to the origins of the Reformation and demands of the three statements Luther's central message: the sovereign authority of the Bible, salvation by grace and the universal priesthood of believers. In France there are two unions of Lutheran churches: the Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine (bankruptcy), and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of France. They are members of the Lutheran World Federation (LWF: 65 million members).

The Evangelical Churches

France has many evangelical churches (see Protestantism or evangelical evangelism ), they represent one third of the Protestants of the country. Most of these evangelical churches are collected within the National Council of Evangelical France (NUFF), and several are also members of the Protestant Federation of France (FPF). They consist of Churches Baptists , Adventists , Methodists , darbystes , Pentecostal ... Many of these types of churches are charismatic , while others are more conventional or traditional evangelicals. Churches and unions of member churches of the evangelical National Council of France (NUFF) planned to merge in it for greater visibility in 2010.

The Pentecostal Churches

The Pentecostalism is a current evangelical type charismatic revival movements born individuals who have emerged in the early 20 ^th century, the United States under the leadership of Pastor Charles Parham and William J. Seymour. The peculiarity of Pentecostal theology is to think that the Holy Spirit is given to believers in a particular experience, separate from traditional water baptism: the baptism of the Holy Spirit. This gives the believer special gifts such as speaking in tongues, prophecy and divine healing. Pentecostal churches are the witnesses of the Gospel to the four corners "Jesus saves, baptized, healed, returns." Moreover, they are in the evangelical Protestant and Baptist tradition and refer to the great principles of the Reformation: salvation by grace and authority of the Bible alone, universal priesthood. The largest Pentecostal churches in France are the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in France.

Historic Churches multitudinist

From the beginning, they are organized into several churches according to current theological or historical circumstances. They are addressed in the same movement to their members and society (hence the term "multitude"). This is :

of Lutheran Churches
of Reformed Churches ( Calvinist or Zwinglian )
the Anglican Church

Protestant churches (churches professing professing &)

In addition to the Lutherans , the Reformed and Anglicans , the Reformation had an early fourth current, not "magisterial", accused by others to put beside or above the Bible inner enlightenment regarded as subjective, and appointed by them "enlightened" ((of) Schwrmer) or "Anabaptists" (because, failing to recognize a baptism of adults, they "rebaptizers" those who had been children, elsewhere). Proponents of this radical reform argued, them, that interior illumination was the work of the Holy Spirit.

Are the direct heirs of the pacifist part of this movement, the Assemblies Mennonites , whose Amish are a part. Related spiritually Baptists and other related groups from various eras of Anglicanism , often with development of piety in the face "world."

In the following centuries, other movements have emerged from "awakenings" spiritual nineteenth ^century. The main, derived from the preaching of John Wesley , is the Methodism. Combining return to the Bible, prayer and social engagement, it is the precursor of social movements such evangelical the Army hello , founded by William Booth in England in the late 19th century. Rejecting predestination, confessing responsibility of the individual in his own faith, it is also the source of Pentecostalism , born of a Revival later.

Other independent churches, focusing on one aspect or another of the faith or Christian practice also exist: the Darbystes and other " Plymouth Brethren ", the Seventh Day Adventists , etc..

" Evangelical churches "is a generic term that includes all these names. Most of the time, except in the Methodism classic, they are 'churches or professing professing "instead of" multitude ": they require a commitment and a profession of personal faith to their members and a few, thereby not baptized as adults or young adults (they are " Baptists "). Renamed some Christians from other churches because they believe that infant baptism is invalid.

This term also applies to current fundamentalists from North America.

Taken together, these currents represent at least a quarter of the current French Protestantism, or 1% of the French population .

The Jehovah's Witnesses for their part do not believe in the Trinity and do not claim the historic Protestantism. Their movement was born late ^nineteenth century United States and has no link with Protestantism.

Today in France

Daily Life

Women

From its inception, the Reformation was for women, the opportunity to reassess their role in the family and in society. From the ^16th century, women can have, according to the Reformation, access to education. They must learn to read in order to study the Bible and thus raise their children as Christians. Protestant women are proving that while more educated Catholic women. Their knowledge prepares them for their role as mother and wife. This century is also marked by the opening of schools for girls in Protestant cities (Nimes, La Rochelle ...) the kingdom of France. But power remains in the hands of men, women must remain single household. There are many famous women in those days, trying to move the dogmas:

Marguerite d'Angoulme: ^1, sister of Francis, she enlivened the intellectual life of the court, based primarily previously held by men.
Renee de France, Daughter of Louis XII, it protected Calvin of the Catholic Church who wanted her dead.
Marie Durand: Imprisoned for 38 years in the Tower of Constance because she refused to renounce Protestantism.

From the ^19th century, they show a growing desire to take their responsibilities within society. It manifests that desire especially with the publication of Voices of Women, a feminist newspaper called the gender politics. The ^20th century saw the creation of numerous associations, thus highlighting the ability of women to get involved in French society. We can then quote the Christian Union of Young Women (YWCA) morally responsible for supporting the girls from the provinces to find work, or the Christian Federation of Scouts, a pioneer in scouting. But it was not until 1960 that women be allowed to become pastors on par with men. Note, however, the particularity of the Army Hi, which from its foundation, considered a woman can teach, the equal of men (see below)

Business life

If the trading activities and banking activities are harmless, the fact remains that when they were committed by Protestants, they carried the mark in length. This fact is due to some design work and also to alliances between families Protestant thought, which made it possible to consolidate and diversify the business. Many businesses still in operation today were created by Protestants and remain real successes, such as:

Mallet Bank: Established in 1713 by Isaac Mallet, she founded the Bank of France and funded many building projects during the renovation of Paris (Opera ...). Today, the bank called Schlumberger.
the Jouy-en-Josas: Established in 1762 by Christophe Oberkampf, it impresses the famous Toile de Jouy, still used in decorating today. The history of Indian cotton in Europe in 1700 shows a flowering plant in the Geneva region, with a multitude of Protestant refugees who fled the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. These plants have subsequently spread throughout Protestant Switzerland and Alsace, and finally England.
Peugeot car company founded in 1891 by Armand Peugeot (still managed by his descendants today), she contributed to the improvement of social conditions of workers (10 hours per week ...). Today it belongs to the PSA (Peugeot and Citroen).
Factories Dietrich, founded in the ^18th century, De Dietrich is today a leader in the sale of household appliances.
Trade Luxury: Hermes, Guerlain.

The Army hello

Main article: Army hello.

The Army of Hi was born in the industrial revolution in the late 19 ^th century. It was founded in 1878 by English clergyman William Booth, scandalized by the spectacle of crowds of workers who crowded into the slums of East London (East End). For him, the change does not occur at the mass level but in each individual (as opposed to the ideology of Karl Marx). Social progress, political and economic development must result from a profound inner transformation of man, reconciled with itself through the power of the Gospel. But William Booth knows that before talking to someone about religion, we need to offer him a decent living on earth. This is the origin of the currency became popular: "Soup, soap, salvation" (soup, soap, salvation).

In 1881, the Army sets up in Paris with Hi Catherine Booth. Assisted by two friends of her age, she moved full-class neighborhood of Belleville-Menilmontant. Evangelization is accompanied by a large social work: popular inns, houses for girls in danger. Many Army posts Hi are created throughout France. Although the Army Hi is present in France since 1881, its structure has evolved. The Army created the beginnings of Hi Association of Charity Works French Army Hi, state-approved in 1931. Having been banned under the Occupation, the AOFBAS reborn. Since April 11, 2000, Army Hi is split in two, the Army Hi Congregation (historical branch in charge of worship) and the Foundation Army Hi (part social, respectful of Christian values)

The Congregation of the Army Hi, whose motto is "With God, with others, with ourselves", bears the Army's values Hi. She now has 25 posts of evangelization throughout France and hosts a chaplaincy in many schools of the Foundation.
Foundation Hi Army, whose motto is "Rescuing, accompany, rebuild," employs 2,000 employees and has 50 institutions of social action in France. It is empowered to receive bequests and donations. It occurs particularly in periods of extreme cold to help the homeless and raises funds for natural disasters or war in the world.

Today in France

Protestantism came third in France after Catholicism and Islam. Today there are between 1.8 and 2.4 million adherents in France, including 1.1 million belonging to churches recognized by the Protestant Federation of France (FPF) and the Evangelical Federation of France (ETF). Found in France Lutheran churches , the Reformed churches , the evangelical churches (including Pentecostals ). There are also some Anglican parishes to the attention of the Anglo-Saxons living in France.

Protestants represent about 2% of the French population against 1.5% in 1995. 25% of French Protestants are evangelicals , 26% are members of Reformed churches and 19% are Lutherans. 40% of Protestants are under 30 years. They are mostly progressive in social matters (97% advocate the use of a condom) and heterogeneous in politics. 78% are secular. 25% of French pastors are women.

Protestantism is unevenly distributed in the regions. It is mainly located in Alsace (in particular due to the fact that during the religious wars, Alsace was German) and the Languedoc. In other regions (Brittany, Central), Protestantism is widely dispersed, whereas in the rest of France, it is found mainly in large cities.

The Protestant Federation of France (FPF) was created October 25, 1905 as a union of churches designed to "defend Protestant interests" in the context of the separation of church and state. It currently represents 17 churches and unions of churches. Directories Protestants identify 690 parishes Lutheran and Reformed (Lutheran-Reformed) as well as 2100 communities evangelicals active in France.

History

1483: Birth of Martin Luther (Germany)

1509: Birth of John Calvin (France)

1517: Martin Luther publishes 95 Theses denouncing the failings of the Catholic Church as the sale of indulgences, and affirms that the Bible must be the only authority on which faith rests.

1521: Excommunication of Luther. It is protected by Duke Frederick of Saxony.

1529: The state religion is Lutheranism in Sweden and in Denmark in 1536.

1536: Calvin published in Latin the Institution of the Christian religion

1545: The Council of Trent reaffirms the doctrines and discipline of the Catholic Church. It ends in 1563.

May 1559: First National Assembly of the Reformed Churches of France.

1 March 1562: Protestants are massacred Wassy by the Duke of Guise, which marks the beginning of the Wars of Religion.

8 religious wars (1562-1598): France has the sixteenth ^century a religious divide: most of the country remains faithful to Catholicism, while a significant minority joined the Reformation. The principle of the coexistence of both faiths in the Kingdom is proving unworkable. War can be avoided, a sign of the failure of civil tolerance. Eight wars will succeed over a period of 36 years, interspersed with periods of fragile peace.

18 August 1572: Marriage of Henry of Navarre and Marguerite de Valois in Paris.

23-24 August 1572: Massacre of St. Bartholomew in Paris: a royal council meets, in which it was decided to eliminate the main Huguenot leaders. Coligny and other Protestant gentlemen were murdered as the Louvre in the city. The execution of a limited number of Huguenot leaders was followed by a savage massacre that will last until August 29, 4000 in Paris and made victims. The massacre then extends to the province where there are 10,000 killed. The massacre marked the beginning of the fourth war of religion.

July 25, 1593: Henry IV converted to Catholicism, which allows him to finally reach the throne of France which he claimed since 1589. It's about the ceremony that he pronounced the famous phrase: "Paris is worth a Mass."

April 30, 1598: Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes, which recognizes religious freedom to Protestants. The promulgation of this edict puts an end to religious wars that ravaged France in the sixteenth century, and is an amnesty ending the civil war. The kingdom of France was the only state where two religions coexist officially.

May 14, 1610: Assassination of Henri IV by Francois Ravaillac, a fanatical Catholic disagrees with the religious reforms of King.

October 18, 1685: Louis XIV signed the Edict of Fontainebleau, revoking the Edict of Nantes. Protestantism is forbidden in the kingdom of France. Ensued when the p? ? Period of the Desert, a period of persecution of Protestants for over a century.

November 7, 1787: Louis XVI travels to a legal Protestants by the Edict of Toleration which gives them a civil status.

August 26, 1789: Adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (DDHC) that promulgates freedom of worship.

April 8, 1802: Napoleon Bonaparte by the law of 18 Germinal Year X finally officially restored and organized Protestant worship.

25 October 1905: creation of the Protestant Federation of France. The current chairman is Claude Baty (2007 -)

December 9, 1905: Aristide Briand, the Socialist deputy, did pass the law on the separation of church and state. Protestants are overwhelmingly favorable to it, unlike the Catholics much more hostile to reform. However, this marks the completion of a violent confrontation that lasted almost twenty-five years and was between two visions of France: France Catholic royalist and republican, secular France.

1997: John Paul II visited France regrets that he officially declares 1572 as "Christians (have) committed acts which the Gospel condemns."

1998: Commemoration of the fourth centenary of the Edict of Nantes.

2009: Protestants in party: 9,500 people at the Zenith of Strasbourg.

Personalities of Protestantism

This section contains a list of pastors, theologians and personalities involved in Protestant thought.

Peter Waldo (the source of the Waldensian Church): 1140-1206 XII ^century
John Wyclif : 1320-1384
Jan Hus : 1369-1415
Martin Luther : 1483-1546
Ulrich Zwingli : 1484-1531
Guillaume Farel : 1489-1565
Martin Bucer : (1491-1551)
Philip Melanchthon : 1497-1560
Andreas Cellarius (theologian) : 1503-1562
David Joris : 1501-1556
Heinrich Bullinger : 1504-1575
John Calvin : 1509-1564
John Knox : 1513-1572
Sebastian Castellon : 1515-1563
Gaspard II de Coligny : 1519-1572
Theodore Beza : 1519-1605
Guy de Bres : 1522-1567
Elizabeth ^I of England : 1533-1603
John Napier : 1550-1617
Henry IV : 1553-1610
Catherine de Parthenay : 1554-1651
Henri de Rohan : 1574-1638
Moses Amyraut : 1596-1664
Henry Xhrouet said Chrouet : 1621-1691
David Martin : 1639-1721
Jacques Abadie : 1654-1727
Abraham Mazel : 1677-1710
Elie Marion : 1678-1713
John Knight : 1680-1740
Johann Sebastian Bach : 1685-1750
Paul Rabaut : 1718-1794
Jean-Frederic Oberlin : 1740-1826
Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Etienne : 1743-1793
Franois Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas : 1756-1826
John Nelson Darby : 1800-1882
Adam Guillaume de Felice : 1803-1871
John Bost : 1817-1881
Henri Dunant : 1828-191
Eugene Bersier : 1831-1889
Albert Schweitzer : 1875-1965
Marc Boegner : 1881-1970
Karl Barth : 1886-1968
Madeleine Barot : 1909-1995
Jacques Ellul : 1912-1994
Billy Graham : 1918 -
Martin Luther King : 1929-1968
Jean Bauberot : 1941 -
Jean-Arnold de Clermont : 1941 -
Jean de Visme : 1760-1819
Paul Ricoeur : 1913-2005
Andre Lortie : seventeenth-?

Personalities French Protestant

Jeanne d'Albret (1528-1572) - Mother of Henry IV
Gaspard Andr (1840-1896) - Lyon Architect who built the Great Temple Protestant de Lyon (1884)
Dominique Andre (1766-1844) - Banker
Baptist Androuet Hoop (1545-1590) - architect who began the construction of the Pont-Neuf in Paris
Jacques Androuet Hoop II (1550-1614) - architect who built the Hotel de Mayenne
Jean Androuet Hoop (1585-1649) - architect who built the Hotel de Sully in Paris in 1624 and the famous iron staircase at Fontainebleau (1623)
Archinard Louis (1850-1932) - French General who contributed to the colonial conquest of France in West Africa

Louis-Pierre Baltard (1764-1846) - architect, who built the courthouse in Lyons (1835)
Baltard Victor (1805-1874) - architect, builder of the central market of Paris (Pavillon Baltard Tea New Star)
Madeleine Barot (1909-1995) - Resistant
Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904) - Sculptor of the Statue of Liberty
Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) - philosopher and writer
Paul Broca (1824-1880) - Surgeon Neurologist
Salomon de Brosse (1571-1626) - architect who built the Luxembourg Palace
Ferdinand Buisson (1841-1932) - Co-founder and president of the League of Human Rights, Director of Primary Education 1879-1896
Jean Calas (1698-1762) - Marchand made famous by Toulouse trial the Calas case and his defense by Voltaire
Jean Calvin (1509-1564) - reformer and theologian
Sebastian Castellon (1515-1563) - Translator of the Bible in French
Conrart Valentin (1603-1675) - Founder of the French Academy
Antoine Court (1695.1760) - Protestant minister and historian French
Antoine Court de Gebelin ^(1719? -1784) - French writer and scholar, son of the previous
Maurice Couve de Murville (1907-1999) - politician, Prime Minister (1968-1969)
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) - paleontologist father of comparative anatomy
Etienne Delessert (1735-1816) - French banker
Frank, Julie and Emile Delmas - created in 1867 the shipping company Delmas
Pierre Denfert-Rochereau (1823-1878) - French Military, still famous for leading the resistance of the fortress of Belfort in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870
Gaston Doumergue (1863-1937) - 13th President of the French Republic
Pierre Du Gua de Monts (1559-1641) - First colonizer of Canada
Paul Duplessis-born Kergomard Recluse - creator of the Kindergarten, the first woman member of the Higher Council of Public Instruction
Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours (1739-1817) - One of the drafters of the 1783 treaty that recognized American independence
Abraham Duquesne (1610-1688) - Lieutenant General of the navy of Louis XIV
Marie Durand (1711-1776) - Prisoner in the Tower of Constance in Aigues-Mortes
Jacques Ellul (1912-1994) - One of the key thinkers in the twentieth ^century art
Galzy Jeanne (1883-1977) - Writer
Andre Gide (1869-1951) - Writer
Jean Goujon (1510-1567) - Sculptor and Architect
Francois Guizot (1787-1874) - French politician and historian
Georges Eugene Haussmann (1809-1891) - Paris Renovator
Henry of Navarre became King Henri IV (1553-1610) - King of France (1589-1610)
Jules Francois Rene Ladreit de la Charrire (1833-1903) - Doctor Ear, Nose and Throat
Andre-Daniel Laffon of Ladebat (1746-1829) - Politician Bordeaux abolutionniste author's speech on "The necessity and means of destroying slavery in the colonies" August 26, 1788
Hubert Latham (1883-1912) - aviator, first to reach the altitude of 1000 m
Pierre Loti (1850-1923) - Writer
Emilie Mallet (1794-1856)
Jacques Monod (1910-1976) - Scientist, discoverer of the messenger RNA, Nobel Prize in Medicine
Theodore Monod (1902-2000) - Scientist, naturalist, explorer, scholar and humanist
Jacques Necker (1732-1804) - Director General of Finance and Minister of State of Louis XVI
Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf - (1738-1815), Industrial, founder of the royal manufacture of printed fabrics from Jouy-en-Josas
Oehmichen Etienne (1884-1955) - engineer, inventor of the helicopter in 1921
Bernard Palissy (1509-1589) - Potter, who discovered the secrets of the enamels
Denis Papin (1647-circa 1712) - Physicist who discovered the power of steam pressure and invented the "pot Papin (ancestor of the pressure cooker)
Ambroise Pare (1509-1590) - "Father of Surgery
Peugeot Eugene (1844-1907) - industrial, co-founder of the car brand Peugeot
Armand Peugeot (1849-1915) - industrial, co-founder of the car brand Peugeot
Elie Reclus (1827-1904) - journalist and ethnologist
Elisha Reclus (1830-1905) - geographer
Onesimus Reclus (1837-1916) - geographer
Armand Reclus (1843-1927) - maritime engineer and naval officer
Paul Reclus (1847-1914) - Surgeon
Augustin Rey (1864-1934) - architect
Paul Ricoeur (1913-2005) - Philosopher
Louis-Nathaniel Rossel (1844-1871) - Politician (one of the major players in the Paris Commune)
Victor Schoelcher (1804-1893) - Politician anti-slavery
Conrad Schlumberger (1878-1936) - Industrial
Marcel Schlumberger (1884-1953) - Industrial
Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) - Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1952
Louisa Siefert (1845-1877) - Writer
Jules Siegfried (1837-1922) - merchant and politician, founder of the Schools of Business, Mulhouse, Lyon, Rouen, Le Havre, the father of the Law on Housing, rental housing (HLM)
Germaine de Stael (1766-1817) - Writer
Maximilien de Bethune, Duke of Sully (1559-1641) - a peer of France, a prince and sovereign Henrichemont Boisbelle, finance minister of King Henry IV
Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne-Bouillon, vicomte de Turenne (1611-1675) - Marshal of France

Holidays and gatherings

Historic Churches in Europe, in addition to Christian holidays (referred to Jesus Christ in the Bible) is sometimes known:

The New Year , January 6;
The harvest festival , the first Sunday in October;
The Feast of the Reformation , October 31 or, failing that, the previous Sunday, commemorating the display of 95 theses of Luther ;
The Assembly of the Desert at the Desert Museum , the first Sunday in September, Mialet in the Cevennes , in memory of Camisards ; many French Protestants and from countries of refuge do so generally.

References

http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2010/11/19/01016-20101119ARTFIG00580-les-evangeliques-s-imposent-chez-les-protestants-francais.php
See the discussion of Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac in the Socrates ^Chrestien, 10th speech (1623) on how best to appoint the Protestants.
See pages 350-51 article "Priesthood of All Believers," L. Siegele-Wenschkewitz in The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Eerdmans Publishing, 2005
List of Protestant Churches
According to the latest poll Cross - Reform of April 2006 on the "close of Protestantism"

God's Guarantees for Giving!

Categories

Live Search

Sign In

Protestantism

Summary