Principality Of Moldavia

Moldova has been inhabited since the ancient times by the Thracians northern, the Dacians or Dacians , then it passes under the influence of Rome for a century and a half, without becoming a Roman province.

The romanization of the Thracians in the territories of present Romania , Bulgaria , Moldova and Serbia has persisted despite the passage of the Huns , the Ostrogoths , the Slavs , the Iass , the Magyars , the Pechenegs and the Golden Horde ( Tatar and Mongol ).

The formation of the Moldovan voivodate

In 1247 , the Diploma of the Knights of St. John is described in the Carpathians a voivod Vlach , a tributary of Khan Tartar of the Golden Horde. In 1277 , while voivods Litovoi and Barbat fighting for their independence, Moldovans northern Moldova (cnsat of Onut near Hotin ) conflict with their overlords Ruthenian principality of Galicia neighbor. Those in the south of Moldova, by cons (cnsat of Brlad) remain faithful to their alliances with the Galician and Hungarian, to help them defend themselves against raiding Tatar.

The decline of Tatars of the Golden Horde creates more favorable conditions for a process of unification of cnsats. In the early years of the fourteenth ^century, chronicles German evoke a country of Vlachs (Wlachenlant) driven by a voivodship in northern Moldova.

Moldova in the fifteenth ^century by Georg Reychersdorffer

In the thirteenth ^century Moldova is a federation of " cnsats "(vassal duchies of Galicia and / or Hungary ): Onutu-Hotin, Strine, Baia, Neamtu, Soroca and monasteries troglodytes, Hansca, Aski (now Iai or Jassy, which takes its name from Iass ) and Brlad. The Hungarian was also present in the future with the settlers Csangos Moldavia, near the river Siret , and stationing garrisons in the path of invasions Tatar : it is the origin of names such as Miclueni (Miklsfalu) Orhei (Varhely ), Chisinau (kis-Jeno: Small source) Ciobruci (form of Russified Ciubrciu of csupr, the churn). The trade route along the Siret , linking northern Europe to the mouth of the Danube , has played an important role in the economic and political development of these territories. Moldovan cities grow, which Baia (civitas Moldaviae), mentioned in the fourteenth ^century as a stronghold of Drago Bedeu of a voivod originally from Maramures , a vassal of the King of Hungary, Louis of Anjou. He had held a fief in the basin of the river Moldova , following an expedition to one thousand three hundred forty-three - in 1345 east of the Carpathians , to strengthen the Hungarian influence against the Tatars and Galician.

But the Moldovans are united Drago cons and prefer to Dolhai Bogdan, also a native of Maramure voivod but opposed the Hungarian suzerainty. After several years of guerrilla warfare in 1359 , is recognized by Bogdan Moldovan as a prince instead of the descendants of Dragos, who must return to Maramures. The city of Baia became the capital of the federation in 1359 under the rule of Bogdan, now called the Founder ^I. Bogdan (Bogdan ntemeietorul). This federation becomes a cnsats Voivodship governed by Voivodes , while former cnsats become counties (inuturi), ruled by the great families of boyars.

This grouping of the fourteenth ^century cnsats Moldovan situated between the Carpathians , Dniester and the Black Sea , Galicia or vassals of the Tatars in the thirteenth ^century, is parallel to that which takes place in Wallachia neighbor whose cnsats were vassals of Hungary. All these little duchies had resumed colors (gold and green to six fasces) of " Regnum Valachorum "(1186-1261, founded by the dynasties Deleanu, Caloian and Asan in the current southern Romania, Bulgaria and Macedonia) which they considered themselves heirs ^{Medieval history}

Reconstitution of the throne of Stephen the Great , the best of voivods Moldovan and current hero of two countries, Romania and Moldova

In the early Middle Ages , the Principality of Moldova as a sovereign state so, but disputed by its powerful neighbor to the north and west, the kingdoms of Hungary and Poland , and regularly attacked by the Tatars in the south and east. At that time, it is a prosperous and powerful despite its limited size. At the ^fourteenth and ^fifteenth centuries , with the fall of Constantinople and especially with the reign of Stephen the Great , many Rome (Byzantine) took refuge in Moldavia (and Wallachia), and thus sees the center of Orthodoxy move north with the sudden appearance of more than 40 monasteries in the Byzantine style unique. Moldova emancipated Hungarians and Poles and becomes fully independent.

Alexander ^I the Good (Alexandru cel Bun) receives Wallachia (under the name of Bessarabia after the founding dynasty of Wallachia, that of Basarab) the country south of the Vrancea Trotus and five ports in the mouths of the Danube and the Black Sea : Galati , Reni , Oblucia , Chilia and Cetatea Alb.

Under Stephen the Great (Stefan cel Mare), Moldova reached its maximum power and its extent. This prince became known raised an army of boyars and peasants free, and happens to hold in check the superior forces of the invading Ottomans , Polish Tatars. tefan cel Mare was then hired 36 battles, 34 wins and 2 results confirming the status undecided quo, while his opponents leave the field with heavy losses. However, at the end of his reign of five decades, the sovereignty of Moldova is assured, either by force of arms but by negotiation and price of a heavy loss: besides gold Moldovan who knows how to find the Road to Istanbul , tefan cel Mare must yield to the Ottoman Empire in 1484 four of the five ports of the mouths of the Danube and Black Sea : Reni , Oblucia , Chilia and Cetatea Alb. Moldova maintains its independence, but lost his fleet and business opportunities, sources of wealth.

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  Flag of the fifteenth century

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  Arms of Prince Stephen the Great of Moldavia, in the armorial Wijsbergen

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  Arms of Prince Stephen the Great of Moldavia, on the bell of Suceava

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  Arms of the Principality of Moldavia, the monastery of Cetuia

The Principality of Moldavia, its roads and counties (inuturi) on the eve of the Ottoman invasion (1483).

The vassalage to the Ottoman Empire

In 1512 the Principality has to pay tribute to the Turks Ottoman to preserve its autonomy and its institutions. But as Wallachia and Transylvania, it does not become a Turkish province so far, as indicated by the error most Western historical atlases. In 1561 , the Vojvoda Alexandru Lpuneanu founded the University of Moldova. After 1711 voivods hospodars take the title and are named among the so-called Romee Phanariots (name of a fashionable district of Constantinople) who tack between the Ottoman sultan and the Russian Czar that they hope their emancipation.

During the reign of the princes following, less durable and weakened by the system of elective monarchy in force in the Principality, the aristocracy of the Boyars is becoming more and more power: Moldova declines and impoverished. From 1512 , the Ottoman Sultan began to meddle in the election of voivods (favoring the highest bidder) and from 1538 the Principality became officially a vassal of the Ottoman Empire to which it pays tribute growing. That same year, she must yield to the Ottoman Empire County Tighina , now called Bender ("gate" in Turkish).

With few exceptions, most voivods not remain in power only two years on average, the time to recoup their "gift" (the Baks in Turkish, from which comes the word bribe) to the Sublime Porte Ottoman and s enrich. Some dispute the throne by force of arms, other prevailing two or three times a few years apart, and squeezed the peasants, who go into debt and lose their freedom: the bondage moves, and the rulers are forced to replace the lifting by the armies of mercenaries (often Albanians, Hungarians, Cossacks) unreliable.

However, unlike the Balkans and Central Hungary, transformed into Paalk (pachalics: Turkish provinces governed by a pasha ) Moldavian and Wallachian principalities sauvegardrent their internal autonomy. By treaty, in exchange for certain commercial monopolies, the Ottomans pledged themselves to respect the borders of the principalities and the country's institutions, the sultan, however, reserves the right to confirm the election of the firman voivod in addition, the treaty guaranteed the ancient laws and customs, and possible protection against aggressors from the north (Poland, Austria, Russia). In exchange, the principalities recognized the suzerainty of the Porte, pledged to respect the obligations and military hardware (such as lending a hand to the Sultan), and could not conclude treaties countersigned by the Sublime Porte.

In political life, the interference of the door was felt especially when it came to appoint or change the princes. The former princely council (Sfatul Tarii), now only couch Advisory Ottoman model was often manipulated by the Turks through their dignitaries were acquired. The capital of Moldova is transferred to Iasi , a city closer to the Ottoman territory. So that the country is no longer a threat, his army was somehow subordinate to the door, and some fortifications were occupied by the Ottomans ( Hotin in 1713 ). With these restrictions, however, Moldova continued to govern independently.

The tribute of 2,000 gold ducats set in 1456 amounted in 1541 to 12,000 ducats. The amount of benefits to the Ottoman state continues to grow. Regarding food, the country's obligations towards the Turks are increasing: in 1,565 - one thousand five hundred and sixty-six , delivery of annual mandatory wheat Moldova is 2.225 tons (which is huge given the productivity of the time, which rarely exceeded 2.5 to 1).

The princes in the Ottoman vassalage

The increased political dependency of Moldova is reflected in the practice of confirming the Prince on the throne of the country, which often takes the appearance of an auction. At the end of the ^sixteenth century the bribe of a pretender to the throne Prince Sultan Moldova must offer more than five times the annual tribute. These expenses are enormous and the future Prince must often borrow to creditors (often Venetians, Jews, Greeks or Turks of Constantinople) to which he must then pay interest. Some make a profession and settled in Iasi and Bucharest: these are the first banks. Another heavy load, become almost official, is the habit of offering bribes to officials of the Ottoman court in appreciation of their services or buy them. In the ^seventeenth century , to be confirmed its rights, the Prince must pay tribute at the two main festivals of Islam. If Peter IV Rare pay 150,000 gold ducats, Aron Tiranul spends almost a million ducats. In 1551 , Prince of Moldavia reached Constantinople accompanied by 100 horses bribe. Later, the Ottomans require confirmation of the Prince every three years and the activity of the couch is supervised by the representative of the Sultan called couch Efendi. The princely power is unstable because, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost 50 Princes succeed to the throne of Moldavia, accessing some two or three times.

The princes (voivodship) will succeed to the throne of Moldavia:

• Bogdan III the Blind (Bogdan Chiorul) in 1504, which fought the prince of Wallachia Radu cel Mare IV of Wallachia in 1507, is opposed to Poland in 1508, and died in 1517.
• Peter IV Rare in 1517, which seeks to restore good relations with Poland. He launched expeditions into the land of the Sicilians , and attempts to seize Braov in 1529. He captured the Pocutia in 1530, triggering the response of the Polish army in 1531, and a cons-response victorious in 1532. He took part in the quarrel between Ludovico Gritti , the envoy of Sultan in Hungary , to resolve the conflict for the possession of the throne of Hungary between Ferdinand of Habsburg and John I. Zapolya. Lundovico Gritti then attempts a takeover in Transylvania , and causes a general uprising. Petru Rares supports Istvn Maylad , Vojvoda future of Transylvania, which has secured the support of Ferdinand of Habsburg, head of an army of Sicilians and Saxons against Ludovico Gritti, who was killed. He was finally defeated by a coalition of Poles, Turks and Tatars, and must take refuge in Ciceu in his fortress in Transylvania, after the fire in the capital Iai.
• Stephen V the Grasshopper in 1538, which is completely controlled by the Ottomans , who was assassinated by the nobles who conspired against the Moldovan ruler in 1540.
• Cornea Alexander III in 1540, assassinated in his turn in 1541.
• Peter IV Rare in 1541, recalled by the Turks on the throne, who died in 1546.
• Ilias Rare II in 1546, who converted to Islam in 1551
• Stephen VI Rare in 1551, which is eliminated in 1552 with the support of the nobles and Poland
• Alexander IV Lpusneanu who settled in 1552 in Suceava , oath of vassalage to the king of Poland , and was dethroned in 1561 and fled to Turkey with the princely treasure.
• Ioan Jacob Heraclides of Moldova in 1561, which is driven from the throne by the nobles and Moldova in 1563 by Hetman Stefan Tomsa
• Stephen VII of Moldova in 1563, who must flee to Lviv after five-month reign, Alexander IV Lapusneanu was confirmed by the Ottomans as a prince in his place.
• Alexander IV Lpusneanu who re-installed in 1563 with the help of Tatars who plunder the country. He abandoned his capital Suceava to transfer to Iai in 1565, and invaded Pocutia while Tatars ravaged Podolia. He died in 1568.
• Bogdan IV of Moldavia after the regency of his mother Ruxandra in 1571, introduced in 1572 by the Ottomans.
• John IV the Cruel in 1572, which improves the condition of the peasants, by the Ottomans in 1574.
• V Peter the Lame in 1574 that improves trade relations with Poland, and expels the Jews , introduced in 1579
• John III the Saxon in 1579, introduced in 1583, who fled Poland with his treasure.
• V Peter the Lame , restored to the throne in 1583. It faces the incursions of the Cossacks, and attempts to bring the Moldovan Orthodox Church of the Roman Catholic Church.
• Stephen of Moldavia his son, associate to the throne in 1584 under her regency. He and his father must flee to Austria, following a dispute with the Turks on the amount of taxes to pay, in 1591.
• Aaron the Tyrant in 1591, introduced in 1592.
• VI Peter the Cossack who seizes Iai in 1592 and is executed by the Turks.
• Aaron the Tyrant re-installed in 1592, introduced in 1595 by Sigismund Bathory.
• Stephen Rzvan VIII in 1595, dethroned by the Poles in 1595.
• Jeremiah Movila in 1595, which governs under the protection of the Poles. It is driven by the ruler of Wallachia and Transylvania Michael ^I the Brave (Mihai the Brave) in 1600, which performs for the first time the union of the three voivodates.
• Marc Cercel (Marcu Cercel), nephew of Michael the Brave, was installed as regent in 1600, introduced by the Poles in 1600.
• Jeremiah Movila in 1600 after the assassination of Michael the Brave by the Austrians, who abdicated in 1606.
• several family members Movila succeed then on the throne of Moldavia:
  • Movil Constantine (Constantine)
  • I. Simion Movil
  • Mihai Movil
  • Movil Moses (Musa)
  • Movil Gabriel (Gavril)
  • Basil the Wolf (Vasile Lupu) in 1634, which installs its own advisers as parents. His reign was marked by intense cultural activity, partly under the influence of Pierre Movil , Metropolitan of Kiev , with the support of which he introduced the printing press in Moldova. It is driven from the throne in 1653.
  • Stephen George (Gheorghe tefan) in 1653, signed a protectorate treaty with Moldova Muscovy.
• after this reign, political instability is marked by frequent changes of rulers on the throne of Moldavia, only keeping some power for a few days.

Polish-Turkish War

In 1669, the Turks attack Poland, weakened by a long war against Russia. Kamenec ( Kameniets ) and Lviv ( Lwow , Lemberg or, in German) are under siege in 1672, and Prince Stefan XI Petriceicu fled to Poland (where it is known as Stephen Petreczeikus XI) in which the future king Jan III Sobieski crushed the Turks to Hotin in 1673, but could resume Kameniets. John Sobieski was elected King of Poland in 1674 and defeats the Turks at Zurawno. France supports the conclusion of the treaty Zurawno (1676) , who returns to Poland Kamenetz-Podolski and two-thirds of the Ukraine.

• The voivod Moldovan Gheorghe Duca II participated in the siege of Vienna from July to September 1683 alongside the Turks. Upon his return he was captured by supporters of tefan Petriceicu, and died in Warsaw.
• tefan XI Petriceicu seizes the throne with the support of Polish Konicky Stepan and his Cossacks , who spends the Dniester in 1683 , before being chased by the Tatar vassals of the Ottomans back from the siege of Vienna. He took refuge in Poland.
• Dumitrascu Cantacuzino (Dumitrascu Cantacuzino) is named in 1685 to replace Gheorghe Duca.
• Constantin Cantemir stops in 1691 before Iai Polish troops of Jan Sobieski, who has claims on Moldova, in opposition to the Habsburgs , who support Moldova's vassalage to Hungary, they are souvezrains.

The Turks will attack the possessions of the Habsburgs from 1681. From 1683 , the Austro-Turkish pivots around the fixed axis formed by the borders of Croatia and the military is doing in succession in 1699 on the line of the Sava , the Tisa and Mures. Behind the new frontier, the implantation of settlers of Germanic origin and progression staking Catholic Austrian south-eastern Europe from 1718.

(Dimitrie Cantemir) The Ottomans declared war on Russia February 25, 1711, pushed by France and the Tatars. * Dimitrie Cantemir , voivod of 6 November 1709 to 23 November 1710, offers help to the Russians, against the recognition of the independence of Moldova. But the Turks are victorious Russians to Stanilesti, on the Prut and the Treaty of Falciu (1711) , confirmed by the Treaty of Constantinople (1712) and the Treaty of Adrianople (1713) , requires restitution of Azov to the Ottomans, and prohibits Russia to meddle in the affairs of Poland. Dimitrie Cantemir was deposed and fled to Moscow.

The inauguration of the scheme is Phanariot by replacing Cantemir by Nicolas Mavrocordato November 23, 1710.

Princes hospodars Phanariots

The focus increasingly obvious Romanian countries of eastern and southern Carpathian to Russia in the hope of liberation from Turkish rule, the tendency to dwell on the Habsburg Transylvania and Moldavia, mistrust Turks vis--vis the Romanian aristocracy (the boyars), explain the replacement of native Romanian princes of Rome by the Fanar district of Constantinople, the Greek language, from 1710 to 1821. Some princes Phanariots descended from Byzantine imperial families ( Palaiologos , Cantacuzino ...); others belonged to the nobility of the robe ( Mourousi ...) and the Sultan entrusted them with a dual mission: to keep the country under the vassalage Romanian Ottoman, and of integrating them as much as possible in the Turkish economic system, to ensure the supply of the Porte. However, most Phanariots were humanistic culture, often educated in France or by French tutors imbued with the spirit of the Enlightenment, and while playing the game more or less Ottoman, they opened Moldavia and Wallachia to the influence French, German trade, the British technology. They founded hospitals, asylums, shipyards, schools, libraries ... Affiliated with Freemasonry, Constantine Mavrocordato gives a Constitution in 1741 ("Pattern Hrisov", translated in 1742 in the "Mercure de France") and abolished serfdom 17 April 1749 (between the Prut and Dniester, serfdom will restored by Russians in 1812 and until 1861 ).

• Nicolae Mavrocordat replaced on the throne of Moldavia in 1711 , and inaugurated the reign of Phanariotes.
• Mavrocordat Constantine succeeded his father in 1730. He reformed taxation. He wants to tackle the privileged, and attempts to reduce the benefits they have earned in the course of history by setting a new status of nobility according to the seniority of the family and the public held. The tax reform entails the reform of social life, and ultimately, the abolition of serfdom. The reaction of the noble Moldovan is very strong, and was posted in Wallachia in February 1756 ... where he will conduct the same reforms!
• Constantine Racovi was appointed in 1756 , with the support of French diplomacy.

The Austrian and Russian annexations

The willingness of Russia to have the mouth of the Danube caused a new war with the Ottomans in 1768. Moldova was occupied by the Russians and the war is doing south of the Danube. The victories in the Balkans and the Crimea forced Turkey to seek peace. The Treaty of Kk-Kainardji (1774) provides, inter alia, the right to give the Ottoman subjects of Christian faith a patent of naturalization, they were coming out to Ottoman laws and taxes. Russia will use and abuse st of this right by removing the Ottoman Empire thousands of topics each year. The Russian influence is growing, and Moldovans, like other peoples of Europe see it as their salvation.

For the price of its diplomatic help in the Russo-Turkish War, the Austro-Turkish May 4, 1775 gives a part of Moldova in the north, the Bukovina , Austria. The new Austro-Moldovan trade mark on the field a series of "sawtooth" sometimes oriented east-west, sometimes north-south: no topographical constraints can not explain, but the archives reveal the reason for each "baksheesh" Austria, the Ottoman Committee sank deeper eastward Moldovan territory, but each protest hospodar Grigore III Ghica (Grigore Ghica) she returned to the south-west, fearing the wrath of the Sultan can descend on it. At the end of 1781, the Austrian authorities decided to transfer the seat of the diocese of Radautz to Czernowitz and colonize this new Kronland therefore called Bukovina, populations Ruthenian (Ukrainian), German and Jewish (see Jews ). Native of Bucovina ( Romania ) are marginalized and have little access to the University of Czernowitz or Cernauti (now Chernivtsi ), founded in 1875, which became a bastion of German culture. This will create resentment cross who will speak in 1918 when the Assembly of Bukovina, where the ( Romanian ) are a majority, voted to join Romania. In the interwar these resentments will poison the atmosphere, however, multicultural and tolerant of the "Sweet Bucovina", but it was during the Second World War they turn to genocide cross (the Jews by the fascist Antonescu regime , and Romanians by agents of the Stalinist NKVD), despite the action of Mayor Cernauti / Czernowitz , Traian Popovici, who succeeded in saving about 16,000 Jews. We find traces of these tragedies and those resentments into the existing historical works published in Bukovina: Rare are those who manage to stick to basics and avoid the invective ... Today, the region north of Bukovina belongs to Ukraine under the name Oblast Chernivtsi , and the southern part of the Romania known as Judet Suceava.

In 1783, in violation of the Treaty of Kk-Kainardji (1774) , Russia annexed the Crimean Khanate. On September 15, 1857, following an ultimatum demanding the evacuation of the Turks, Russia said they declared war, and Moldova is again the theater of military operations. Austria lends a hand on Russia February 9, 1788. By the Treaty of Jassy (1792) , the Ottoman Empire gave the Tauride or Iedisan the Russians. In 1792, the territory between the Dniester and Bug, Catherine decides to conduct a systematic colonization, and attracted many settlers by granting them preferential terms.

On 12 August 1806, the Sultan decided to dismiss Moruzi Alexander (Alexandru Moruzi) and replaced by Scarlat Callimachi (Scarlat Callimachi), Russia believes that the dismissal of Mourousi, Russophile, constitutes a violation of the treaty between Russia and Turkey. Sultan re-integrates Mourousi in his post, but October 28, 1806 the Tsar ordered the Russian army crossed the Dniester , which she does 10 November 1806. The attitude of wait-Mourousi led the tsar to appoint Constantine Ypsilanti Ruler of Moldavia and Wallachia, who was deposed shortly thereafter. Upon entry into Moldova, the Russian authorities intervene in internal affairs. Between December 1806 and July 1812, the Tsar appoints several presidents of the Assembly of Nobles. February 17, 1808, the Tsar appointed Kouchnikov president of the two assemblies of Moldavia and Wallachia. Peace is signed between Turkey and Russia in 1812. By the Treaty of Bucharest (1812) , the eastern half of Moldavia occupied by Russian troops until Prut is annexed to Russia under the name Oblast of Bessarabia , of which two thirds are now the Republic of Moldova. 12 July 1812, the Tsar appointed Scarlat Sturza (Scarlat Sturza) Governor of the Oblast 'in Bessarabia and place a Russian military commander by his side. He died June 17, 1813, the Russian military commander to serve in both functions. After the Russian Empire had annexed the eastern part of Moldova (then known as Bessarabia ) we see that the new sovereignty does no better than the old, especially since the Russians restore serfdom abolished in 1749 by Constantine Mavrocordato hospodar reformer.

After the defeat of the Russians in the Crimean War (1853-1856), the Treaty of Paris (1856) states that Moldavia and Wallachia must be guaranteed jointly by the seven foreign powers that signed the treaty of retrocession of southern Bessarabia to Moldavia, the regions of Oblucita ( Izmail ), Palade ( Bolgrad ) Chilia and Frumoasa ( Cahul ). In 1859 , the Moldovan state then merges with the Wallachian prince in choosing the same for both principalities, in the person of Moldova Alexandru Ioan Cuza (Alexandru Ioan Cuza). It is the foundation of the Romanian modern. But the Treaty of Berlin (1878) , gives the southern Bessarabia to the Russian Empire until 1918.

The construction of the railroad by the Russians had no other purpose than to bring in Odessa crops Bessarabia. The annexed area falls into poverty in growing to its attachment 1918 to the Entire Romania , born in 1859 in the democratic election of the prince-president by the parliaments of Wallachia and Moldavia. The Whole Romania which also includes the Bukovina and Transylvania , is economically prosperous. It draws on the institutions of the French state at the time and represents the only period of complete emancipation of the Romanian people in its history.

After 1859

Finally, the western part of the Principality is united with Wallachia to form the "Little Romania" in 1859. Therefore, the history of the western half of Moldova is identical with that of Romania.

The eastern part it is also connected by a vote of its Board in March 1918 (reunification of Moldova in the "Great Romania ") until 1940 when the USSR , as the Hitler-Stalin pact , at Annex again the eastern part of Moldavia, became in August 1991 the Republic of Moldova.

After the Second World War the USSR will then embark upon a Russification of the Republic of Moldova is much more intense than that due to the Russian Empire , by the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Moldovans to Siberia and installing in their place Russian and Ukrainian populations .

Map Gallery

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  Moldova in the ancient world.

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  Moldova during the migrations.

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  The first canesats and voivodates of Moldova.

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  The Principality of Moldova at its foundation.

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  The Principality of Moldova with Bessarabia.

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  Moldova under the suzerainty of Turkey.

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  Moldova shared with the eastern half became Russian.

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  Moldova after the Crimean War.

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  Moldova mid- Romanian , half- Russian.

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  Moldova reunited in the Romania line with 14 points of President Wilson.

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  Moldova by the "New Order" Hitler in 1940.

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  Moldova today, half European , half post-Soviet.

Notes

See also

• Moldova (region)
• List of rulers of Moldavia
• Bucovina
• Bessarabia
• Bugeac
• Republic of Moldova
• Unionist Movement in Moldova and Romania

Moldova Historic region 500 years between 1359 and 1859
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