Pre Marxist Socialist Or Utopian
The term "utopian socialism" covers several currents of socialism.
In its historical sense, the utopian socialism means the doctrines of the first European Socialists of the early nineteenth century (prior to Marx and Engels ) as Robert Owen in Britain, Saint-Simon , Charles Fourier , Etienne Cabet and Philippe Buchez in France. This current is influenced by the humanism and often the social Christianity. He enrolled at the origin from a perspective of progress and faith in mankind and technology. It reached its peak before 1870, before being eclipsed, in the socialist movement , by the success of Marxism. The concept of utopian socialism was designed by Friedrich Engels and taken over by the Marxists (who oppose the concept of scientific socialism ), the adjective utopian, attached to socialism, was born from a polemical intention before then be established by custom. The doctrines that comprise the utopian socialism are, objectively, any more than any other utopian doctrine tending towards the realization of an ideal society had never existed (including the Marxist doctrines that advertise, ultimately, the advent a classless society).
For political science, the term utopian socialism includes all attempts of creation of companies or micro-companies such as communist or socialist , before or after the peak period of history of utopian socialism in the nineteenth century (1820 - 1870). It therefore includes the communities trained in France as " hippie "or" sixty-eighters "in the twentieth century.
Utopian socialism is characterized by the desire to establish ideal communities as models of various models, some governed by very stringent regulations, others are more libertarian, some communists , the other leaving a larger share of the property individual.
Utopian socialism is mainly characterized by its method of transformation of society, in general, not based on a political revolution or a reformist action driven by the state, but on the creation, by the initiative citizens of a socialist society-cons within the system itself capitalist. Is the proliferation of socialist communities which should gradually replace the capitalist society.
Hundreds of experience creating communities enrolling in the socialist utopian socialism progeny can be found throughout history. So far, they have been carried out limited scale (community of several hundred people at most) and times usually limited, sustainability being achieved by any central authority or policy.
Origin of the term
The term is used in 1839 by Jerome Blanqui in his History of Political Economy History synthetic Utopian socialism has its roots in the different utopias social written over the centuries, the most famous but the first is that of Thomas More. Often classified conventionally and a little faster all the first among socialist utopian socialists. Among them: Utopian socialism declined after 1870 when the Marxist ideology has become the major socialism. However, it has pursued through: Today, the utopian socialism is hardly claimed by the movement "Amopi" . Many writers, from antiquity, imagined worlds ideals and ideal cities, whose social organization can sometimes be considered "socialist". See Article Utopia. Some trace the first experiments at various socialist movements, often of religious origin, dating from the Middle Ages. Among them are: The followers of Count Saint-Simon (1760-1835, French) have formed: The industrialist and philanthropist Robert Owen (1771-1837, UK), also founder of cooperatives and unions in Great Britain, founded two communities: The followers of Robert Owen foundation of many communities in Britain and the United States. New Harmony (Indiana), raises at least two judges dissenting on the same site: In the wake of New Harmony, several other utopian communities owniennes will appear in North America in the second half of 1820: In 1843, three new utopian communities will appear in the same line (but probably boosted by the popularity of phalansteries Fourierists): The French Charles Fourier (1772-1837), theorist or phalanges phalanxes , has inspired many achievements in Europe as in America, especially in the 1840s. Fifty phalansteries (phalanx or English) will be launched in the United States in the years 1841-1858 (as Michael Anthony). Jean-Baptiste Godin would have counted thirty for the period 1840-1853. The three most common are: The main phalansteries North American (with a peak in 1843-1844) are listed by historians: Cabet Etienne (1788-1856, French) advocated the realization of " Ikaria ". Ikaria eight will be created in the United States by supporters of Cabet left France in 1848, including: It is possible that these experiments are inspired by Robert Owen and Charles Fourier, but this remains unconfirmed. During this period, during which the Marxist ideology became the majority and structuring of the socialist movement, the utopian socialism finds its expression through communities libertarian (the term is due to Joseph Djacque , from utopian socialism). In terms of ideas, two major changes occur: The influence of Tolstoy is great at the end of the nineteenth century, especially in the association of the New Life Fellowship, bringing together artists, anarchists, Christians and non-violent (Churches of the Brotherhood, Brotherhood Trust). The two main experiments late nineteenth century British (mainly influenced by Kropotkin and Robert Owen ) are: Tolstoy British communities are numerous: The movement hippie born in 1966 in San Francisco is the latest dramatic resurgence of utopian socialism. For the hippie, he is to flee the company capitalist to build a society-cons libertarian and community based on equality, fraternity and liberty. "Ronald Creagh, who worked on these" laboratories of Utopia " libertarians in the United States, puts the community movement in a much longer history that begins with communities of Owen or Fourierists inspiration. For him, there were two phases of flowering communities, one before 1860, the other after 1960. " In the United States in 1967, material life hippie neighborhood of San Francisco ( Haight-Ashbury ) is provided by a group called the Diggers , in reference to a utopian communist movement of the seventeenth century. The links are sometimes even structural communal utopian socialists and hippies in the example of Joan Baez , who was raised in the Ferrer Colony Stelton (New Jersey) . The texts of Charles Fourier advocating sexual liberation are republished in 1967 . For some in the hippie movement, "communities are the ultimate expression of the movement's infrastructure, social roots, without which it would have been quickly reduced to a mere fad extravagant short-lived. Communities are his signature to the history of the twentieth century " The movement is certainly different: "From the outset, the United States and France, in 1971-1972, the community movement goes in all directions, perverting its own observers and Zealots: rustic communities (more radical) and communities Urban Law for RP and A. Galen communities fight (oriented political testimony, so Larzac ) communities and breaks (more concerned about reinventing life, the Indian if necessary) for Henri Gougaud; communities work (model medieval companions), religious communities ( Lanza del Vasto and L'Arche community were a little too quickly annexed by the mystical freaks: they have disappeared, the Ark still exists). " The movement will be as spectacular ephemeral: Despite the failure of the movement from May 1968, the moderate socialist parties of the projects on behalf of realism (the opposite of Utopia), dissemination of the idea that economic liberalism would be "unavoidable" utopian socialism n is not dead. The spirit of utopian socialism, is the idea that social change can come from citizens' initiatives, the base, inserted within capitalist society to reduce the influence and eventually replace it, continues. And solutions are the contemporary heirs of community experiences and cooperatives of the nineteenth century. Utopian socialism continues through:
Also, the analytic approach, some proposals may sometimes recall some traits of ecological thinking. Utopian socialism before 1800
Theorists of Utopia
Experiments before 1800
The experiences of socialist utopian classics
Saint-Simon and the "phalanx" Mnilmontant
Robert Owen and Mills models (1820s)
In Britain
Charles Fourier and phalanxes (1830-1840)
France
In Latin America
Stephen Cabet and Ikaria (1848-1855)
Other early socialist experiments
Experience in France
Experience in Latin America
Experience socialist utopian period 1870-1950
Media free and libertarian communities in France
Communities utopian libertarians in Britain
Communities libertarians in the rest of Europe
Libertarian Communities in North America
Filiations with utopian socialism
Communities hippies
Utopian socialism today
References
Internal Links
Bibliography
General titles on utopian socialism of the nineteenth century
Free media in France
Utopia hippies
On the U.S.
Texts of time
External link
General Topics
tuition
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