Pius Xii
| Pius XII Pope of the Catholic Church | |
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| Opus iustitiae pax | |
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| Birth name | Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli |
| Birth | 2 March 1876 in Rome , .svg){kind=small} Italy |
| Election to the papacy | 2 March 1939 (63) |
| Enthronement | 12 March 1939 |
| End of the pontificate | 9 October 1958 (82 years)  Vatican |
| Predecessor | Pius XI |
| Successor | John XXIII |
| Lists of Popes chronology Alphabetical | |
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Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli ( Rome , 2 March 1876 - Castel Gandolfo , 9 October 1958 ), elected pope on March 2 in 1939 under the name of Pius XII (in Latin Italian
Eugenio Pacelli was born in Rome in 1876 into a family of black nobility of the Holy See, faithful to the papacy during the Roman Question (from 1870 to 1929 the Lateran Treaty ): his grandfather Marcantonio Pacelli, had served as Minister of Finance Gregory XVI then Secretary of Interior under the pontificate of Pius IX from 1851 to 1870, a founder of the official Vatican newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano , in 1861 he accompanied the Pope in exile in Gaeta. His father, Filippo Pacelli ( one thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven - in 1916 ), counsel to the Roman Rota and Consistorial lawyer was equally detrimental to the integration of the Papal States to the Kingdom of Italy after 1870. An uncle (Giuseppe Pacelli) is Monsignor (he named), a cousin, Ernesto Pacelli is a financial advisor to Leo , his mother, Virginia Graziosi ( 1844 - 1920 ) comes from a family distinguished for his services to Holy See , at last, his brother, Francesco Pacelli, doctor of canon law and lawyer of the Holy See, would be one of the negotiators of the Lateran Treaty in 1929.
With his brother Francesco and their two sisters, Josephine and Elisabetta, Eugenio grew up in Rome, goes to school with the nuns and then from 7 years to high school Visconti , a public place against a popular anti-clericalism.
Eugenio Pacelli announcement at age 12 his intention to become a priest and not a lawyer, which does not surprise his family (he was fascinated by St. Philip Neri , whose body was under the altar of the church of the parish where He served as an altar boy). Student dicipline, sports (swimming, horse, canoe) musician (violin) interested in archeology, he started in 1894 his theology at the Gregorian University , as a resident of the Capranica. From 1895 to 1896 , he made his year of philosophy at the University of Rome La Sapienza. He visited Paris in 1896 Career at the Curie Pacelli was invited to work in the offices of the Vatican by Monsignor Pietro Gasparri , dominated by Mariano Rampolla , Secretary of State of Pope Leo XIII. In 1901 , he joined the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, responsible for international relations of the Vatican, by recommendation of a brother cardinals Vannutelli , family friend. There is minute. He is chosen by Pope Leo XIII to bring the condolences of the Vatican after the death of Queen Victoria Ist On 20 April 1917 , Benedict XV appointed Pacelli apostolic nuncio in Bavaria : Munich is now the only pontifical representation of the German Empire. Three days later he appointed archbishop in partibus of Sardinians and the coronation in the Sistine Chapel, May 13, 1917 (day of the apparitions of Fatima). Received by Ludwig III of Bavaria, 29 May 1917, he tried unsuccessfully to promote the note of Benedict XV 1 August 1917 , seeking peace with the Kaiser Wilhelm II : Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg more concerned must resign. Pacelli strives to know the German Catholic Church, visiting dioceses and Catholic attending major events such as Katholikentag. He met his adviser Robert Leiber, and during his summer holidays with the sisters in Rorschach on Lake Constance, he took into his service the German sister Pasqualina , then aged 23, who stood up to his housekeeper the end of his life. After the collapse of Germany, a revolution Spartacus broke out in Bavaria in 1919, and revolutionaries threaten the papal nuncio in their weapons to take his car. The Soviet Republic of Munich nationalize the property of the Nuncio, which is made after the official protest of the diplomat, the Vatican nuncio in writing that the scheme - which lasted a month - is "very hard-revolutionary Russian tyranny" . His diplomatic role beyond the German territory: in the absence of nunciature to the Russian regime of Lenin , Pacelli became aware of discussions between the Vatican and the USSR. In 1926 , he devoted bishop Jesuit Michel d'Herbigny , to empanel clergy in Russia. It relays the Soviet proposals for the organization of Catholicism, until their defeat in 1927 (off by Pius XI). To regulate relations between the Holy See and the other States and to defend the Catholic activities, he negotiated several compositions with Latvia in 1922, with Bavaria in 1924, with Poland in 1925, with Romania in 1927 Finally, with Prussia in 1929. His elevation to the rank of cardinal by Pope Pius XI with the title of Cardinal Priest of Saints John and Paul (1929) is not surprising. But his appointment as successor to the position of Gasparri Cardinal Secretary of State creates a stupor in the curia, where it appears to be promoting a new man at the exclusive service of the pope and "a figure above the parties" Secretary of State Secretary of State in February 1930, Cardinal Pacelli became the main contributor to Pius XI he sees at least twice a week. While continuing his rise in the Curia (Vatican archpriest of the Basilica (1930), Chancellor of the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology (1932) and especially Camerlengo of Holy Roman Church in 1935), he led diplomacy, negotiation and signing of several compositions , governing relations between the state party and the Catholic Church and allowing it to run many groups and associations ( Baden 1932, Austria in 1933, Yugoslavia in 1935 and Portugal in 1940). It is associated with the protest against the attitude of the Mexican government (1932) , he traveled to Argentina (1934), France, Lourdes (1935) and Paris and Lisieux (1937), the United States as private 1936, (he met Franklin Delano Roosevelt , the prelate Spellman and the family of Joseph Kennedy ), and Hungary (where it meets the regent Mikls Horthy in 1938). The former nuncio in Germany continues to negotiate in vain with the Weimar Republic a project's overall composition. Politically, he supported before 1933 the idea of a coalition between the Catholic Zentrum and DNVP. But the chancellor Franz von Papen chose the alliance with Hitler's NSDAP, causing signs of dtente between the Nazi leader came to power in January 1933, the Zentrum and Catholics: a reassuring speech by Hitler March 23, 1933, the withdrawal of the decree of the bishops who had explained the incompatibility of Catholicism and National Socialism (March 28 following), an order confirming the existence of the Catholic Zentrum party (April 23), and finally his self-dissolution July 5, 1933. Pius XI and Pacelli benefit from this phase to sign the Concordat in preparation for several years and provides a state guarantee to German Catholicism. From the perspective of Hitler's signature allows both to avoid any political activity of the clergy, organizations and Catholic orders, and to reassure foreign (especially Austria, Spain and Italy Catholics) while increasing its international prestige . On 20 July 1933 , Pacelli signed with Franz von Papen , representing the new Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler, a concordat with Germany. The Nazi Germany did not respect the concordat, Cardinal Pacelli sent 55 notes of protest to the German government between 1933 and 1939 (or 9 notes per year). In March 1937 , he wrote at the request of Pope , with the Cardinal Archbishop of Munich, Michael von Faulhaber , the text of the encyclical Mit Sorge brennender renewing the protests and condemned the deification of race and paganism . Entered illegally in Germany, the text is read from the pulpit in the Catholic churches on March 21, hundreds of arrests followed, but the arrangement is not terminated (he is still in force). In 1938 , after approval of the annexation by the Austrian bishops, Pius XI involves Pacelli with the Innitzer cardinal , archbishop of Vienna, to reverse this position in a statement. May 6, it runs, writing in the Osservatore Romano , on behalf of all the bishops of Austria: "" The affirmation of Austrian bishops The conclave of 1939: an election without surprise Pope Pius XI had suggested he would have liked to have succeeded Cardinal Pacelli . On the death of this pope, exchanges between French and British governments showed their preference for the Secretary of State Pacelli, Ambassador of France Franois Charles-Roux has actively intervened to support his election . All the French cardinals seems to provide support outside the Lorraine member of the curia Eugene Tisserant (papabile himself), who would have preferred Luigi Maglione he considered stronger vis--vis Germany. Inside the Curia, the Pope wishes generally less harsh in its expression than was Pius XI, which would allow the German diplomat who came to realize the Anschluss of Austria to meet Catholic also choice of former nuncio, less aggressive. Ciano and the Mussolini regime, however, appear to oppose a Pacelli "too friend of France" and too political . 62 cardinals gather in the Vatican. The election of Camerlengo Pacelli is little doubt. But as we think the chances of a non-Italian are better than they ever were, that the favorites are not always elected (four times since 1823 of 7) and no Secretary of State does has been elected since 1667 (nor Romain since 1670), there are other papabile: the primate of Poland Hlond August , the Archbishop of Cologne Karl Joseph Schulte , a French man, the chamberlain Eugene Tisserant , Archbishop Milan Ildefonso Schuster , the patriarch of Venice Adeodato Giovanni Piazza , the bishop of Turin Maurilio Fossati and especially the bishop of Florence Elia Dalla Costa , Italian favorite ... The choice is rapid. Pacelli was elected pope he would have received 35 votes in the first round and 40 in the second, the other votes were on Luigi Maglione , Elia Dalla Costa of Florence and Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve of Quebec in the third round, he would have received an election by acclamation (61 voting) can be received after exactly two thirds of votes needed, and requested a ballot for additional confirmation ( Benedict XV had to prove under the same conditions he had not violated ineligible to vote for himself. Pacelli this procedure abolished in 1945 by bringing the two-thirds majority plus one vote). On 2 March 1939 , at 17 30 pm, white smoke appears, (but it seems a long black leading the secretary of the conclave Vittorio Santoro to confirm the election at Vatican Radio ). Continuing the previous pontificate, and as announced in the Habemus papam Camillo Caccia Dominioni before the crowd sang the hymn Christus Vincit, the new pope selects the name of the reign of Pius XII (Pius XII). In passing his housekeeper, a href = "Pasqualina_Lehnert" alt = "Pasqualina Lehnert"> Sister Pasqualina, he said, "Look what they did! " Pius XII promulgated forty-one encyclicals during his nineteen years of pontificate. First encyclical (October 1939), it sets the tone of his teaching socio-political and explains the role of the papacy in modern society, as clearly defining the doctrinal position of the church deal with political regimes and totalitarian states in particular . This deviation leads to idolize them, instead of the human family made in the image of God or the false liberal progress of reason without God or a state overemphasize the nation, ethnicity or class struggle . War shows the failure of the illusion of progress without God. The solution can only come from the weapons, the law just can not come from the only democracy: the solution must be based on the Incarnation. The role of the pope to condemn the errors and proclaim from the Chair of St. Peter the Christ the King, not whether govern the temporal, but rather spread over the planet incarnation of the message of Peace and Love. The laity must relay it particularly in educating families. The state should not dominate them through education without God. The generality of this approach is dogmatic and diplomatic as part of its pronouncements the most contested (against the Vichy regime of Franco, the alliance with communism ...) This encyclical appeared June 29, 1943. Pius XII develops a theology of the Church as the mystical body of Christ. In this encyclical, published September 30, 1943, the pope gives the exegesis its standard of liberty in distinguishing the different literary genres in Scripture. On 20 November 1947 , Pius XII publishes the encyclical Mediator Dei , dedicated to the liturgy , which "develops according to the circumstances and needs of Christians." This document focuses on the nature of the liturgy, which is not only a cult audience, outside, but also an interior worship rooted in the piety of the faithful ("what we profess in our external observances, s' actually accomplish within us "). The encyclical stresses and the importance of human cooperation with divine action: "the Church seeks to penetrate this spirit in any privacy, marital, social and even economic and political order that all who wear the name of God's children can more easily achieve their end. " This marks the beginning of a reform effort of the Roman liturgy. For Pope Pius XII, such a reform movement must be in compliance with a certain continuity, an organic development of liturgy; initiative adaptations must also adhere to a strong hierarchical principle. For example, the pope does not preclude the use of languages other than Latin: "In many rites, however, use of vulgar language can be very beneficial to the people, but only to the Apostolic See it belongs to concede. " It is opposed however to the "excessive and unhealthy passion for old things": "it is not wise nor laudable to reduce everything in every way to the ancient. " Thereby condemning the liturgical archaism, under color of homecoming, is a method of breaking with tradition. To implement these general ideas, Pius XII put in place May 28, 1948 a pontifical commission for liturgical reform . This commission led to a reform of the Roman rite of Holy Week and Easter vigil. She continued her work over the following pontificates. In this encyclical, published August 12, 1950, Pius XII did review a number of "false opinions which threaten to undermine the foundations of Catholic doctrine" Without making specific condemnation, he exhibited his criticisms and cautions against the current of the New Theology. It accuses him of promoting a form of relativism and ignore some traditional teachings. Pope outlines the view that theologians must be placed first in the service of the Magisterium of the Church , in a process of organic development. The encyclical also refers to the doctrine of evolution : the theory does not conflict with Catholic doctrine, "insofar as it investigates the origin of the human body from an already existing and living matter - for Catholic faith tells us to keep the immediate creation of souls by God. " In contrast, polygenism is clearly rejected. In this encyclical published in 1956, Pius XII produces a summary reference to the meaning of spirituality of the Sacred Heart , . Pius XII will define the heart of the mystery of Jesus as the mystery of the merciful love of Christ and the whole Trinity, Father, Son and Holy Spirit to humanity . Pius XII proclaimed the dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary by the apostolic constitution Deus Munificentissimus of 1November 1950. This initiative follows a century of intense theological reflection on the Virgin Mary. It also confirms officially celebrating the mystery of the Assumption, which has existed for centuries in the Church . The proclamation of the dogma has been preceded by numerous requests from local churches. From 1854 to 1945, eight million Catholics have written to that effect. Letters which may be added the petitions of 1332 bishops and 83,000 priests, nuns and religious. The proclamation of the dogma, closing the Jubilee Year of 1950 and is accompanied by important celebrations . This dogma is defined as: having committed any sin, Mary is mounted directly to heaven at his death, his soul and also with his body. Indeed, being untouched by original sin (the doctrine of the immaculate conception set in 1854), there is no requirement to wait for his carnal bodily resurrection at the end of time. "We say, We declare and we define as a divinely revealed dogma that the Immaculate Mother of God, Mary ever virgin, having completed the course of her earthly life was assumed body and soul to heavenly life." (Pius XII, Apostolic Constitution Munificentissimus Deus, 1 November 1950). In proclaiming the dogma of the Assumption, Pius XII has exercised after consultation with the bishops of the world , his papal infallibility. That's the only time since the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility in 1870 when Vatican Council , that a pope has made a dogmatic definition covered by infallibility . Unlike the Anglican Church which allows contraception more widely since the Lambeth Conference of 1930, Pius XII remains the teaching of the encyclical Casti Connubii of his predecessor Pius XI , on chastity in marriage. However in his speech at the congress of the Italian Catholic Union of Obstetrics of October 29, 1951 , it officially recognizes the possibility of birth control by allowing abstinence during the fertile period of the menstrual cycle . This possibility had been already recognized in the previous century, but only during questioning at the Apostolic Penitentiary . In a speech on January 8, 1956, he expressed support for psychological methods of painless childbirth , arguing that "while punishing Eve , God does not prohibit, and does not prohibit a parent, use appropriate means to make childbirth easier and less painful " . In numerous speeches, Pius XII spoke on the moral aspects of new medical techniques available . Thus, May 13, 1956, indicates that the samples and organ transplants are lawful (specifying conditions of respect for human dignity) He also states that "it is licit to relieve pain by narcotics , even when the result of decreased consciousness and shorten life, "which will allow its legitimate successors to consider the use of palliative care . In a speech on November 22, 1951 where he refers theory cosmological the Big Bang Pius XII declared: "It seems indeed that today's science, dating back a stroke of millions of centuries, has succeeded in making witness to this original Fiat Lux. " . This position, type concordist (which seeks to make a synthesis between faith and science) was revised in 1952 Pius XII, after meeting with Canon Georges Lemaitre , one of the creators of the Big Bang theory . Pius XII publishes the apostolic constitution exsul familia Nazarethana on 1 August 1952 . Inscribed in the context of massive population displacements resulting from World War II, she takes stock of relief efforts by Catholics and the Holy See since the war began. Above all, this is the first official document of the Holy See, which deals comprehensively and systematically the problem of aid to migrants . Applying the principle of universal destination of goods, a key element of the Church's social doctrine , it recognizes a natural right of families to immigration: "It is inevitable that some families are forced to move to the finding a new home. So - according to the teaching of Rerum Novarum - the right of the family living space is recognized. When this happens, the natural migration reaches its goal, and the experience. We mean the more favorable distribution of men on the earth's surface under cultivation; this surface which God created and prepared for use by all. " . Pius XII had encouraged the apostolate of the laity in the world . As Pius XI, his predecessor, he supported the movement of Catholic Action , then at its height , but also encouraged other forms of lay apostolate as institutes of consecrated lay persons, or Secular Institutes (cf. Apostolic Constitution Provida Mater Ecclesia, 1947) . It has also stimulated the missionary vocation of the laity by offering to dedicate several years of their lives in service of new local churches in the world (Encyclical Fidei Donum , 1957) . If recalled the subordinate position of the laity in the hierarchy, but he stressed their role to "collaborate in building and development of the mystical body of Christ" and encouraged to be active in the organization of society . He opened the first major world congress of the lay apostolate, in 1951, which is followed by a second edition in 1957 . This reflection on the role of the laity in the Church, is the backdrop of a debate with Catholic thinkers such as Jacques Maritain , and foreshadows the themes discussed at the Second Vatican Council , during which there is a substantial rehabilitation theologians sidelined by Pius XII ( Henri de Lubac , for example). Pius XII has paid particular attention to helping local churches founded recently, particularly in Africa. He inspired and accompanied the formation of a native clergy, favoring the ordination of bishops from the local clergy . It is the first pope in modern times to be ordained bishops of African origin in 1939 , . The encyclical missions of 1951, Evangeli praecones , is undergoing a pro-independence clerics in the country of assignment: "The church must be firmly and permanently established in the new nations and receive a proper hierarchy chosen among the inhabitants of the place " . Pius XII had supported these local churches through the deployment of these priests in their dioceses Western lent (Encyclical Fidei Donum 1957) and made available to African bishops , . Anticipating decolonization, and he allowed the assimilation of the Roman church and the colonizer is not systematic . Pius XII has also contributed to the internationalization of the Roman Curia (including by appointing one of his advisers German and Dutch Jesuit Robert Leiber, Augustin Cardinal Bea, and Sebastian Tromp) and the Sacred College , creating, during his pontificate A majority of non-Italian cardinals . Pius XII ended in 1953-1954, the experience of the worker priests. This decision has been motivated by the fear of slipping these priests to Marxism. The Pope has probably felt that this experience involved the traditional concept of the priesthood . The mission of the worker priests could hide "setting apart" for the priests serving the Church and the faithful. It might also confuse the respective roles of the laity, more present in everyday society, and that priests should remain available to their department and the explicit proclamation of the gospel. This decision of the Holy See has not been received favorably by some of the faithful, priests and the French episcopate. This then created "missions worker, to coordinate the apostolate of the laity and clergy in the working class . Pius XII uses, following its predecessor the radio. During the war, he sent five messages and radio: He was the first pope to use television. On 23 December 1950 , he announced the discovery of the tomb of St. Peter , found exactly at the base of the dome of Michelangelo (on the altar) as a result of archaeological excavations. Filmed on a regular basis, approve a film "Pastor Angelicus" or photo essays that show him in the garden outside his official appearances, including the port controlled or hieratic gestures and wide, especially in front of crowds, are characteristic . A photo of him taken without authorization while he is on his deathbed, is published by Paris Match. At the end of his pontificate he says the Christian vision of the use of modern media, it encourages the encyclical Miranda prorsus on cinema, radio and television. The Church must use these means to disseminate the truth and goodness, and shall see to oppose the spread of evil (matrialisme. ..). Like his predecessor, Pius XI, the bishops had recommended the creation of offices to inform the Catholic faithful of the moral quality of the films (eg, France, the Central Catholic film based in 1927 ) Pius XII, the bishops recommended the establishment of similar offices to coordinate the activities of Catholics in the fields of radio and television . He asked the public authorities and professional groups to ensure the moral content of programs broadcast in order to "safeguard public morality based on natural law," and avoid "lowering the level of culture and morale of the masses." The encyclical is opposed to "the theory of those who, despite the obvious moral and material ruins caused in the past by such doctrines, defending" freedom of expression " In 1936, Pius XI had founded the Pontifical Academy of Sciences to promote the progress of mathematical, physical and natural, and the study of problems associated with them. The academy allows the Holy See, in a dialogue with recognized scientists, to deepen knowledge of recent discoveries in various scientific disciplines and their implications . Pius XII continued the dialogue forward and spoke at sessions of the Academy on many occasions , . It delivers 33 canonizations including those of Gemma Galgani in 1940 , Nicolas de Flue , Louis-Marie Grignon de Montfort and Catherine Laboure in 1947 ; Lestonnac Jeanne in 1949 , Jeanne de France , Emilie de Rodat and Maria Goretti in 1950 , Dominic Savio and Pius X in 1954. The arrival of Pope Pius XII actually means a change of style: less direct in his convictions, he sought to prevent war (especially after the invasion of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939 ), to maintain the possibility of the Holy See be a possible mediator, and in any case to remain neutral. Between March and September, the new pope shows signs diplomatic in all directions to try to stop the war without giving the image of siding with one party: it envisages an international conference advises the moderation in Poland before the German claims on Danzig, appointed March 10 Cardinal Luigi Maglione , former nuncio in Paris famous Francophile, to replace him as Secretary of State (the latter position held until his death on August 22 1944 , ). He finds support from the British ambassador Osborne for a Vatican initiative for peace, it receives Sumner Welles (Roosevelt's emissary), and it strengthens its ties with Joe Kennedy during his famous trip to the USA, waiting to enter into a official diplomatic ties . 31 March 1939, Pius XII hails victory Franco obtained with the help of Germany and Italy in the civil war during which monks had been victims of the opponent: "Raising our soul to God, We rejoice with Your Excellency's victory as desired Catholic Spain. We are praying that your beloved country, once peace is achieved, resume with renewed vigor his ancient Christian traditions that gave him so much grandeur. C is animated by these feelings that we address Your Excellency and to all the noble Spanish people our apostolic blessing. "In April, Pius XII is Charles Maurras and the prohibition of the French action , whose anti-Semitism and are known. Seeking to keep Italy out of the war, he received the King of Italy in which he declared August 24 "nothing is lost with peace, all is lost with war." After the declaration of war, Pius XII continues its efforts towards the King and he considers less hawkish Ciano Mussolini to avoid entering the war in Italy. After Mussolini's racial laws, the Pope calls a cartographer Roberto Almagi expelled from the university of Rome. Although the Vatican archives from this period are published only in part (the eleven volumes of Acts and Documents of the Holy See on the Second World War ), one can trace the public statements of Pius XII from 1939 to 1945 taking into account three factors: the situation of the Vatican, the pope's doctrinal position, and threat assessment on Catholics in areas under Nazi domination, particularly in the Polish case from the beginning of the war. Pius XII's policy is to keep the Holy See as a state officially neutral, like the attitude of Benedict XV during the First World War. When war broke out, the Vatican is under police surveillance of Fascist Italy, before being under threat from the army after the Nazi occupation of Rome in 1943. Diplomatic bags are searched frequently, the phone lines are tapped, the Osservatore Romano is censored. The comings and goings of diplomats and journalists are also closely monitored. Pius XII relies primarily on Vatican Radio to be heard. But like London, this radio is jammed by the Germans during the conflict. The Vatican runs a center for information on refugees and prisoners of war, told Giovanni Battista Montini . Doctrinally, Pius XII gives the theological framework of diplomatic and her positions in his first encyclical ( Summi Pontificatus of 20 October 1939 ). He confirmed the convictions of Pius XI against various forms of racism (and nationalism or class struggle), denouncing the "disregard for the law of human solidarity and charity, dictated and imposed both by the community of Origin and equality in rational nature in all men, whatever nation they belong. " Pius XII clearly stands there, but without naming them, against Nazism, fascism and communism but also the godless liberalism as responsible for the war, that will not bring the solution ("spirit of violence and discord poured on humanity's bloody cut pain without a name. ") The encyclical does not name or Hitler or Stalin and Pope Pius XII did not speak either on the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression of August 23, 1939 between Germany and the Soviet Union, and this first "silence" him criticized , especially by Mounier who uses the first expression "silences of Pius XII" . In a special issue of L'Osservatore Romano, 13 December 1981, Michele Maccarrone wrote: "It is true that Pius XII, accused of being a papal diplomat, has not practiced very diplomatic. He has not addressed the belligerents to demand an end to fighting (October 28, 1939, the New York Times reproduced the entire encyclical and title: "Pope Condemns Dictators, the violators of treaties, racism and calls for urgent restoration of Poland " ). In France, Albert Lebrun , President of the Republic, and Edouard Daladier , Premier, welcomed the publication of the encyclical. In Germany, printing and distribution are prohibited. But the French air force unleash 88,000 copies in the German Empire . From the beginning of the war in Poland in September 1939, the Nazis are working to eradicate the country's elites. Politicians, teachers, priests and men of letters are murdered. An estimated 52,000 casualties . Millions of Poles were also sent to concentration camps . In the encyclical Summi Pontificatus , the pope explicitly condemned such persecution against civilians: "(...) already in thousands of families reign death and desolation, lamentation and misery. The blood of countless human beings, even noncombatants, raises a piteous cry of pain, especially on a beloved nation, Poland (...) , . But he did not join the condemnation of the Franco-British invasion (after the foreign minister of the Reich to protect German Catholics) . Representative of Mussolini comes to pressure after the papal condemnation of the invasion, he declared: "We should speak words of fire against what is happening in Poland, and the only reason that we retain to do is find that if we are talking about, it will contribute to the condition of these unfortunate even harder. " . His message of Christmas 1939 reiterated his protest: "We had, alas! attend a series of acts inconsistent with both the requirements of international law with the principles of natural law and even the most elementary feelings of humanity. These acts performed in violation of the dignity, freedom, human life cry for vengeance before God. " . On 18 January 1940, after the death of 15,000 Polish civilians, he said that "the horror and inexcusable abuses committed against a defenseless people are established by the undisputed testimony of eyewitnesses . He condemns parallel the attack on Finland by the Soviet Union the 26 December 1939. The German occupation government in Poland pretext papal statements considered anti-German to strengthen enforcement measures and persecutions in Poland , the Nazis killed 2,350 priests and religious and sent in more a href = "Camps_de_concentration" title = "Concentration Camps" class = "mw-redirect"> concentration camps. Thus, the barracks of the priests at Dachau in 2600 received . In 1940, the Holy See expressed its position to the Polish bishops by Monsignor Tardini: The Vatican has diplomatic contacts in Germany (and in spring 1940, a group of German generals to overthrow Hitler and willing to make peace with the English approach Pius XII ). This allows the 4 May 1940 to prevent the Netherlands , Germany will attack it on 10. After the invasion of the Netherlands, of Belgium and Luxembourg , neutral States, Pope sends message of sympathy to Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands , King Leopold III of Belgium and the Grand Duchess Charlotte Luxembourg , by not mentioning that the misfortunes that afflict these countries, but it does not use the term "invasion" and does not denounce or condemn the invaders directly. When Mussolini learned of the existence of these messages, he accused the pope of taking sides against the allies of the Italians and he protested officially to the Holy See. The foreign minister of Fascist states after the interview that "Pius XII was ready to be deported rather than betray his conscience "and that" if he had to make one regret was that of n have not spoken with sufficient clarity to condemn the Nazi policy against the Poles " . Conversely, the cardinal of the Roman curia Eugne Tisserant , French veteran laments hard neutrality of the Holy See . After the defeat of France, the secretary of state re proposals for peace between Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom who refuses . In April 1941, Pius XII granted a hearing to Ante Pavelic , the new dictator of Croatia. The interview caused a note of British Foreign Office that describes Pius XII as "the greatest coward of the time . However, the Vatican does not recognize the Croatian regime and if it never publicly condemned the forced conversions of Serbs by Croats, it does so in a confidential memorandum dated January 25, 1942 and addressed to the Yugoslav Legation , . At that time, it seems clear that information on the extent of the pest control company has risen to the top of the Catholic hierarchy . In 1941, Cardinal Theodor Innitzer informs the Pope made on deportations in Vienna . When the ambassador of the French State at the Vatican, Lon Brard , is concerned about the opinion of the Vatican on the status of Jews enacted by the Vichy regime. The Vatican Secretariat of State confirms that the legislation does not preclude the teaching of the Church . The apostolic nuncio in France Valerio Valeri , "embarrassed" by the Pontifical granted carte blanche to the Jewish policy of the Vichy regime, verifies the information with the Vatican. Secretary of State Maglione confirmed that this is the position of the Holy See , , In September 1941, however, opposes Pius XII Slovakian Jewish Code , which opposite to the status of French Jews, including the banned intermarriage . In October, Harold Tittman, U.S. delegate to the Vatican asked the pope to condemn the atrocities committed against the Jews, the pope's reply mentions his desire to remain "neutral , thereby reiterating the Vatican's position expressed in September 1940 . Finally, in 1942, Pope Pius XII formally advised to Marshal Petain in France by his nuncio, Monsignor Valerio Valeri, the Holy See completely rejects the measures taken by the Vichy government against Jews . Pius XII condemned in his radio message of Christmas 1941 "oppression, overt or covert, of the cultural and linguistic backgrounds. " National Minorities as well as "the obstacle and the tightening of their natural capacity" with "the limitation or elimination of their natural fertility" . In the context of the debate on the progressive engagement of the United States , Pius XII said that the condemnation of communism expressed in Divini Redemptoris by Pius XI did not prohibit American Catholics support the lend-lease granted by the U.S. the USSR, thereby supporting its fight against the Reich (since it is no longer the ally of Hitler since it invaded the USSR, 22 June 1941) . In March 1942, Pius XII established diplomatic relations with the Empire of Japan , then with Nationalist China. He appoints Hilarius Breitinger as apostolic administrator for the administrator in May 1942 Wartheland what is perceived as an implicit recognition of the partition of Poland. The Polish Ambassador Kazimierz Papee is surprised that the pope is not condemning the atrocities committed in Poland. In March 1942, the charge d'affaires Slovak learns to Pius XII that the Slovak government is planning the deportation of "80,000 Jews" in Poland . The Vatican protested to the Slovak government "regrets that these measures violate the law, merely because of their race . On September 18, 1942, Pope received a letter from Monsignor Montini (future Pope Paul VI ) that "the killings are frightening proportions" . In September 1942, Myron Taylor, representing the United States in Rome, and his English, Brazilian, Uruguayan, Belgian and Polish warn that the "moral authority" of the Vatican is severely compromised by its passivity before the atrocities , to What Cardinal Maglione replied that the rumors are not verified. Representatives of the Allied Powers in support of their application, shall send to the Vatican report that they received the Geneva office of the Jewish Agency for Palestine. On 17 December 1942, all Allied nations , officially condemn the extermination of Jews by the Nazis and announced that those responsible will not escape punishment . On 24 December 1942, in his Christmas message broadcast, Pius XII refers to "hundreds of thousands of people who through no fault of their own, sometimes only because of their nationality or their lineage, are consigned to death or a progressive decline " and calls for peace. On 25 December 1942, the New York Times published an editorial in which it is written: "The voice of Pius XII is only in silence and darkness enveloping Europe this Christmas ... It is about the only ruler left on the Continent of Europe who dares to simply raise your voice " . " Just after Christmas 1942, the U.S. representative to the Vatican the Pope noted that the papal message of Christmas 1942 could not meet expectations. The Pope replied that, first, "he could not, in speaking of these atrocities, without mentioning the Nazis and the Bolsheviks also mention that in his opinion, it probably would not like to Allies. . In December 1942, Harold Tittmann suggests Monsignor Maglione make a statement similar to the Allied declaration German Policy of Extermination of the Jewish Race. Monsignor Maglione replied that the Vatican "can not denounce publicly particular atrocities . The same Harold Tittmann writes in his memoirs, published in 2004 by his son: "I can not help thinking that by avoiding talking about the Holy Father has made the right choice and it has saved many lives" . On June 2, 1943, in a speech to the College of Cardinals, Pius XII expressed his concern for those who, because of their nationality or race, are "engaged in extermination measures" that he would resist any of ignominy in detail and stronger language, as is clear the 124 letters written to the German bishops during the war. He does note that "every word on our part to the competent authority, any public reference should be seriously weighed and measured, in the interests of victims in order not to make their situation worse and more unbearable." The Dutch bishops had experienced when in July 1942 they protested against the persecution of Jews once the Nazis had organized a thorough search of the monasteries and convents, leading to a roundup of many Jews hiding there, including Edith Stein , . The same day, the Pope added an output on the Polish question, "the plight of the Polish people ... the quiet heroism of his suffering and his future place in a Europe remade on Christian principles and in a meeting of States free of errors and errors of the past. This text is received with enthusiasm by the Poles, especially by Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha , archbishop of Krakow, who ask no more for fear of reprisals. On June 26, 1943, Vatican Radio said that "Whoever makes a distinction between Jews and other men is unfaithful and is in contradiction with the commandments of God. The world peace, order and justice will always be compromised as long as men discriminate between members of the human family. " It is a rule in excommunication. The New York Times quoted the message and act as a draw for the next day. Following the German occupation of northern Italy, the Pope is directly confronted in Rome, the measures put in works from the Holocaust by German forces. The Vatican move from declarations to concrete actions that, the limited scope, and symbolic late for critics of Pius XII, or significant for its defenders. In September 1943, following the German occupation of northern Italy, the church gives refuge to 477 Jews inside the Vatican and others in 4238 monasteries and convents around . The atrocities committed by the Gestapo and SS , Pope Pius XII let the Osservatore Romano to express the indignation of the Church in its issue of October 25, 1943. The Germans enter the newspaper kiosks and threaten to resume raids on monasteries in order to flush out hidden Jews . Late 1943, the SS commander in Rome ordered the head of the Jewish community to provide 50 kg of gold within 24 hours or face immediate deportation of 200 other Jews (a roundup have already taken place October 16, 1943). The collection had met only 35 kg of gold, the chief rabbi of Rome by Pope Pius XII receives the missing 15 kg, together with a collection among the Catholics of Rome . According to a symposium orgnisations in 2008 by an American foundation, Pius XII organized with the assistance of the clergy of Rome and other European countries and Latin America (including the Dominican Republic 's General Trujillo ), networks in order to save Jews the Nazis. Through various channels, they could then win or neutral countries as part of the conference of the Allies . In March 1944, by his apostolic nuncio in Budapest , Angelo Rotta , the Vatican joins that of King Gustav V of Sweden , the Red Cross , the United States and Britain to protest against the atrocities against the Jewish Hungarian Pius XII sent a telegram on June 25 at Regent Mikls Horthy , asking him to spare the suffering populations "because of their racial or national origin" . Stop the deportations July 8, 1944 . In late August 1944, Pius XII appealed to Londoners and the English "to invite them to forgive insults and ask them not to avenge the ills of Germany that it has inflicted on them." The Times publishes numerous letters of protest . On 29 November 1944, a delegation of 70 survivors came on behalf of the United Jewish Appeal (governing body of world Zionism), express the gratitude to Pius XII and Jews for his work in their favor. The chief rabbi of Rome, Israel Zolli , converted to Catholicism and entered the church with his wife and daughter, Feb. 13, 1945, choosing for baptismal name Eugenio, that is to say, the clean name of the pope. He so desires manifest the importance that the Pope had in his conversion, beginning with his example of charity to the Jews. After his conversion, he was often asked if he had converted out of gratitude to Pope Pius XII. He has always responded negatively, adding, however: "You could say the reign of Pius XII he was inspired by the prophet Isaiah : "Peace is harmony, peace is the salvation for those who are close as for those who are far away, I want all cure "(Is. 57, 19). The Catholic Church loves all souls. She suffers with all and for all, she looks love all her children on the sacred threshold of Peter and his children are all men ... There is no place of suffering that the spirit of love of Pius XII n 'has reached ... In the story, no hero has ordered such an army. No military force has been more fighting, no more has been fought, none was more heroic than that conducted by Pius XII on behalf of Christian charity. " In the post-war, Pius XII condemned the atrocities and persecutions of the German National Socialist regime . But he clearly does not mention the genocide , does not name or the Jews or anti-Semitism in his public speeches. This upsets Christians like Paul Claudel , who wrote to Jacques Maritain , then ambassador to France at the Vatican, December 13, 1945: In his correspondence, Jacques Maritain regrets this oversight position of the pope. It is even Francois Mauriac that speaks directly to the pope: "We have not had the consolation of hearing the successor of the Galilean, Simon Peter, clearly condemn, clearly and not through diplomatic allusions, placing cross of the countless "brothers of the Lord" . " On September 14, 1946, Pope Pius XII gave the hearing Rabbi Phillip Bernstein , who had replaced Judge Simon Rifkind as American adviser for Jewish affairs in the European theater. Bernstein asked the pope to condemn the pogroms, but he objected that the Iron Curtain made communication difficult with the Church in Poland. Several authors have studied the attitude of Pius XII during the war and especially the reasons why he has not publicly denounced the extermination of Jews by the Nazis. The first historian to examine the attitude of the Pope during the Second World War is Leon Poliakov , the author of various works on the history of antisemitism. According to him, sources available supports the theory of oscillating indecision between opposition prudent and discreet, a neutral gene and a double-play to the limit of passive complicity slice for less with the clear opposition to the regime communist in power in the Soviet Union. Information on the extent of the pest control company came early at the top of the Catholic hierarchy and allied governments and public condemnations have been measured . He noted a tension for Eugenio Pacelli both Pope and Bishop of Rome: on the one hand, his role as Pope, "Vicar of Christ" led him to consider before any games diplomatic, economic interests Vatican fears of a victory of communism, in short, the evolution of the global war, while his office of bishop led him to intervene personally and locally to his bishopric for men and women whose lives were in danger. In the preface to his breviary of hate. The Third Reich and the Jews (1951 last edition in 1993), Francois Mauriac laments the silence of the Successor of Peter in the dark years of Nazism . Leon Poliakov y indicates that "the face of terror Hitler, the Churches unfurled in terms of immediate humanitarian action, a tireless and unforgettable, with the approval or at the instigation of the Vatican" but that "the immensity of interests which the Holy Father was in charge, the powerful means of blackmail available to the Nazis throughout the Universal Church, contributed no doubt to prevent vote in person this solemn and public protest, however, was ardently expected by the persecuted. It is painful to note that throughout the war, while the factories of death turned all fours on, the papacy was silent. Thus it must be recognized that experience has shown locally, public protests could be immediately followed by ruthless sanctions In support of this ruling cites a note from the Third Reich's ambassador to the Vatican, Ernst von Weizscker , during the mass deportation of Jews in October 1943, which welcomes "though pressed on all sides, Pope has not been led to any demonstrative censure the deportation of Jews from Rome . In his article "The Vatican and the Jewish question," Leon Poliakov believes that the pope was rather "diplomat" (as opposed to its predecessor "activist") . In terms of "protests and public condemnation of principle, . "This has not prevented Pius XII attempt certain actions:" Paid for example, Pius XII personally put several pounds of gold available to the Jewish community of Rome, when a contribution was required from the excessive- it in September 1943. And throughout the nine months that lasted the German occupation of Rome, dozens of Roman Jews found shelter and protection in buildings and offices of the Vatican . The gold paid to the Nazis did not prevent the deportation but the pope could not predict ... Saul Friedlnder systematized and deepens the research of Leon Poliakov especially Pius XII and the Third Reich (1964 threshold) where he "confirms scientifically theses Hochhuth . In Nazi Germany and the Jews , Saul Friedlnder, wondering why Hitler did not back down in its plans to exterminate the Jewish people as he did for the elimination of "insane". Relying primarily on German diplomatic documents, he found "only one plausible answer: Hitler and his henchmen must be satisfied that the pope would not protest . " Diplomatic relations in early 1943 Bergen the German ambassador to the Vatican indicate an interview during which the pope will not interfere in German shares unless measures were taken to "force him to talk to fulfill its obligations charge "- he even tolerate some flooding that would be settled after the war ended for fear of weakening Germany in its fight against Bolshevism. In February-March 1943, in his diary, the Nazi propaganda minister, Goebbels , identifies three times this opposition between Nazism and Bolshevism as an asset that his government must use its relations with the Curia . On July 5, 1943, upon his arrival at the Vatican, the new German Ambassador Weizscker confirms that the pope reiterated his "affection for Germany and the German people, . After the fall of Mussolini on 23 July 1943 resulting in the arrival of German troops in Italy, fear of communism grows in the Vatican with the risk that the communist resistance to gather momentum and is gaining popularity since it contradicts now the foreign occupation forces. Weizscker inform his superiors that he knew of three notes of the curia dated the day of the fall of Mussolini, when Cardinal Maglione provides that "the future of Europe depends on a successful defense of Germany on the Russian front. The German army is the only possible bulwark against Bolshevism. If it collapses, the fate of European culture is sealed . The ambassador discussed with diplomat well introduced in the Curia which states that "the Pope condemned all the plans that aimed at weakening the Reich. A member of the Curia said that, in the opinion of the pope, a strong Germany was absolutely essential for the Catholic Church . "In Berlin itself, the German State Secretary Gustav Adolf von Steengracht Moyland reported that the Nuncio Orsenigo began to hold forth on his own on the threat that communism posed to the world and the fact that only the Vatican spiritually and materially in Germany can counter it effectively . These messages are constantly repeated, even if a bit embellished by the German emissaries, led Goebbels and Hitler , during a discussion they have the 7 August 1943 , to consider that Pius XII, although genuine Italian and Roman may "be regarded as certainly a good friend of Germany" where he spent fourteen years, and it is clear that he prefers the National Socialism to Bolshevism. "In any case, it held no malicious comments against the fascism or Mussolini cons . " According to historian Israeli Pinchas Lapide, the Catholic Church has, through his charitable work, saving them from certain death about 850,000 Jews living in territories occupied by the Third Reich . This astonishing figure at first glance due to the fact that in reality Lapide believes that all Jews who survived the Holocaust were killed by Christian charity (parishioners, religious or pope). He therefore withdrew the total number of survivors who were in the Orthodox lands, as well as "claims" Protestant, as he calls them, to arrive at this figure, the 13 December 1963 , Pinchas Lapide had yet asserted in an article in the World that this figure was 150 000 to 400 000 . In 2005, the book seems Pius XII and the Jews. The Myth of Hitler's Pope written by Rabbi David Dalin. It reads: "Attributing the sentence back to Hitler and the Nazis to a pope who opposed them and was a friend of the Jews is an abominable slander. Whatever their feelings vis--vis Catholicism, Jews have a duty to reject any argument that appropriates the Holocaust for use in a war against the progressive Catholic Church . " At the beginning of the war, the Axis powers are trying to raise the banner of the crusade against the Soviet Union to justify their action. Monsignor Tardini replied that "the swastika . In China , where the Vatican has established relations in 1946 with the Nationalist regime, when the Communists came to power in 1949, Catholics were concerned by the government which denied any relationship with the Vatican, considered a form of " foreign domination. " Numerous arrests were made, notably in 1955, where several hundred people were arrested with the bishop of Shanghai , Kung , who spent 30 years in prison. La rupture est consomme en 1957 quand le pouvoir chinois fonde une association nationale, l' Association catholique patriotique de Chine. Les catholiques chinois fidles au pape doivent entrer dans une forme de clandestinit. D'un point de vue doctrinal, l'idologie communiste athe, matrialiste et anticlricale, avait fait l'objet de plusieurs condamnations dont celle de 1937 par l' encyclique Divini Redemptoris , parue quelques jours aprs celle qui condamnait le national-socialisme. Si Pacelli avait surtout travaill Mit Brenender Sorge son exprience personnelle l'avait construit dans un anticommunisme marqu. Il avait vcu la rvolution spartakiste en tant que nonce en Bavire en 1919. D'aprs l'historienne communiste Annie Lacroix-Riz / A> this is a key anti-communism of his pontificate, his attitude during and especially after the war that would explain such a degree of involvement in the escape route Catholic war criminals or collaborators, or support (sensitive ) prelates to compromise in collaboration with pro-German plans. This remains a debate among historians. By the end of the war, Pius XII quickly analyzes the end of the Grand Alliance. Faced with the rise of the communists in Eastern Europe (and also in Italy and France), he balances "between his instinctive distrust against atheistic communism and the inclination of the diplomat that he had been to prefer always to dialogue over confrontation. " . The other, would promote "solidarity based on a new more authentic understanding of Christian demands in the political and social order." This diplomatic-political debate is linked to the role of the laity The first option, "vision Hispanic" (a reference to the positioning of the church in the Iberian and South American dictatorships) favors the formation of an anti-authoritarian political power frontally with a strong religious component to mobilize the laity (eg based on Fatima in anticommunism). It has the support of the anti-modernist tradition of the Curia. The second option, around Montini favors the union of Catholics shares (ICO 1950), even Christian democracies in the search for contacts and exchanges with the Communists to seek a political third way (building European Social Doctrine ) accepting an alliance with the moderate secular left. It is the "French vision" of Cardinal Suhard or Maritain that separates the political involvement of lay people from obedience to Rome. It restores the options and networks "modernists" and liberals (or Gallican) church that runs for at least a century and a half. These differences, however, are not conspicuous: the Pope's authority is unquestioned and it alone belong the decisions (he has no secretary of state since the death of Maglione and two key employees, and the faithful Montini Tardini , receive the title of secretary of state proto only when their renunciation of the linear array of Cardinal). He said "I do not want employees but performers. Pius XII had thought about a synthesis between modernity and tradition by combining an acceptance of democracy ("If the future belongs to democracy a key part of his performance will affect the religion of Christ and the Church" ) and of modern science with a papal spiritual authority. The resurgence of modernism, he opted for a church leadership more authoritarian. After several diplomatic stances and policies to limit the influence of Communists (Italian elections of 1946 and 1948 in particular), hit by the repression of the church in the East in 1948/49, by individual positions of clerks who call themselves communists (the movement of Peace 1948) reacts: it emphasizes the gathering of Italian lines proposed by Professor Gedda , and July 1,1949 , the Holy Office excommunicated overall Catholic followers or activists of communism. Pius XII referred to the decision in his speech beatification of Innocent XI , saying its mission to "defend Christianity." It also punishes the Dominican theologians and French modernists (1950). He asserts papal authority by using the procedure of papal infallibility (1950) and abandoning the idea of a council advocated particularly by Lombardi (1948 and 1952). It condemns the policy of dialogue and commitment to the secular side of the Communists, even attempted until about 1952-1954, or by local churches or in the direction of Moscow. In Poland , the primate, Bishop Wyszynski , signed January 12, 1950 an agreement guaranteeing certain liberties to the Polish Catholic Church, in exchange for his support in the politics of border defense. The Vatican has reservations against this agreement, but Moscow has a coexistence based on respect of law and fundamental freedoms (Apostolic Letter to the peoples of Russia from July 7, 1952). The refusal of Stalin (the author's ironic about "The Pope, how many division?") Buries the project . In the fall of 1953, Bishop Wyszynski was arrested along with many other clergymen, by the Polish government for having supported a wave of popular protests that shook the country then. Therefore, although does not fully reflect the thesis of the "Christian state" advocated by Ottaviani , Pius XII, marks a disagreement more significant with the Maritane or channel opening, fearing a risk of secularization of Catholic Action. The marks for this choice are numerous: the beatification and canonization of Pius X (pope antimodernist in whose election he had attended) the initiation of the process of beatification of Rafael Merry del Val , the condemnation of Conjar , the priests workers and the sidelining of Montini , who was not promoted as a cardinal. By contrast, he raises Ottaviani the barrette Cardinal, do not condemn the hierarchies that support right-wing dictatorships (Portugal, Spain under Franco, for example, with compositions which are signed), with the Argentine dictatorship to secretly bury In 1955, the body of Eva Peron in Milan . Finally, lorqui Moscow made a proposal to relax in 1956 in the context of de-Stalinization, it does not respond despite the release of Polish bishops by Gomulka : the crushing of Budapest in November, it confirms that we must reject any opening , where three encyclicals in two weeks and its strong condemnation at Christmas 1956. From a pastoral point of view and doctrine, the last two years of the pontificate all bear the mark of the context of defending the Church against Communism: launch in Rome of the JOCinternationale that opposes the spread in the workers of the "poison of materialistic doctrines, attitudes, distorted by the opposition of classes and hatred"; recent encyclicals of Pope on the Sacred Heart, on Pilgrimage to Lourdes (July 2, 1957), articulate cons materialism, as Miranda prorsus (September 8, 1957) about the media or especially Ad Apostolorum Principles (June 29, 1958), about communism and the Church in China and Memine Iuvat (July 14, 1958), on the prayers for the persecuted church. If the early fifties was marked by an important pastoral activity (question Marian Jubilee canonization of Maria Goretti in the presence of her family and her killer, many ads including the discovery of the tomb of Peter, taken a position on the Changes in church-worker priests, the role of the laity) and diplomatic (support for European integration ), the Pope's health declined sharply in 1954 (attack of hiccups badly treated during which he plans to abdicate ). Increasingly diminished by arthritis and anemia, protected by the Curia and an entourage that oppose (especially sister Pascalina the "Popessa" "or their doctor Riccardo Galeazzi-Lisi author of numerous indiscretions including a photo of the Pope on his deathbed), he avoids the presbyteries and canonization, and put away some of his staff (especially Montini by appointing him Archbishop of Milan in 1954). For Y-Marie Hilaire "isolated, authoritarian . He continues to speak on variety of subjects (worrying himself a "verbal inflation" 119 and 117 posts in the last two years) especially scientists to express the Christian position. The centralization of decision and a long reflection contribute to the disease to slow the decisions and appointments (especially the Cardinals). The judgments of witnesses are felt (for a diplomat he is "tired, petrified in her glory" ), even if the pope has received many expressions of affection and gives interviews showing him reinstated. In his later years, he is confronted by visions, entrusted to Monsignor Tardini, one of Jesus cited by Oservatore Romano. They recall the October / November 1950, when at the time of the proclamation of the dogma of the Assumption, according to Cardinal Federico Tedeschini Pius XII would have been three times in the gardens of the Vatican's vision of the miracle of the sun of Fatima (30-10/31-10, 1-11 and 8-11 at 16h) . According to Jean Guitton , he told himself that he was "the last Pope Pius," the "ultimate link in a long dynasty" . He died (not enough to have formed according to his doctor ) of a stroke on 9 October 1958 at Castel Gandolfo , summer residence of the popes. His successor, John XXIII is moving quickly to a change in attitude (by the choice of his name, various ceremonial gestures, like the end of the custom of eating alone, the call to the Aggiornamento and the Vatican II , causing a surprise in the curia. Certainly, a council was envisaged in 1948 by Pius XII (the previous council was suspended in 1870) but with different content (the dogma of the Assumption) and the idea had been rejected by Pius XII in favor of the infallibility of the magisterium. According to Msgr. Tardini and the Jesuit Riccardo Lombardi Pius XII would have foreseen, however, for his successor. After the Second World War , the action of the Church against Nazism and antisemitism is the subject of several reviews . That is when Jules Isaac blames "teaching of contempt" by the Catholic Church and Pius XII gets himself after the conference Seelisberg that the liturgical reform of 1955 removes the "insulting gestures" that is to say the omission of kneeling in prayer for the Jews . But later, some even accuse Pius XII of having backed by her "silence" the Nazi actions. This controversy comes on the public in 1963 with the presentation of the play The Vicar , the work of German playwright Rolf Hochhuth , , which was first produced in Germany in 1963. The thesis defended by the author focus primarily on the fact that the pope could have done more. Until then, the image of the pope was relatively preserved but the piece has much to turn public opinion. The play was indeed a great international success, was translated into 20 languages, raised many questions which the Vatican responded by announcing that he had to wait for the opening of archives after fifty years . In 2002, the film Amen. , Greek-French director Costa-Gavras , directly inspired by the Vicar, rekindled the debate. Five years later, an officer of the EIS (Romanian intelligence services) spent in the West in 1978 and recruited by the American CIA , Ion Mihai Pacepa says the Soviet general Ivan Agaya, chief of disinformation KGB , designed in 1963 have a plan against Pius XII. The idea was to produce a play based on alleged archives in order to discredit him and his anti communist. The official author Rolf Hochhuth, would have just taken for The Vicar Agaya invented by a script based on documents sent to Moscow by the Romanian intelligence (which would have succeeded in infiltrating the Vatican archives in 1960 and 1962) and would not have inspired the testimony of Kurt Gerstein , yet the central character of the work. If the Vatican believes that writing the Vicar was strongly influenced by its first director, Erwin Piscator , and more generally "by the Communists and opponents of the Church" , it is strongly doubt the revelations Pacepa of which contain glaring errors on the way services are procured their Romanian literature: according to the Vatican, a tender arrangement of diplomatic relations with the countries of the East (or even a financial arrangement) could have provide access to secret archives of the Vatican to Romanian services, in addition, the documents relating to Pius XII were not yet in the secret archive, but to those of the Secretary of State . In 1940, a year after the election of Pius XII, Albert Einstein noted in the magazine Time Church's struggle for freedom and truth, which he likened to silence the press and Universities . In the aftermath of the war, many accolades have been addressed . The chief rabbi of Jerusalem, Isaac Herzog , did say in 1944 : "What Your Holiness and his distinguished delegates (...) do for our brothers and sisters (...) the people of Israel will never forget . " In 1958 , Golda Meir , Foreign Minister of Israel , said the death of Pius XII: "When the terrible martyrdom of our people arrived during the decade of Nazi terror, the voice of the Pope 's raised for the victims . Elio Toaff said: "The Jews will always remember what the Church has done for them by order of the pope at the time of persecution Race. " Documents relating to the pontificate of Pope Pius XII, held in the Vatican Secret Archives have hitherto never been fully published. In October 1999 , a joint commission of Catholic and Jewish historians has yet been charged with studying the period. The controversy had indeed once again been revived by the document "We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah," published in Rome on 18 March 1998. A preliminary report was presented on 25 October 1999 , report in which members questioned the glaring gaps in the archival material available and invited the Vatican to open all its archives. Seeing no requests followed its real effects, the commission announced on 20 July 2001 that it would suspend its work because the Vatican refused to open all its archives and thus prevented the drafting of a final report. For its part, the Vatican took note of this failure, he put on the account of "tendentious leaks" that were guilty of Jewish members of the Committee . Archives related to the entire pontificate of Pius XI , that is to say, until 1939, were made available in 2006. According to the spokesman of the Vatican, those corresponding to the pontificate of Pius XII, representing approximately 16 million sheets, could be that by 2014-2015 . In 2007 , the representative of the Vatican in Israel , Monsignor Antonio Franco, threatened to boycott the annual ceremonies organized by Yad Vashem. He wanted to protest against the image that was given to Pius XII Memorial Museum is thus considered since 2005 a photo of Pius XII among "those that should be ashamed for what they did against the Jews," did he deplored . Chairman of the Memorial, Avner Shalev, wanted to make the following statement: "Yad Vashem is dedicated to historical research and the Holocaust museum presents the historical truth on Pope Pius XII as is known by researchers today. Yad Vashem said the Vatican representative that he was prepared to continue examining the issue, stressing that if he gives it access, it would look with pleasure the archives of Pius XII, to take any knowledge of any new . The nuncio was eventually reversed its decision to boycott the ceremony . The cause of Pius XII was introduced by Pope Paul VI, 18 November 1965, at the same time as that of John XXIII . On May 8, 2007, members of the tribunal of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously positive and conclusive decision of the trial to establish the "heroic virtues" of Pius XII. However Pope Benedict XVI decided to postpone the signing of this decree, preferring to wait , . Two years later, December 19, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI proclaimed the decree recognizing Pius XII as venerable . This phase precedes the beatification. The latter is now conditional upon the recognition of a miracle that occurred after the death of Pius XII, and attributed to his intercession . Moreover, the Vatican has suggested, a few months ago, that Pius XII was not beatified until the full opening of the archives of his pontificate, a procedure that requires years of work . The progress of the process of beatification causes a controversy because of the passivity given to Pius XII during the war, which the Vatican opposes aid to various underground networks to help Jews , . Historian and lawyer Serge Klarsfeld dismisses critics and supports the decision of Benedict XVI, while regretting that all archives are not yet open . The philosopher and writer Bernard-Henri Levy , January 20, 2010, in an article in Corriere della sera , defends Pius XII as he presents a "scapegoat" victim of "disinformation" and speaks of him as the author "of any overt anti-Nazi strongest and most eloquent." It presents Rolf Hochhuth , author of the drama behind the controversy as "a Holocaust denier patented several times condemned as such" and was surprised that accuses Pope Pius XII be kept quiet so that n 'makes no reproach to the Heads of State at the time , . 
The Magisterium of Pius XII
Encyclicals of Pius XII
Summer Pontificatus and the role of Pope
Mystic Corporis Christi and ecclesiology
Afflante Spiritu Divino and exegesis
Mediator Dei and the reform of the liturgy
Humani Generis, New Theology and the theory of evolution
Haurietis Gaudio in aquas, on the Sacred Heart
Dogma of the Assumption
Other positions
Control Natural Family
The first questions of bioethics
On the Big Bang theory
On the issue of human migration
Pastoral
The Lay Apostolate
Ordination of bishops in the new local dioceses
End of the experience of the worker priests
The pope and the modern media
Dialogue with scientists
Canonizations
Pope during the Second World War (1939-45)
The early months of the pontificate and the failure of the peace
The views expressed during the war
Neutrality under surveillance
The doctrinal position of the encyclical Summi Pontificatus and reception
Policy positions on Poland
During the offensive of May 1940
1941
1942
1943
Statements
The Jews of Rome
1944
Conversion of the Chief Rabbi of Rome
The "silence" that extends
Action of Pius XII during the war
The works of Leon Poliakov
Works by Saul Friedlnder
Work by Pinchas Lapide
The work of Rabbi David Dalin
The Pope's post war (1945-58)
The issue of anti-
The policy of the communist regimes against the Catholic Church
L'attitude Vaticane: deux conceptions concilier
The election of Pius XII
The end of the pontificate
The controversy surrounding the "silences of Pius XII"
A play launches public controversy
The evolution of the image of Pius XII in the Jewish community
The Yad Vashem
Minutes of beatification
References
See also
Related articles
External Links
Preceded by Pius XII Followed by Pius XI 
List of popes John XXIII
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