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Paul Vi

Paul VI
Pope of the Catholic Church

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In nomine Domini

Papal Arms of Pope Paul VI

Birth name Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini
Birth 26 September 1897
to Concesio , Flag of Italy (1861-1946). Svg Italy
Election to the papacy 21 June 1963 (65)
Enthronement 30 June 1963
End of the pontificate 6 August 1978 (80 years)
Flag: Vatican Vatican
Predecessor John XXIII
Successor John Paul I
Lists of Popes chronology Alphabetical
change Consult the documentation of the model

Paul VI ( Latin Italian was pope from June 21, 1963 to his death, August 6, 1978. He was born in Concesio , near Brescia in Italy , on 26 September 1897 under the name of Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini. He died on 6 August 1978 at Castel Gandolfo , Italy.

Summary

/ / Biography

Origins

The Montini have a mountain origin , he founded economic kitchens, dormitory St. Vincent to host the disinherited, and a "Secretariat of the people" intended to provide legal advice and administrative services to farmers and workers . He died in January 1943.

Youth (1897-1920)

Brescia , where Montini spent his youth

Childhood

Giovanni Battista Montini was born on 26 September 1897 at Concesio. He is baptized in the church of Pieve di Concesio September 30 of that year .

He has two brothers: the eldest, Lodovico became senator and younger brother, Francesco, MD.

As is the custom for middle-class families of Brescia , he is assigned to a nurse. Zanotti is Clorinda, a mother of four children living in Sacca di Nave (near Concesio), who looks after him for fourteen months.

Education

In 1902, Giovanni Battista began his college tuition Cesare Arici Brescia, run by Jesuits. He made the acquaintance of Andrea Trebeschi, with whom he began his first major action during the First World War. He also attended the congregation alongside Santa Maria della Pace, inspired by Philip Neri.

Frail , he was forced to suspend his studies after two years. His mother then makes study at home.

The following year (1905), Montini resumed school. His studies, though piecemeal, are bright enough so that his comrades nicknamed him "the plodder." It should again suspend his studies in 1910, again for health reasons. His parents then decided to withdraw permanently from the college and to give private lessons, so he can take the exam at the end of school as an independent candidate.

From college, he joined the association Manzoni, the name of the Italian author Alessandro Manzoni , bringing together students and Catholic students.

In 1913, he presented a review of secondary education at the State High School of Chiari then passes maturity classica in June 1916. He entered the seminary in September next.

seminarian without going through the seminar

Birth of his vocation

Montini who left no diary or memoirs, we can not determine exactly how his vocation was born. Several episodes of his youth on religion have nevertheless marked, which could trigger in him the first questions:

  • 1903: her father announces the death of Pope Leo XIII. Paul VI admitted later that he felt a great emotion .
  • 1907: Family Montini went to Rome and was received by Pope Pius X. The same year, Battista made his first communion and received two weeks later the sacrament of confirmation.
    Always the same year, Montini moved to 17 Via delle Grazie, near the church Santa Maria delle Grazie. This Marian shrine is visited regularly by the family.
  • 1910: to Chiari installs a Benedictine community. Battista, forced to stay home to study, often attending Compline and there is some spiritual retreats. Montini was always in contact with the monks of this abbey: receiving in 1973 the Vatican Benedictine abbots, he said that it was his vocation Chiari has germinated.
    Finally, after some time thought of religious life, Montini entered the seminary in September 1916.
History of "seminar"

Santangelo is the seminary of Brescia between Battista soon as September 1916. Yet it does not follow the same training as his fellow seminarians: his health remained fragile, the superior of the seminary and the Bishop of Brescia readily accept that the young man is not subject to life internship. First assistant courses in civilian clothes, Montini can more quickly come to the seminar. Follows then training alone at home, where some priests come assist him.

These times of solitude he can keep a strong link with the society around him. It is the first president of the association Manzoni in 1917, through which it runs a "Library of the soldier" intended to send to soldiers at the front of their good books for entertainment and to maintain their faith. He founded the parallel "House of the French soldier," where soldiers of France can read books and newspapers.

In June 1918, Montini tackle another big project: to defend freedom of education. He launched the magazine with friends The Fionda in which he claims including the establishment of a university Catholic.

Finally, he took a position in favor of PPI which his father is a member on three occasions. The party advocates the freedom of education, defense of family and other more administrative.

These social actions necessarily begin priestly formation time of the young seminarian, whose studies are therefore patchy and discontinuous. Apart from the few lessons that some priests are exempt him, he studied the compendia and reading books eclectic, secular as religious. They are "readings varied and heterogeneous, large and disordered .

On 21 November 1919 , Battista coating finally cassock. Six months later he was ordained priest Between the two dates, he receives all the orders quickly sacred tonsure November 30, the sub-deacon on 28 February 1920 are some of the steps leading to the ordination Priestly.

Priest (1920-1954)

Ordination

Giovanni Battista Montini, the day of his ordination.

After a spiritual retreat that has to stop because of the heat, Montini was ordained priest on 29 May 1920. An exception had to be granted because of his age, the Code of Canon Law with so that the candidate must be twenty-four years old.

He celebrated his first Mass the next day in the sanctuary of Santa Maria delle Grazie , the altar cloth was cut into the dress of her mother. The computer images he has printed a cover quote from Pius X : "Grant, O my God, that all minds are united in the truth and all hearts in charity."

Roman Studies

Arrival in Rome

The health status of Don Montini not allowing him to see him put in charge of a parish, Monsignor Gaggia his bishop decided to send him to Rome to complete his studies.

The Gregorian , a University of Rome where Montini continue his studies.

Montini arrives in Rome on 10 November 1920. He studied at two universities: the Gregorian (the Jesuits) and Sapienza (State University, secular). This dual training coincides with the guideline that will guide his pontificate: the opening to the world lay. Parallel to his studies, he continues to work for The Fionda and writing news.

He also helps his father to pursue his campaign for the Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy. The PPI there that gets 107 seats. For the first time, 35 fascists (including Mussolini ) are elected.

Entry to the Academy of noble ecclesiastical

On 27 October 1921 , Montini was received at the Vatican along with Longinotti by Monsignor Giuseppe Pizzardo , deputy to the secretary of state. Recommended by Longinotti, Montini was offered an entry to the Academy of noble church based in Rome. This high-level institution was founded in 1701 by Clement XI to train clergy for the diplomatic service of the Holy See.

Came to the Academy in November, Montini is studying Latin, church history, diplomacy and law. He published a pamphlet commenting on the work of one of his friends priests Father Bevilacqua: The light and darkness.

When Benedict XV died on 23 January 1922 , Montini will gather in front of the remains of the Holy Father explained in St. Peter's Basilica. He also attends the coronation of Pius XI on February 2, still in the basilica. The new pope receives students from the Academy on March 6, with Montini.

After traveling in Germany and Austria during the summer of 1922 , the young priest spent his doctorate in canon law on 9 December.

Attached to the nuncio in Warsaw

In May 1923 , Montini learned that he was assigned to the nuncio in Warsaw as an attach at the Nunciature. Determined without attribution, he receives no salary and lives off the money his parents sent him and Mass stipends. From Poland , he follows the Italian political and denounced in his letters the approximation of some members of the PPI with the party of Mussolini. Don Battista is allowed to return to Rome in October 1923, thanks to the nuncio in Warsaw Bishop Lauri, and her father who argued that the health of his son very intolerant of Polish winter.

Chaplain's Circle Roman FUCI

The FUCI ( Federation of Italian Catholic University ) is a branch of the Italian Catholic Action (ACI). It is an association composed of various circles close ties with the church hierarchy, each circle being spiritually led by a chaplain.

A year after his return from Poland , Montini was appointed chaplain to the end November 1923 Circle Roman FUCI by his patron and friend Monsignor Pizzardo. His job is to restore order in this circle in his political activities including purifying agitated to give fresh blood to the cultural and religious life, to indirectly strengthen the links between FUCI and ACI.

Don Battista did not give up his political struggle and campaigning for independence in the face of the PPI fascime for legislative elections in 1924. However, the party is divided and gets more than forty seats in the assembly.

During the summer of 1924 , Montini is a one-month stay in France : he took courses in French at the French Alliance of Paris offered by Rene Doumic and visit including the Louvre museum and the town of Lisieux, which is holy Teresa.

Secretary of State

While only twenty-seven, Montini received a letter from Bishop Pizzardo informing him that the Pope Pius XI authorizes him to bring him to the secretary of state. He began his duties on 24 October 1924 as a clerk, the position the more modest.

Minute

After several months of learning, he was appointed minute on 9 April 1925 in the ordinary affairs section. He is responsible for writing, according to the instructions received, drafts, instructions and circulars sent by the section.

Montini continued his apostolate in parallel with youth, working at the Vatican in the morning then Circle Roman FUCI afternoon. His apostolic activity is not easy: it organizes conferences, gives lectures on morality and Christian preaching retreats. However, an incident occurred in spring 1925 : Don Battista organizes a week of social studies for youth, where his brother Lodovico, while teaching in economics and social sciences at Milan , made a speech. The newspaper praised the commitment of the PPI policy which is included Montini in the young priest. Cardinal Pompilj complains to Bishop Pizzardo the Circle be "politicized."

Chamberlain secrecy and national chaplain of the FUCI

But events in the internal FUCI encourage Pope Pius XI to appoint chaplain Montini National FUCI to "depoliticize" the federation, the disconnect of the PPI and monitor student movements.

To give more authority to the chaplain, Pius XI appointed him chamberlain secret , as no longer corresponds to any specific function. Don Battista, now known as Monsignor Montini by his office, gives a line more cultural and religious federation.

Spiritual direction of FUCI is not easy, particularly because of multiple incidents that arise between students and students Catholic fascists . The attempted assassination of Mussolini on 31 October 1926 aggravates these incidents.

Montini then adopted a new strategy to evangelize among students without the risk of clashes: the cultural struggle, to train from within the student community by giving fresh impetus to the Catholic culture. Thus Monsignor Montini founded the publishing house and creates a bimonthly Studium, Azione fucina. While publishing articles, he also wrote a major study on the life and teachings of Christ after the New Testament. His writings reflect the influence that had on him the Father Maurice Zundel and the philosopher Jacques Maritain .

The rise of fascism Montini worried that emits the greatest reserve at the conclusion of the Lateran Pacts . Shortly after, he excludes FUCI students refusing to leave the University Fascist grouping.

First Minute and forced resignation of FUCI

One year after the signing of the Lateran, Cardinal Pietro Gasparri abandons his post as secretary of state position quickly filled by Cardinal Pacelli, later Pius XII. This change of position is preceded by a reorganization within the congregation, and Bishop Montini was appointed primo minute succession of Cardinal Domenico Tardini , appointed under-secretary.

Despite his new position and the increased workload arising Monsignor Montini continues his ministry to students FUCI.

Nevertheless, the movement soon wipes great difficulties, and Montini will be forced to resign:

On the one hand, the Fascist press FUCI suspicious movements and other Catholics to be "competing organizations corporate fascists," which led Mussolini to prohibit members of the National Fascist Party to belong to any movement of Catholic Action . Agreements were signed on 2 September 1931 between the Holy See and the government, in which the Church made many concessions, which denounces Montini.

On the other hand, Montini himself facing several charges:

  • The new chaplain of the circle of the Roman FUCI, Ronca Bishop denounces the circular sent by Montini (National Chaplain) for Easter 1931, in which he criticizes in particular the "unseemly and unnecessary multiplicity of candelabra, palms, flowers, etc.." decorating church altars , which shocked many chaplains local movement;
  • His book The Via di Cristo (The Way of Christ) received the nihil obstat difficulty of the Bishop of Brescia ;
  • Finally, rivalries are born between FUCI and the Jesuits, who teach at the Gregorian University , teaching both movements being in "competition".

On 12 March 1933 , an anonymous article of Azione fucina announces resignation of Monsignor Montini his position as chaplain of the National Catholic university associations. Many believe that this is a forced resignation .

Once removed from office, Bishop / Abbr> Montini devotes his time, along with the light work he performs at the Secretariat of State, teaching and writing. He continued his education because of the history of papal diplomacy at the Lateran University and provides an introductory course in Catholic dogma in the same university. It also publishes The Life of Christ and an Introduction to the study of Christ, and performs a translation of personal religion of the father of Grandmaison. Summer 1934 is an opportunity for him to travel to France , in Great Britain and Ireland. It departs from Rome throughout the year 1935 for health reasons, and sits near his hometown of Brescia. Upon his return, he returns to his work at the Secretariat of State, without enthusiasm and with weariness.

Substitute for Ordinary Affairs
Features Replacement
The Apostolic Palace , the new place of residence of Monsignor Montini.

During the consistory of 13 December 1937 , Pope Pius XI created Cardinal Bishop Pizzardo. The latter is replaced by the Extraordinary Affairs Mgr Tardini himself replaced at his post as a substitute for ordinary affairs by Monsignor Montini.

This promotion is important, stating Montini beyond the Vatican , accompanied by other promotions to: consultor of the Congregation consistory and consultor of the Congregation of the Holy Office. Montini then left the Belvedere Palace to house the Apostolic Palace , in the offices of the Secretariat of State. As a substitute for ordinary Affairs, Montini became a close associate of Pope and he is in charge of relations between the Holy See with the major agencies of the Church, and may provide recommendations and guidance from the authority higher, in addition to a role as an intermediary where he expressed particular point of view of the Holy See in personality from the visit. His typical day begins with a review of records, then a receipt by the Secretary of State Pacelli, before receipt of cardinals, bishops and diplomats at the hearings it provides.

WWII

However, the occurrence of the Second World War disrupts this organization. Montini, who witnessed the signing of the Concordat of July 20, 1933 between the Holy See (represented by Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII ) and the Third Reich .

From the beginning of the war, Montini was given the responsibility of the Office of information, liaison between prisoners of war or civilian internees and their families, including giving these new prisoners by radio. In January 1940, Pius XII Montini asked to broadcast messages via Radio Vatican to protest the fate of the Nazis in the Polish clergy and civilians. After the Germans entered Paris on 14 June 1940 , Montini sends a message of support to Father Martin, the only French to his service . Further activities involved the Bureau of information, the substitute provides numerous hearings to diplomats visiting the Vatican, and participates in the distribution of relief through the Red Cross , prisoners and civilians.

Quickly, Monsignor Montini is central to two diplomatic incidents between the Italian Fascist and the Holy See. First, in late April 1941, he was accused by the Minister Galeazzo Ciano have issued a leaflet to students fascist Roman, but no tract is found, on the other hand, a note sent to the Holy See accused of having organized an anti-fascist meeting in the Vatican apartments, with foreign diplomats: the information is quickly denied by the Secretary of State.

In November 1941, the deputy chairman of the new "Commission for Relief, which was responsible for sending financial aid and medicine to prisoners, allied or not. From 1942, the Holy See is informed of the fate of European Jewry. Those of Slovakia are temporarily protected from deportation through the intervention of the Secretary of State but, very quickly, we inform the Holy See of the consequences of these interventions: 24 June 1942 , the apostolic nuncio in Berlin Cesare Orsenigo inform Monsignor Montini approaches that attempted to the Jews "are not welcomed on the contrary, they end up alienating the authorities" . From that moment, the Holy See, and especially Pope Pius XII , react quietly deal with Nazi atrocities for fear of reprisals .

From September 1942, Montini is in the heart of a conspiracy to overthrow Mussolini . Princess Marie Jose of Belgium , stepdaughter of King Victor Emmanuel III , was received in audience on 3 September 1942 by Monsignor Montini. She explains to substitute the Italian people is ready to abandon the fascist regime, that men are willing to take over and that a separate peace can be concluded with the Allies . Montini, its function allows him to meet with Allied diplomats, therefore part of this project to the Allies, who demonstrate good intentions. However, they implement their own strategy: they start to land in North Africa on 8 November 1942 , which is closer to Italy. After the bombardment of Rome by the Allies on 19 July 1943 , Montini accompanies Pius XII in the streets of the city to pray and help the poor. The approach of the Allies shook the Fascist government, the 24 July 1943 , the Grand Council of Fascism vote full powers to King Victor Emmanuel III. On 25 July morning, a member of the Board who voted full powers, Alberto De Stefani , Montini asks that the Holy See serves as an intermediary between the Allies and the new government to come . The next day the king asked the Marshal Badoglio to form a ministry and the latter arrested Mussolini. On 13 August 1943 , a new Allied bombing occurs on Rome: Montini accompanies the new pope at the scene to comfort the affected population. The next day, the Badoglio government declared Rome an "open city".

Until the end of the war, Montini is a witness to various events affecting Rome, including the occupation of the city by the Germans from 10 September 1943 and its liberation by Allied forces on 4 June 1944. This war was also for him the time of trial: his parents die in 1943, and several of his friends were deported to concentration camps , and finally his friend Longinotti (who had come to the Academy of noble ecclesiastical ) , died in a car accident in 1944.

After the war

Secretary of State Luigi Maglione died of a heart attack on 22 August 1944. Pope Pius XII did not replace it and the secretary of state will be vacant until the election of John XXIII.

Despite this, Monsignor Montini has an important role in diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the United States out of war. Although it did not take place in the dialogue between Pius XII and the French government to replace some bishops "collaborators" , it serves as an intermediary between the Pope and Jacques Maritain , the new Ambassador of France to the Holy See, in sujert the responsibility of the German people. Pius XII had considered that the German people were not collectively guilty of the Second World War , what the philosopher Jacques Maritain replied that the German people were responsible as a people. The French ambassador also stressed to Montini for Pius XII renews its support for the Jewish people by a solemn declaration of sympathy for the victims of the Holocaust. About the countries of Eastern Europe under the Soviet regime, Monsignor Montini address to Western diplomats several reports on the situation of these countries. He continues to work within the Office of information for prisoners and released prisoners that the new treatment has created. In addition, it handles the creation of a support service for migrants at the end of 1946 to assist populations Italian, German and Polish forced from their territory because of the new boundaries drawn.

Parallel to the fate of postwar Europe, Monsignor Montini has a crucial role in the political development of Italy , until the 1950s. Faced with the Christian Democrats led by Alcide De Gasperi , other parties called Christians appear, especially on the left. Montini refuses such a Christian pluralism and democracy is only as head of the Italian government, the other party not receiving the support of the Church. When drafting the Constitution of Italy following the referendum of 2 June 1946 , Montini insists that the Lateran Treaty were included in the constitutional text. At the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949, he was in favor of the accession of Italy to NATO , expressing its own will and that of Pius XII. Regarding unions, it inspires the creation of Catholic Associations of Italian Workers (ACLI). It simultaneously promotes the creation of independent trade unions of the Catholic Church.

The right arm of Pius XII

Pope Pius XII had not made a secretary of state since the death of MonsignorLuigi Maglione , Monsignor Montini becomes the direct subordinate of the Holy Father to the ordinary affairs. Accordingly, he wrote to the pope or sign a large number of speeches, messages and speeches to organizations, individuals or passing pilgrims in the Vatican. In addition, it assists the pope in the drafting of encyclicals and other major papal texts. For example, Frederic Joliot-Curie who asked the pope to intervene to encourage countries to reduce their armaments, Montini said that true peace is rooted "in the doctrine taught by our Lord Jesus Christ . Another example: when the Orthodox Archbishop of Athens Spyridon I. asks the pope to come to a celebration to mark the nineteenth centenary of the arrival of St. Paul in Greece is still Montini who declines the invitation.

However, these decisions do not always reflect the personality of the prosecutor himself. The latter is reputed to be open minded, and theologians condemned by the Holy Office or in the process of being come first refer to Montini before seeing the pope. A maxim is thus formed in church circles: "Why go to the mountain (Pius XII) when you can go through Montini ? An example can better understand the intermediary role played by the prosecutor: Father Yves Congar and Father Feret publish in The House of God an article criticizing the new translation of the Latin Psalter bound by Pius XII. Receiving the Father Congar May 21, 1946, Montini dialogue with him on these reviews and the pre-war theories of the father on the ecumenism , considered suspect by Rome . Montini forward to dicasteries relevant records sent by the Father Congar on Ecumenism. Montini will also provide support to Father Henri de Lubac , a theologian from his controversial book Supernatural. In 1948, he convinced Pius XII received in audience BishopBruno Solages , rector of the Catholic Institute of Toulouse , suspected to approve the ideas of Father Teilhard de Chardin. On 1 September the same year, it saves the index of the book Maxence Van der Meersch , Little St. Therese. Then, in March 1949, he received the Brother Roger Schutz and Max Thurian responsible for the Community of Taiz , to begin a dialogue with them and prepare their ecumenical audience with the Pope next.

In 1950, Pius XII Monsignor Montini load the material preparation of the Holy Year : calendar of national pilgrimages and public hearings, and accommodation in particular. A few days before the opening of this Holy Year, he hosted a conference in Rome before the civil and political authorities in the capital, to present that year. Support admires the prelate and some see a future pope already .

1950 was also the year of publication of the encyclical Humani Generis , in which Pope denounces "some false opinions which threaten to undermine the foundations of Catholic doctrine" . Montini perspective the scope of the text by giving his friend Jean Guitton that the Pope did not denounce the errors but only opinions that can lead to errors .

The Assumption of the Virgin painted by Michel Sittow , about 1500.

Another major challenge for the Church is in the same year: the proclamation of the dogma of the Assumption on November 1. Protestants protest against the proclamation because it gives an additional privilege to Virgin Mary that is not historically attested and also she engages the infallibility of the pope, a notion that Protestants also refuse. Receiving Roger Schutz and Max Thurian the Vatican, Montini their expressed his desire for "more discipline and a text that specifies the purity of doctrine" .

Montini receives many prelates and diplomats in the Vatican. Of these, Dom Helder Camara , with whom he referred to the establishment of an episcopal conference for Brazil. Finally, the prosecutor makes a trip to Canada and the United States in 1951, where he meets Archbishop Spellman , Archbishop of New York.

Pro-Secretary of State
Refusal of an alleged promotion Cardinals

In November 1952, Bishop Monsignor Montini and Tardini given the title of pro-secretaries of state, purely honorary distinction. During the consistory of January 12 following Pius XII announced the new cardinals he has appointed pro-secretary of state because they refused the cardinal's hat .

Some say Pius XII would have "suggested" to abandon this promotion, probably because he does not want him to succeed . Some authors, including Jean Guitton , have in fact said. The philosopher and friend of several decades Montini say later: "There are things I know and that are difficult to say. Certainly it was dramatic. At one time, Pius XII was designed to Montini mistrust. He understood that it was his duty to prevent becoming pope Montini . "Several political stances are indeed charged him within the Secretariat of State , such as the unity of Catholics in the Christian Democrats or the opposition to the creation of a Catholic union. In addition, it adopts different positions of the Holy See when he defends unambiguously the book True and False Reform Church of Yves Congar or when he told MonsignorLefebvre that the Church should not condemn MRA , organization, however, criticized by the Holy Office in 1955. Finally, when Alcide De Gasperi was chairman, Montini quietly encouraged, in contradiction with the instructions of Pius XII , to approach the Italian Socialist Party, led by Pietro Nenni , to remove the last of the Communists.

Despite all this, MonsignorTardini , substitute for Extraordinary Affairs, later said that Montini and denied the bar red when Pius XII proposed to them in May 1952 . Yet they will accept both the first consistory of Pope John XXIII on 15 December 1958.

The case of worker-priests
Main article: Priest worker.

The year 1953 is also an opportunity for the Church of phasing the apostolate of priests-workers in factories, they are suspected of being too politicized and be in a movement Marxist . In July, Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo (prefect of the Congregation of the seminars ) prohibits seminarians to do internships in factories and in August, prohibition is against "religious-workers" to attend the factories in September last, the nuncio in Paris, Monsignor Roncalli (later John XXIII ) calls on French bishops to ban the experience of the worker priests in France. In all these convictions, Montini approves the Holy See and justifies its decisions. However in 1965, became pope, he will restore the experience of the worker priests.

Archbishop of Milan (1954-1963)

An appointment resented

Cardinal Schuster , Archbishop of Milan from June 26, 1929, died August 30, 1954. Shortly after, Pius XII announced that Montini to appoint him to think of this feature.

Although the archbishop of Milan was regarded as illustrious , Montini feel this appointment as a sanction . It suffers from being away from the well of Rome. Several reasons have been advanced to try to explain this appointment: Pius XII did not see Montini become pope and thus wished away from the Vatican, too, Montini was contacted, unbeknownst to the pope, with the Soviet authorities for improve relations between the USSR and the Vatican, which would have scandalized the Roman Pontiff when he had learned, and would therefore have an incentive to remove the pro-secretary of state .

Anyway, the future bishop prepares for her new charge, and receives from the month of November 1954 the auxiliary bishop and vicar general of the Archdiocese of Milan. And November 6, Monsignor Montini farewell to members of the diplomatic corps of the Holy See.

Episcopal Ordination

Episcopal consecration of Montini is celebrated on 12 December 1954 in the St. Peter's Basilica. Pius XII , sick, can not carry himself in the coronation. Cardinal Eugene Tisserant is the principal consecrating the new bishop who is assisted by MonsignorGiacinto Tredici and MonsignorDomenico Bernareggi , co-consecrators. The Pope had still recorded a message that was broadcast during the ceremony, in which he sent his blessing to his "faithful collaborator, now his brother in the episcopal order" .

Montini has to choose his shield and his episcopal motto In nomine Domini ("In the name of the Lord") .

Normally, the Cardinal Archbishop of Milan, however, Pius XII did not wish to succeed him as Pope, so, he "suggested" to abandon the cardinal, agreed that Montini.

Arrival in the diocese

Monsignor Montini from Rome, January 4, 1955 for his new diocese, after saying Mass at St. Pius X Altar in St. Peter's Basilica. He takes the train to the city of Lodi , where he was received by the local bishop and vicar general of Milan. Then, going to Milan by car, the new archbishop out of the car and kiss the soil of his new diocese.

The following January 6th, day of the Epiphany , Montini made its debut in Milan before a large crowd and the civil and religious authorities of the city. Standing in a car before a line of official vehicles, the archbishop blesses the faithful through the streets of the city. Arriving at the Cathedral of Milan , he delivered a speech mixing spirit of tradition ("Our Catholicism must be honest and faithful") and openness (it should work for the pacification of the Italian Catholic tradition of humanism with good life Modern ").

Major features of the episcopate

Tasks for the Archbishop

The diocese of Milan , the biggest of Italy with over three million people, is plagued by the de-Christianization and the liberalization of morals. The new bishop will therefore be in charge of a diocese difficult to manage, he who has never had to lead the parish as a priest.

Monsignor Montini accumulates over a small circle of clerics who are also its advisers, including the head of the seminary of Milan he will receive every Wednesday. Then, very quickly, the prelate fully involved in political and social life of his diocese, visit the International Fair in Milan in April 1955 , visiting hospitals, parishes and religious communities in its territory.

The archbishop also involved in building new churches to his departure in 1963, he has built seventy-two churches, plus a twenty starts. It redefines the parishes, urging priests to include performance halls and sports facilities. It creates pastoral movements as a consulting firm promoting new methods of catechesis and liturgy, publishing manuals and a "Social Pastoral Office" for immigrants into the churches, and finally, an "Office of Social Assistance" distributing relief to the needy.

The intensity of these activities, further weakening his health, the Archbishop obtained the appointment of two new auxiliary bishops to assist him in his work : BishopSergio Pignedoli and Bishop Schiavini.

He continues to receive Roger Schutz , Max Thurian and Anglican clergy and bishops with whom he played a major role for the Council , as MonsignorMaurice Roy ( archbishop of Quebec ) or BishopLeo Joseph Suenens (Auxiliary Bishop from Mechelen ). Politically, he takes a stand against the opening to the left of the Christian Democrats , whose secretary was elected in 1959 Aldo Moro.

According to his friend Jean Guitton , Montini was sad and "suffered martyrdom," away from Rome and affairs of the Holy See where he had worked for 30 years.

The Mission of Milan (November 1957)

Shortly after installation, the archbishop expresses the idea of a great diocesan mission at a meeting with priests. This mission, limited to the single city of Milan , aims to reach out to all those who are estranged from the Church, "lost and tormented, the lost and lonely."

The project was officially announced in early 1956, the day of the Epiphany . For several months, numerous meetings were held and books of songs and prayers for the family are published.

The Mission runs for twenty days, from 5 to 24 November 1957. The event is significant: two cardinals ( Giuseppe Siri and Giacomo Lercaro ), twenty-four archbishops and bishops, more than a thousand priests and religious mobilized to preach in places of the city. Churches, public squares, shops, factories, hospitals, schools and governments take advantage of all built preaching on "God the Father." Montini insists that the Mission offends no one and opens all the Milanese.

The fruits of the Mission shall, however poor, because after a short fervor, religious and moral situation of the city will go on deteriorating. Montini said later in a diocesan synod: "The impulse of religious fervor generated by the urban mission of 1957 has not had the positive result that we expected. The religious situation in the city is alarming. "

Centenary of the Apparitions at Lourdes

To celebrate the Centenary of Marian apparitions in Lourdes , the Bishop organizes a pilgrimage to this place with 4500 faithful of his diocese, from 26 June to 1 July 1958. They all give thanks for the fruits of the Mission of Milan. Monsignor Montini made two retreats on the following August, in the Abbey of Einsiedeln and in that of Engelberg in Switzerland.

Cardinal

.

The conclave of 1958 thus opens Oct. 26 and after two unsuccessful days and ten votes, Cardinal Roncalli was elected the 28th and took the name John XXIII.

The Consistory of December 15, 1958

Shortly before the coronation of 4 November 1958 , John XXIII wrote to Monsignor Montini informing him that he will soon be created cardinal, including MonsignorDomenico Tardini (new Secretary of State), to repair what Archbishop still feels like an injustice on the part of Pius XII. The announcement of the appointment of 23 new cardinals became official on 17 November.

Monsignor Montini was eventually named cardinal in the consistory of 15 December 1958.

Start of Vatican II

Preparing the Council

January 25, 1959, John XXIII officially announces its intention to conduct an ecumenical council to extend the work of Vatican I , which was interrupted in 1870. The next day, Monsignor Montini address a statement to his diocese saying that the council is a "historical event of first magnitude

At the end of 1961, John XXIII appointed Cardinal Montini member of the Central Committee. The archbishop will speak about sixty times during the five sessions are held until the council, refusing the dogmatic proclamation of the mediation of the Virgin Mary, or deciding to abolish censorship. In addition, he is in favor of religious freedom defined as a right that man by nature. Receiving some members of the Preparatory Committee of the liturgy, the cardinal takes a stand for the use of the vernacular (while retaining Latin for the canon of the Mass) .

The opening of the council is scheduled for October 11, 1962, too soon by Cardinal Montini , in fact, many texts were to be proposed in the discussion of the bishops, and no overall plan was expected.

First Session

The council Vatican II opens in Rome October 11, 1962, more than 2,000 bishops and superiors of the world, and about thirty non-Catholic observers, the opportunity to gather in St. Peter's Basilica. M gr Montini is present, and he did invite his friend Jean Guitton among observers.

Montini, that John XXIII was careful to stay in a house adjoining the church, remained very quiet during this first session. He does indeed speak only twice (in Latin, as required by regulation). On November 11 a share, in defense of the schema on the liturgy, which is proposed to vote, reassured that the bishops are concerned about provisions in the text. On the other hand, it intervenes in debates on Dec. 5: he supports the proposal of Cardinal Leo Joseph Suenens , who two days earlier, had expressed the wish that the second session had the theme of the Church. It also asks the pope on November 20, along with Cardinals Albert Meyer and Paul-mile Lger , remove the text on the Revelation because it believes that this scheme offers too little openness to non-Catholics.

In general, Monsignor Montini regrets that the council does not follow a specific plan. In a letter to Cardinal Amleto Cicognani , he proposed that the council should follow three sessions: the first aimed to define the Church, the second on the functions of the Church (liturgy, moral and missions), and the third on the relationship between the Church and the world ( ecumenism , interreligious dialogue and relations with the states). In the Catholic newspaper in Milan , the Archbishop's Council publishes letters in which he summarizes the conciliar work. As such, he complains that the proposed schemes are inconsistent and that the council fathers are often speech.

5 and 6 December, Montini's voice is heard: John XXIII proclaimed the establishment of a coordination committee with the objective of linking each other committees which shall consist of five cardinals Leo Joseph Suenens , Paul-Emile Light , Giacomo Lercaro , Julius Dpfner and Montini. Moreover, the Pope reduced the number of patterns 70 to 17.

Travel

  • Trip to Ireland (Spring 1961): The Cardinal Montini makes a private trip to Ireland , where he sees his friend Antonio Riberi (he named a cardinal in 1967) and Amleto Cicognani (later Secretary of State in July next).
  • Trip to Africa (July 19 to August 10, 1962): Having launched a mission in Rhodesia in 1961 and looking to refresh Bishop Hurley, archbishop of Durban , Cardinal Montini went to Africa , becoming the first cardinal to visit the European continent . In Rhodesia, Montini visit the Italian mission and give the sacrament of confirmation to young Africans. Then in South Africa , he blessed the foundation stone of a church but do not meet the country's political authorities (thus showing his disagreement with the apartheid. At the next stage in Nigeria , he visited the various hospitals , schools and missions in the region. Then, in Ghana , he visited several sites and cities before returning to Milan.

Pope (1963-1978)

Inauguration of the Pontificate

Conclave
Main article: Conclave of 1963.

John XXIII died on 3 June 1963. In the eulogy he delivered at the Cathedral in Milan on 7 June, Monsignor Montini expresses his admiration for the late pontiff, stating that "the grave can not contain his inheritance, or death stifle his spirit." June 15, the day before from the conclave, Montini wrote to Father Bevilacqua is needed now to the Church "a wise and effective pope," but now says "Certainly not me, as used to designate the Popes Prefabricated can insinuate " .

Montini left for the conclave June 16: first he stayed with the Sisters of Maria Child, then to Castel Gandolfo. June 18, he celebrated Mass at the abbey of Saint Priscilla.

Paul VI in 1967.

The conclave that will elect the successor of John XXIII opens in the afternoon of June 19, 1963, in the Sistine Chapel. With 80 cardinals present, is at the time the conclave that brings together the largest number of voters in history.

The first voting starts the next day, June 20 To be elected, the future pope must receive at least 54 votes in his favor. Favorites, papables are the cardinal Montini Lercaro and Siri.

Election
The Habemus papam Paul VI, delivered June 21, 1963 by Cardinal Protodeacon Alfredo Ottaviani.

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After five unsuccessful ballots, Cardinal Montini was elected Pope in the sixth round on 21 June 1963 , with some 60 members: it has 65. It beats the Cardinals Siri , Lercaro , Antoniutti , Agagianian and Suenens. It was felt by all favorite to the point that the newspaper La Croix published its special edition on his appointment a few minutes after the official announcement.

The cardinal dean ( Eugene Tisserant ) who asks him if he accepts the burden assigned to it, Montini answers "in nomine Domini Accepto" ("I accept on behalf of the Lord"), echoing his episcopal motto. When asked about the chosen name, he replied "Vocabor Paulus (" My name is Paul "): the new Pope Paul VI named so in honor of St. Paul and Paul V , Pope, who had implemented the Decisions of the Council of Trent and canonized Charles Borromeo.

The previous Paul: Paul V , who began implementing the Council of Trent.

Around noon, the Cardinal Ottaviani announces election of new pope in the crowd in St. Peter's Square. According to the ritual formula, he utters these words: "Vobis Gaudium Magnum Annuntio; Habemus Papam" .

Moments later, the new pope appears at the balcony of St. Peter : he gave his first Urbi et Orbi blessing , but does not speak.

Installing the new pope

After his appearance St Peter's Square , the new pope and the cardinals returned from sharing a feast with them, taking the same position as during the conclave .

The next day he took possession of the papal apartments, the second and third floors of the Vatican Palace. There will be significant work in the months following his personal comfort: replacement of gilded furniture by furniture design modern works of contemporary art , renovation of the chapel and roof terrace of the palace for his daily walk with access by lift, are some of the material changes that will be required. The first night he stayed in the papal apartments, he complained of being bothered by the rustle of fountains of the Place Saint-Pierre. Under his pontificate, they will cut every night from 23:00 before being reopened in the morning.

First message to the world

June 22, the day after his election, the Pope addressed to the cardinals gathered in the Sistine Chapel in a message broadcast by Vatican Radio. He said the main goals of his pontificate: resume Vatican II ("The most important part of our pontificate will be occupied by the continuation of the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, which turned into the eyes of all men of goodwill. "), working for peace among peoples and the unity of Christians.

Coronation
The Tiara of Paul VI

On Sunday, June 30, 1963 was the coronation of Paul VI. For the first time in history of the papacy, the ceremony takes place outside of St. Peter , because of the crowds expected . A hundred countries are represented by their sovereign or head of state. Pope arrives in sedia gestatoria. In a long ceremony, the Epistle and Gospel are chanted in Latin and Greek (as a sign of unity), then Paul VI made a speech in which he speaks nine languages .

After that speech, Cardinal Ottaviani , Protodeacon, poses on the head of the sovereign pontiff tiara which was designed as specified by the new pope: simple and streamlined.

Challenges of the Pontificate

In his first message to the world June 22, the day after his election, Pope Paul VI expected to complete three major projects:

  1. resume the Second Vatican Council : Pope John XXIII died a few months after the opening of Vatican II , then only one session was conducted. The new pope's first task is therefore to continue and conclude this council, despite the bishops who wished not to prosecute.
  2. work for peace between peoples;
  3. work towards Christian unity.

Major features of the Papacy

The Pope of the Council
Resumption of the Council announced

On 27 June 1963, the Secretary of State Amleto Cicognani said that the council will resume Sept. 29. To prepare for this occasion, Paul VI met twice Coordination Commission on 3 July and 31 August. He endorsed the idea of holding the sessions according to a plan, confirms Cardinal Suenens as legate in the council , and hopes to unify the traditional and progressive tendencies. In August 1963 he goes to Castel Gandolfo , the pope again engaged in final preparation for the resumption of the Council: expansion of the council presidency to twelve members (appointed three new members: Cardinals Albert Meyer , Giuseppe Siri and Stefan Wyszynski ) and appointment of four moderators responsible for directing the work of general congregations (cardinals Julius August Dpfner , Lercaro Giacomo , Leon-Joseph Suenens and Grgoire-Pierre XV Agagianian ).

He stated his intentions for the Second Vatican Council in a speech on September 6: "Today, this glorious word aggiornamento constitutes an entire program. The Ecumenical Council, as everyone knows, has done his, in her polarizing objectives of reform and renewal. Do not see the adjective that comes to events of the highest and most characteristic of church life a fall unconscious, but harmful to the pragmatism and activism of our time, to the detriment of the inner life and contemplation, which must take first place in the scale of our religious values. "

Finally, on September 21, he addressed the Roman Curia and announced two projects for reform: creation of a council of bishops from around the world as members in the congregations of the Roman Curia (future motu proprio Pro comperto sane, 6 August 1967) and general reform of the Roman Curia (future General Rules of the Roman Curia on February 22, 1968).

Continuation and end of sessions of the Council
Second session (29 September to 4 December 1963)

The second session of the Council opened September 29, 1963. Yet few bishops countries Communists are present at this session. However, many observers and non-Catholic laity. Among them, besides Jean Guitton already present at the first session, attend now twelve laymen around the world (international leaders of Catholic organizations). These observers participate in the drafting of certain texts. The press is also more broadly informed of the progress of the session, a press conference being held daily.

In the opening speech of the second session, the Pope reaffirms the truth of the Catholic faith but calls at the same time to recognize the "spiritual treasures" they have kept the "separated brethren", he also asserts that the Church must ask forgiveness for the wrongs it committed in the past.

Several schemes are discussed, amended and referred to appropriate committees: the schema on the Church, which has been hotly debated thesis of the primacy of the pope or conversely that the collegiality of bishops, the diagram on the Virgin Mary , who was finally a chapter within the schema on the Church, and the quality of "Mary Mediatrix of All Graces" was not adopted. In addition, the issue is discussed in the collegiality of bishops and questions on ecumenism start pouring out.

At the close of the session on December 4, Paul VI promulgated two texts: the decree Inter Mirifica on the means of social communication, and the constitution Sacrosanctum Concilium on the liturgy. Finally, the pope solemnly announces he will perform his first trip abroad in January following: a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. This announcement led to a remarkable burst of applaudissemements.

The application challenging the Council
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The Pope of dialogue

Dialogue is one of the main features of the pontificate of Paul VI. In each dialogue, interfaith, ecumenical, or even politics, he strives to be welcoming to all, to listen and reach out to each other.

Interfaith Dialogue

Dialogue with non-Catholic religions, especially Judaism , developed during the pontificate of Paul VI, led to the declaration Nostra Aetate.

Outside the Christian world, the pope met in 1971, Kalu Rinpoche during his first trip to the West. September 30, 1973, Paul VI received the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso in the Vatican . In 1975, he met the 16th Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje. In 1974, he met the Ulema of Saudi Ecumenical Dialogue

Political Dialogue
Paul VI and John Kennedy (1963)

Paul VI remained true to Italian traditions that makes the pope a major player in politics and a leader in fact of Christian Democracy. When he threw the Ostpolitik of the Vatican through BishopCasaroli to improve the lot of Catholics living in Communist countries, Paul VI blocked all attempts by the PCI and its leader Berlinguer to gain power by allying to Christian Democracy. In fact, Paul VI did not appear to negotiate with the Soviets in a position of weakness or for reasons of domestic politics. PCI made no mistake and tried to coax the pope, without success.

Dialogue with the traditionalists
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Other Dialogues
  • Fathers of the Council in favor of a greater recognition of the Virgin Mary. On February 3, 1964, Bishopof Proana Sigaud gives the Pope a document, signed by 510 bishops from 78 countries, asking it to grant an application for Our Lady of Fatima : consecrate the world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary for the conversion of the Russian. Paul VI did not grant the request but conceded to give the Virgin Mary as "Mother of the Church" at the third session of the Council.
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Reception of Charismatic Renewal

Paul VI urged the Charismatic Renewal Catholic, he considered a chance for the Church and the world.

He said during his speech at the Third International Congress of Catholic Charismatic Renewal , on 19 May 1975 : "God became man in Jesus Christ, whose Church is the Mystical Body , and it is there that the ' Spirit of Christ was communicated on the day of Pentecost , when he descended upon the Apostles gathered in the "upper room", "devoted themselves to prayer," "around Mary, Mother of Jesus" "

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The Pilgrim Pope

On December 4, 1963, after the second session of Vatican II , Paul VI announced that he will visit the following January in the Holy Land , for a pilgrimage in the footsteps of Christ. This is the first time since Pius VII a pope leaves the Italy to participate in a trip during his pontificate.

Some important texts
The Profession of Faith of Pope Paul VI
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The encyclical Humanae Vitae
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Deaths

Tomb of Paul VI

80 years old and suffering from osteoarthritis , Paul VI saw his days almost always lying.

He suffered a a href = "Crise_cardiaque" alt = "Heart Attack" class = "mw-redirect"> heart attack in late afternoon on 6 August 1978 in his home in been to Castel Gandolfo and died four hours later, at 21.00, the day of the Transfiguration of Christ Pastoral

Texts

Encyclicals

  • Ecclesiam Suam (August 6, 1964)
  • Mense Maio (29 April 1965)
  • Mysterium Fidei (3 September 1965), on the doctrine and worship of the Holy Eucharist.
  • Christi Matri (September 15, 1966)
  • Populorum Progressio (March 26, 1967), the development of peoples.
  • Sacerdotalis Caelibatus (June 24, 1967), on priestly celibacy.
  • Humanae Vitae ( 25 July 1968 ), marriage and birth control. The reactions to the encyclical were very strong: the encyclical appeared as an act of papal authority, running counter to the "spirit of the council." In fact, the encyclical had been prepared since 1965 , when Paul VI had suspended some parts of the constitution Gaudium et Spes. In addition, the Pope wished to confirm the teaching of Casti connubii of Pius XI , promulgated on 31 December 1930.

Apostolic Exhortations

  • Quarta Sessio (August 28, 1965)
  • Postrema Sessio (November 4, 1965)
  • Petrum and Paulum Apostolos (February 22, 1967)
  • Signum Magnum (13 May 1967)
  • Recurrens mensis October (October 7, 1969)
  • Quinque iam anni (December 8, 1970)
  • Evangelica Testificatio (June 29, 1971)
  • Marialis Cultus (February 2, 1974)
  • Nobis in Animo (March 25, 1974)
  • Paterna cum benevolentia (December 8, 1974)
  • Gaudete in Domino (9 May 1975)
  • Evangelii Nuntiandi (December 8, 1975)

Travel

Travel Map of Paul VI

Paul VI was the first pope since Pius VII to travel outside Italy.

During his pontificate, he took part eleven apostolic journeys, nine out of Italy .

  • Pilgrimage to the Holy Land (from 4 to 6 January 1964). "We decided, after careful consideration and not without much prayer, to be pilgrims on the earth of our Lord Jesus ... We see this blessed land, which went no where Peter and his successors did not return. " It was during the closing speech of the second session of Vatican II Vatican Council Paul VI announced his intention to make a first trip to the Holy Land. Until the last minute, the project remained secret pilgrimage.
    In Jerusalem, he is overwhelmed by the crowd and lack of being trampled and suffocated. On this occasion he met the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Athenagoras I. Paul VI said in part: "great is our emotion, deep is our joy, really this time in history when, after centuries of silence and waiting, the Catholic Church and the Patriarchate of Constantinople are found again ..." After a joint statement they were exchanged gifts (Athenagoras Paul VI gave to an icon representing two apostles , Peter the " Coryphaeus "and Andrew , the first to follow Jesus Christ ).
  • Pilgrimage in India (from 2 to 5 December 1964). He went to Bombay in India. After his ecumenical journey in the Holy Land, Paul VI makes a trip here on the theme of poverty. Addressing the people of India, the Pope addressed in fact to the world, asking: "May the nations to stop the arms race and spend the other hand, their resources and energies to the fraternal assistance to countries in developing world. ... May every nation to spend, was it part of their military expenditure, a large global fund for the solution of many problems for so poor ... "
  • National Eucharistic Congress of Italy (1965)
  • Visit to the United Nations (from 3 to 4 October 1965). He leaves the United States where he delivered an October 4, 1965 speech before the UN General Assembly in New York. After recalling the words of John Kennedy four years earlier, "Mankind must put an end to war or war will put an end to mankind", he added, "... never again war, never again war is peace, peace which must guide the destinies of peoples and of all humanity! "
  • Pilgrimage to Fatima (May 13, 1967). Pope's visit to the shrine of Our Lady of Fatima in Portugal for the anniversary of the apparitions. Sister Lucia, the only child still alive to have seen apparitions of the Virgin Mary, is present alongside the pope, who gave him communion.
  • Visit to Turkey (July 1967). Paul VI became the first pope to visit Turkey, where he met July 25, 1967 Patriarch Athenagoras I in Istanbul for a new ecumenical meeting. (Athenagoras I will be received by the Pope in Rome, three months later, from 26 to 28 October 1967.)
  • Apostolic Pilgrimage to Bogota (August 1968). It is the first pope to go to Latin America , going to Colombia to celebrate Masses Bogot and Medelln. More than a million people crowd along the route that the procession of Paul VI from the airport to the Plaza Bolvar. It will meet during his stay all the bishops of Latin America at a bishops' conference. This will serve to redefine the Church's commitment against the poor and give birth to the concept of liberation theology.
  • Pilgrimage in Uganda (July 1969). First pope to go to Africa , he will preach in Uganda, to honor the martyrs of this country. He wanted to devote himself the altar of the Shrine of Namugongo, erected at the place where Charles Lwanga and his companions were martyred.
  • Pilgrimage to the Marian Shrine of Our Lady of Bonaria in Cagliari (1970)
  • Pilgrimage in East Asia, Oceania and Australia (from November 26 to December 5, 1970). Paul VI makes a series of pastoral visits in East Asia and Oceania. The 26 and 27 November it starts with Tehran in Iran. On 27 November he made a stop in Pakistan at Dhaka (now Bangladesh), before spending the 27 to 30 November in Manila, Philippines, where he escaped an attack by a deranged man. On 30 November he made a stop in Pago Pago in Western Samoa. From 30 November to 3 December, he was in Sydney Australia. From 3 to 4 December, is in Jakarta, Indonesia. He made a stop on December 4 in Hong Kong before going to Colombo in Sri Lanka on 4 and 5 December.

Hearings

The first general audience in Paul VI held July 13, 1963. Until his death he held a weekly audience on Wednesdays, except on holidays and where there is a major impediment (travel, illness, retirement of Lent ) . Some of these hearings are held in the Paul VI Hall , which opened in 1971 and up to 12 000 people standing.

Retrospective

Citation

  • "If indeed proclaiming was due to John XXIII , it was to him, his successor, to successful completion, an expert hand, delicate and firm. It was no less arduous for Pope Montini guide the Church in the post-conciliar. He has not left conditioned by misunderstandings and criticisms, even if it had to bear the pain and sometimes violent attacks, but he remained always be a firm and prudent helmsman of the barque of Peter. "( Benedict XVI )

Apostolic Succession

Apostolic succession
Bishopcoa.png
Consecrating: Eugne-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant
First co-principal consecrating: Giacinto Tredici
Second co-principal consecrating: Domenico Bernareggi
Date of consecration: 12 December 1954
Consecrator
Bishop Date of consecration
Domenico Enrici November 1, 1955
Alexander Cesario Minali 5 June 1955
Aristide Pirovano 13 November 1955
Adolfo Lus Bossi 14 September 1958
Antonio fustella (Fustello) 25 June 1960
Giovanni Umberto Colombo 7 December 1960
Luigi Oldani 7 December 1961
Francesco Rossi 26 May 1963
Paolino Limongi 20 October 1963
Joseph Khiamsun Nittayo 20 October 1963
Igino Eugenio Cardinale 20 October 1963
Jose Garcia Villa 20 October 1963
Baptist Mudartha 20 October 1963
Arnold Ralph Cotey 20 October 1963
Didier Prouse de Montclos 20 October 1963
Etienne-Marie-Flix Courtois 20 October 1963
Francis Hoenen 20 October 1963
Alphonse Felicissimus Raeymaeckers 20 October 1963
Franciscus Xaverius Eikichi Tanaka 20 October 1963
Clemens P. Chabukasansha 20 October 1963
Albert Reuben Edward Thomas 20 October 1963
Victorinus Youn Kong-hi 20 October 1963
Angelo Palmas 28 June 1964
Johannes Gerardus Maria Willebrands 28 June 1964
Giovanni Fallan 28 June 1964
Ernesto Camagni 28 June 1964
Pierre Franois Jean-Baptiste Salmon 28 June 1964
Bernard-Oguki Atakpah 3 December 1964
Alberto Zambrano Palacios 3 December 1964
Bernard Charles Ratsimamotoana 3 December 1964
Lawrence Patrick Moran 3 December 1964
Marcel Evariste Van Rengen 3 December 1964
Lobard D'Souza 3 December 1964
Giacomo Violardo 19 March 1966
Ferdinando Giuseppe Antonelli 19 March 1966
Oscar Zanera 19 March 1966
Dino Trabalzini 19 March 1966
Loris Francesco Capovilla 16 July 1967
Ernesto Civardi 16 July 1967
Antonio Mauro 16 July 1967
Agostino Casaroli 16 July 1967
Amelio Poggi 16 July 1967
Raymond Philip Etteldorf 6 January 1969
Antonio Maria Travia 6 January 1969
Matthieu Kanyama 6 January 1969
Sabas Magaa Garca 6 January 1969
Abel Costas Montao 6 January 1969
Eugne-Marie Ernoult 6 January 1969
Adhemar Esquivel Kohenque 6 January 1969
Thomas Benjamin Fulton 6 January 1969
Bernard Joseph McLaughlin 6 January 1969
Andr Bernard Michel Quelen 6 January 1969
Andrea Bernardo Schierhoff 6 January 1969
Paul Casimir Marcinkus 6 January 1969
Barnabas R. Halem Iman 1 August 1969
John Baptist Kakubi 1 August 1969
Albert Edward Baharagate 1 August 1969
Serapio Magambo Bwemi 1 August 1969
Emmanuel Milingo 1 August 1969
Andr Fernand Anguil 1 August 1969
Raphael S. Ndingi Mwana'a Nzeki 1 August 1969
Emile Njeru 1 August 1969
Anthony Saliu Sanusi 1 August 1969
William Mahony 1 August 1969
Constantine Guirma 1 August 1969
a href = "Jean-Marie-Joseph-Augustin_Pasquier" class = "new" title = "Jean-Marie-Joseph-Augustin Pasquier (non-existent page) "> Jean-Marie-Joseph-Augustin Pasquier 1 August 1969
Louis Vangeke 3 December 1970
Saminini Arulappa 13 February 1972
Edoardo Pecoraio 13 February 1972
Dermot J. Ryan 13 February 1972
Edward Louis Heston 13 February 1972
Giuseppe Casoria 13 February 1972
Paul Augustin Mayer 13 February 1972
Annibale Bugnini 13 February 1972
Federico G. Silt 13 February 1972
Patelisio Punou-Ki-Hihifo Finau 13 February 1972
Efraim Baslio Krevey (Krevei) 13 February 1972
Hernando Velsquez Lotero 13 February 1972
Jos Carlos Vieira Ruiseco 13 February 1972
Antal Jakab 13 February 1972
Charles Amarin Brand 13 February 1972
Joseph Powathil 13 February 1972
Joannes Baptist Matthijs Gijsen 13 February 1972
Desiderio Elso Collino 13 February 1972
Cesare Pagani 13 February 1972
Edward Thomas O'Meara 13 February 1972
Mario Pio Gaspari 29 June 1973
Jean Jerome Hamer 29 June 1973
Franois-Marie Morvan 29 June 1973
Tadeusz Jzef Zawistowski 29 June 1973
Appasinghe Paul Perera 29 June 1973
Francis Anani Kofi Lodonu 29 June 1973
Filippo Franceschi 29 June 1973
Antonio Mazza 29 June 1973
Jos Maria Maimone 29 June 1973
Enrico Bartolucci Panaroni 29 June 1973
Gabriel Montalvo Higuera 30 June 1974
Angelo Acerbi 30 June 1974
Nicola Rotunno 30 June 1974
John Mackey 30 June 1974
Dieudonne M'Sanda Tsinda-Hata 30 June 1974
Andrzej Maria Deskur 30 June 1974
Thomas Nantha 30 June 1974

References

Notes
  1. The association was to defend Catholic beliefs through social action, in the manner encouraged by the encyclical Rerum Novarum. It should be remembered that Italy was under the influence of a prohibited: Pius IX , following the loss of the Papal States , had defended the decree Non expedit ( 29 February 1868 ) Italian Catholics to vote or be elected.
  2. The Italian equivalent of the French baccalaureate.
  3. Member of the Government and friend of Giorgio Montini.
  4. It also goes to Budapest with his father and friends in Parliament.
  5. For example, during the rourveture of Saint-Yves de Rome, a newspaper (La Sapienza) is published, there are criticisms against the government and, indirectly, against the Pope himself, judged inactive. Pius XI Montini convene for the name of the author of the provocative article
  6. He preached the retreat of Lent in 1972 the Vatican on the theme "What man and what God? "
  7. Montini prefaced the Italian version of the book Three Reformers at Epiphany 1928.
  8. St. Ambrose , St. Charles Borromeo and Achille Ratti , the future Pius XI, were the archbishops of Milan.
  9. The arms of his family represent three lilies on top of six hills bunk.
  10. Cum And not ipso in monte ("with him to the Mountain") as he had wished at first.
  11. Montini is the first archbishop to visit the booths of the said fair, and he invited shortly after the exhibitors at a Mass at the Duomo. These visits and Masses will be renewed annually.
  12. Monsignor Domenico Bernareggi , one of his consecrators, was already at that position, which increases the number of auxiliary bishops to three.
  13. A few days before, the night of 4 to 5 January, a bomb exploded under the windows of the palace, incurring only material damage. This is an isolated act and not a political challenge to the Church of the prelate.
  14. Up to date in 2009, following all popes were crowned here.
  15. This is the pope's personal representative to the council, something that Paul VI had announced to the cardinal from June 23, 1963.
  16. This tradition is still the weekly audiences in the twenty-first century.
References
  1. Yves Chiron, op. cit., p. 13.
  2. Yves Chiron, Paul VI, Pope quartered, Perrin, 1993 14-15.
  3. Day when Therese of Lisieux died. The story is noteworthy because the future pope will have a great devotion to the Blessed (Yves Chiron, op. Cit., P. 16).
  4. Its growth was too fast and he had heart problems. See Yves Chiron, op. cit., page 18
  5. Quoted by Yves Chiron, op. cit., p. 21.
  6. G. Romanato-F. Molinari, "The Letture giovani del Montini," in the Scuola cattolica, P. 43.
  7. "Distrust and caution must never stop, that's the conclusion, and only the superficial and irresponsible may have, a despicable way, a complete joy," he wrote to his parents a week after the signing of. Cited by Yves Chiron, op. cit., p. 62.
  8. Yves Chiron, op. cit., page 68
  9. "GN G. Montini, scritti Fucini" Notiziario No. 21, June 1991, page 82.
  10. "It seems clear that a number of prelates, religious, deeming it suspicious, demanded he be removed from office." (Yves Chiron, op. Cit., P. 74).
  11. Montini appears in this photo , standing at the bottom right.
  12. Yves Chiron, op. cit., page 91
  13. "Dear friend and Reverend, I missed the time today to see and talk with you about the very hard test that is submitted at this time your great country. I wanted to tell you how close I am and how I pray that the Lord's blessings in exchange bitter suffering of your country, for herself, for the Church to the world. I hope and pray that this will happen, and I tell you from my heart, that you also know your friendship JB Montini (Cardinal Jacques Martin, taken from the "Journal" published in L'Osservatore Romano September 24th, 1991.)
  14. Acts and Documents of the Holy See on the Second World War "(ADSS), Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1965-1981, Volume 8, page 475.
  15. Ibid, page 570.
  16. Father Paolo Dezza, "The silence of Pius XII," La Documentation Catholique, July 1964, col. 1033-1034.
  17. Interview given by Marie-Jos of Belgium to the newspaper La Republica September 7, 1983
  18. Yves Chiron, op. cit., p. 103.
  19. Yves Chiron, op. cit., p. 105.
  20. Pius XII appointed him a new heart-cons apostolic nuncio in France, Monsignor Roncalli (later John XXIII ), the previous (Valeri Bishop) continued his diplomatic mission to Vichy, but Pius XII refused to change the bishops suspected of collaboration , having just accepted the resignation of six of them. See Yves Chiron, op. cit., pages 112 to 114.
  21. M.-D. Chenu, a theologian at liberty, P. 162-163
  22. Yves Chiron, op. cit., p. 129
  23. Yves Congar, Diary of a theologian (1946-1956), ed. Cerf, 2000 155
  24. "I heard several people tell them to exit:" We heard a future pope. " Hopefully to the Church. "(Report Wladimir Ormesson to Robert Schuman dated May 27, 1949, Historical Archives of the Ministry of External Relations, Europe / Holy See, 540, f. 190.)
  25. Text of the encyclical on the Vatican website. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
  26. "The Holy See is not to condemn the errors themselves, but ways of thinking that could lead to mistakes, but who themselves remain respectable. '(Jean Guitton, Dialogues with Paul VI, p. 27-28.
  27. Max Thurian, Paul VI and observers at the council, Edizioni Studium, Rome, 1989, P. 252.
  28. "Our intention had been to enter the Sacred College the two distinguished prelates attendants to each section of the Secretariat of State, and their names were the first on the list of cardinals to designate that we had prepared. But these two prelates, testimony by a badge of virtue, we begged so earnestly that they can decline this very high office, we thought that having access to their prayers and repeated their vows. In doing so, however, we wanted to reward their virtue in any way and promoted We have, as you know, to a position of highest honor. "(Speech to the cardinals of Pius XII in the consistory of January 12, 1953).
  29. J. of Hospital, Three Popes at the turn of history, 1969
  30. Interview with Yves Chiron May 11, 1991, Yves Chiron, op. cit., p. 142-143.
  31. In 1952 the Holy Office asks Father Congar to submit all future writings to the master general of the Dominicans, which considers Montini with Wladimir Ormesson as a "mistake" (Yves Chiron, op. cit., P. 145).
  32. Lefebvre, then Apostolic Delegate for French-speaking Africa , went to see an official condemnation for Montini is carried by the Holy Office against the movement. Montini replied "Do not always condemn. The Church will appear as a stepmother "(Conference Archbishop Lefebvre, 20 August 1976).
  33. Cardinal Tardini, Pio XII, Fleurus, 1961, p. 138.
  34. Montini affirmat: "Many of these worker-priests have come to misunderstand each day devantage the very spirit of Christianity to be located in so many words in terms of Marxism. "(Franois Leprieur, When Rome condemns. Dominicans priests and workers, Plon / Cerf, 1969, p. 294.)
  35. "Here was a tragedy in every sense of the word, and even in the emotional sense See also

    Related articles

    External Links

    Bibliography

    • Yves Chiron , Paul VI, Pope quartered, Perrin, 1993 ( ISBN 2-262-00952-X ). Ed. revised and supplemented, Via Romana , 2008 ( ISBN 978-2-916727-29-5 )
    • Jean Guitton :
      • Dialogues with Paul VI, Fayard, 1967
      • Paul VI and the Holy Year, Fayard, 1974
      • Paul VI secret Descle de Brouwer, 1979
    • Yves-Marie Hilaire (s.dir), History of the Papacy. 2000 years of missions and tribulations Tallandier, 1993.
    • Philippe Levillain :
      • article "Paul VI" Dictionary of the papacy, Fayard, 1994.
      • Paul VI and modernity in the Church of Rome Conference Proceedings (1983), French School of Rome, 1984
    • Bishop Yves Marchasson , The Popes of the twentieth century, Descle, 1990.


    Preceded by Paul VI Followed by
    John XXIII
    Icon papaut.svg Pope Transparent.gif
    		John Paul I
    Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster
    Archbishop of Milan
    		Giovanni Colombo


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