Parallel Universes
Called parallel universe, parallel world or a world separate from ours with its own dimensions of space and time.
There may be engendered by a world of physical phenomena hypothetical, or in works of fiction by an arbitrary change of an event. According to the fiction, these universes are described for themselves or by having them interact with our universe, the main thing for us.
In Physics
Assumption of Everett
Hugh Everett proposed an interpretation of the wave function in quantum mechanics : for him, this function describes the reality and all reality. This approach allows to describe separately the two simultaneous states and gives them a dual reality that seemed to have disappeared, dissolved in the paradox (or rather several "realities" in many different worlds - and could not hardly that interfering slightly once separated ). It should be noted that this interpretation does not rule on the question of whether there is duplication of reality (many-worlds) or duplication of observers instead of that reality (many-minds), as they do no functional difference.
Despite its complexity and doubts about its falsifiability , this interpretation is used in physics as well as that of decoherence and that of Copenhagen , and thus exhibits the quantum laws to be accurate and complete, rather than just statistics.
The use of the adjective parallel here is slightly inappropriate, since such worlds are just at least one common point in their past. It would be more correct to speak of divergent worlds.
Explanation popularized
In the trilogy at the crossroads of worlds , parallel universes in the sense of Everett play a major role. One of the characters thus explains how the separation occurs between the universe:
"For this world, like all other worlds, was born of the outcome probabilities. Take for example the game of heads or tails: you throw the piece may land on heads or tails, but we do not know in advance which way it will fall. If it's on the face, it means that the possibility that it falls on battery failed. But just before it was launched, the two probabilities have the same luck.
If, in another world, the piece falls on cell then, the two worlds separate. I use the example of a coin to make it clearer. In reality, these probabilities of failures occur at the level of elementary particles. "
Universe "mirror"
The riddle of the antimatter ("Why is there little antimatter in the universe?" or in other words "why is this matter prevailed over antimatter ? ") also led to some on the assumption of a parallel universe. Advance the physical reason for the violation of CP symmetry , while the metaphysical invokes the anthropic principle , but no explanation of root cause of this asymmetry between matter and antimatter, as if matter and antimatter were created in the mother same energy, they imagine the contrary created in equal proportions, the universe had no preference.
The Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov issued while in 1967 the hypothesis of the existence of a parallel universe, where symmetrically antimatter predominates over matter. The partition of the universe into two basic parallel universes in which matter predominates to one and the other for antimatter could thus reconcile logic and experience. This world would be twin CPT-symmetrical to ours, that is to say not only that the matter would be replaced by antimatter (C symmetry), but also the arrow of time would be reversed (T symmetry) and would be geometrically inverted relative to ours (P symmetry). This hypothesis has led to only little scientific research, ( Jean-Pierre Petit and Gabriel Chardin still have explored) but was quite a theme used in science fiction (see below).
In paraphysics
The parallel universe of 'pataphysical are not different worlds, but different approaches to our universe. By definition, 'pataphysical tends to explain the "alternate universe to that person, or less ambitiously describe a universe that we can see and that maybe we should see instead of the traditional." Alfred Jarry , inventor of the very term 'pataphysics gives an example, in the mouth of Dr. Faustroll : "Science today is based on the principle of induction : most people have seen this phenomenon most often precede or follow such other, and conclude that it always will be. In fiction
The authors have used different types of parallel universes in their scenarios:
Extra Dimensions
Sometimes called "another dimension" a world that exists along the known universe, no connection between the events between the two worlds. The idea is to introduce a coordinated, and therefore a dimension of extra space. In moving along the fourth dimension, one reaches a different universe. Hence the misnomer of calling this universe from another dimension.
Universe parallel to the direction of Everett
They are found for example in the trilogy at the international crossroads , in this novel, the author explicitly states that the universe result from different quantum processes. It is also the case in The Guide to the Galaxy , although the author derides the idea of how an interaction of a neutrino could change the fate of a universe (the author states that the neutrino is the cause, but that historians prefer to loaf than to explain why).
In his cycle des Princes d'Ambre , a saga of heroic fantasy , the writer Roger Zelazny gives them joy in the heart of the operating assumption of the existence of multiple universes or multiverse of Hugh Everett.
Frederik Pohl also develops multiple universes from the quantum physics in "the advent of quantum cats".
Generally, the construction of a parallel universe by the author an opportunity to put the universe in the report, for example by a character traveling from one universe to another.
Some "parallel universes" appearing in works of fiction are difficult to classify them as parallel universes in the sense of Everett. For example, in Marvel Comics , it would be difficult to explain with an event at the quantum level the discrepancy between the reality of the Mutant X universe and origin of Havok , which is trapped in this reality.
Mirror Universe
Resumption of Sakharov's theory, the idea of a mirror universe made of antimatter has inspired some writers of science fiction. But the reverse does not stop there, because in the universe , DC Comics , the reversal of charges of matter also leads to the roles of characters, fictional and real ones: in the antimatter universe, Lex Luthor defends the world against criminals like Ultraman, the equivalent of Superman , and Columbus is an American who discovered Europe.
The name of the universe "mirror" could be used to describe the universe as Alice travels in the other side of the mirror. This universe is reversed in an absurd way (it must run to stay in one place, do not move to move). The novel by Lewis Carroll predates the discovery of antimatter, some physicists have just used Alice as a metaphor to describe the universe of antimatter. Universe differing by changing the past In works of fiction authorizing the travel time , a resolution modes of temporal paradoxes is to decide that the time traveler finds himself after his journey in a parallel universe. As in The Time Ships from Stephen Baxter. Some advisers suggest this type of scientific universe when they raise the possibility of time travel. Generally, the universe is identical to the original universe of the traveler, to the point of intervention of the traveler. For example, the video game "Freedom Fighter" shows us a temporal distortion that creates a new reality, here are more Americans who have won the cold war but the Russians. The game shows the invasion of the United States by the Russians in the year 2003. This kind of distortion is called a temporal uchronia. This type of parallel universes are discussed in films like " Back to the Future 2 "and" The Spell of Cinderella. " Some authors choose to send the time travelers in parallel universes that diverged before the arrival of the traveler. This is for example the fate of Rachel Summers , who traveled in the past to try to prevent the establishment of the dictatorship of the sentries, came in a parallel universe where his parents never had children together, and this was caused by events prior to his intervention. Called hyperspace space dimension greater than three which would be plunged into space as we know it. In science fiction, some technologies can go from normal space to hyperspace to get from one point to another in real space by walking a shorter distance. This method is loosely based on the general relativity. Marvel Comics has popularized the genre of alternative histories, diverging from the main story by an event or a choice made by a character. It is difficult to argue the case of parallel universes in the sense of Everett, but from a perspective internal to the characters, these worlds are not just thought experiments, as the Guardian, a transcendent beings in the multiverse, says he is contemplating another reality with the introduction of each What if ...?. Some authors choose to describe a universe in modifying a major historical fact, without this universe is the result of a change in our universe. Conflicting events are not explained by a change from our universe (as if the fate of the fictional world was a result of previous events equally possible that what was done). For example, the novel Oranges Yalta describes a world in which Japan had attacked the USSR in 1941 instead of the United States ( Pearl Harbor ). Fatherland is set in a world where the Third Reich, Nazi, who won the War World in Europe , lives with the United States in a Cold War. It also uses the term uchronia to describe this kind of novel, usually attached to the science-fiction. In some fictional universe, there are regulations parallel realities, beings that transcends multiple realities. Thus in the universe DC Comics , Monitor and Anti-Monitor has led to the merger of all universes in Crisis on Infinite Earths. In the multiverse Marvel, whatever the number of parallel universes, there is only one Galactus who has the power to protect the world against the threat of the demon Abraxas, the Galactus of other universes is easily destroyed by demon. The Guardian in turn can contemplate all the parallel realities, provided, however, not to intervene. Some characters are among the most powerful imaginary worlds can reshape reality to the point of creating parallel realities. This is the case of the Red Witch , which creates the reality of House of M in which all individuals have the memory of lives different from those they had lived in the real world where they were born. In addition, many characters died in the original reality as Gwen Stacy , were living in the reality of House of M. Franklin Richards meanwhile has combined its power to change reality with the power of Onslaught to create a parallel Earth. All the inhabitants of this parallel universe are images created in conjunction with this land, except the heroes who sacrificed themselves to destroy Onslaught: these have actually been transported on the parallel Earth, even if they remember to be born. Finally they manage to build a ship that brings them back to their home world. "Pocket Universe" and "pocket size" are terms to describe a universe that does not exist independently but is only a space created from the main universe, and obeying its own laws. Eg tents in Harry Potter universe are pocket because the space that is accessed when you enter is not really part of the original universe. Indeed, the space inside the tent is much larger than the space occupied by the tent from the outside. In Diablo , the sorcerer Horazon constructed a space called "Arcane Sanctuary" or "Arcanum" (according to translations) forming a pocket universe, only accessible via teleporters, and where the laws of geometry are different those in the real world. The video game shows that violation of the geometry representing the level by building up the impossible objects. In the novel The Law of Blood, a guest in the sanctuary finds that taking the stairs and another whose trajectory is such that it is apparently back at the same point (geometrically, the two movements provide an added successive zero vector ), she returned to the same door, but the door opens to another room. Asked his guide how this is possible, it meets just a useful stairs must lead where we want to go. A virtual world is an improved version of a virtual world of gaming. Living things can be transported by the spirit ( Matrix ) and sometimes also the body ( Tron ). They feel that they physically live in the virtual universe. The virtual death, depending on the pieces, killing in the real world or simply banished from the virtual world ( Code Lyoko ). As the pocket universe, virtual worlds are not parallel universes in their own right because they are attached to a real universe. The astral plane is a universe in which everything can be changed according to the will of those who are there. It is available only to wizards or telepathic, at least to those who can project their mind off of their bodies. Even if somehow what is happening on the astral plane is an illusion that telepaths are projected to each other, the consequences are real: in the Marvel Universe, it is actually possible to kill someone a battle on the astral plane. In Phnomen of Erik Man , one of the heroines can see the astral double of others, and if his astral double (a knight) tames the astral double of another person (a dragon) that person is temporarily driven by a need instinctive help heroin. The astral plane and astral travel are also studied in parapsychology. The worlds exist at the same time as ours from the point of view of magic are available in some works of fiction. The world where the dead go is therefore equally. At the Crossroads and in the worlds, the underworld is a world just as accessible as other parallel worlds (including the author says that though they are worlds within the meaning of Everett). The shocking aspect of this way of looking at the sacred universe was highlighted by the Invisible Woman in Fantastic Four. She herself is hard to believe her husband when he says go beyond the search for their friend Ben as easily as they travel in parallel universes. The Hammerspace References - Stargate Sg1: TV series is a program where the stargates, sometimes leading the team arrives in different parallel world very similar to theirs but different! Combination of above two possibilities
Hyperspace
The What if ...? Marvel and other thought experiments
Regulations
Manipulating reality
Pocket Universe
Virtual Universe
Astral Plane
Coverage of the dead
Other
uchronies
See also
Bibliography
External Links
Dystopia Cyberpunk Hard science fiction Space opera Planet opera Postcyberpunk biopunk Post-apocalyptic Fantastic Realism Steampunk Uchronie
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