Palestinian State
| Dawlat Filastin (ar) | |||||
| State of Palestine (en) | |||||
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 | |||||
| Official language | Arabic | ||||
| Capital | East Jerusalem 1 (claimed) 31 47'N 35 13'E / 31,783, 35,217 | ||||
| Largest city | Gaza | ||||
| Form of State | Republic | ||||
| - President - Prime Minister | Mahmoud Abbas Salam Fayyad | ||||
| Area - Total - Water (%) | Ranked 161 st 6520 km 2 Negligible | ||||
| Population - Total ( 2009 ) - Density | Ranked 125th 4,148,000 inhab. 623.52 inhabitants / km 2 | ||||
| Training Declaration of Algiers 2 | 15 November 1988 | ||||
| Demonym | Palestinian Palestinian | ||||
| HDI ( 2007 ) |  0.731 (medium) ( 106th ) | ||||
| Currency | No de facto Israeli Shekel ( ISL ) | ||||
| Time Zone | UTC 2 | ||||
| National anthem | Biladi, Biladi 3 | ||||
| Internet domain | . Ps | ||||
| Indicative Telephone | +970 | ||||
An East Jerusalem as an " occupied Palestinian territory , Gaza and Ramallah , seat of the Palestinian Authority , are de facto capital. | |||||
The State of Palestine ( Arabic : , sometimes referred to as short form Palestine ( Arabic : , is a putative state and not universally recognized located in the Middle East , in the geographic area of Palestine (which also includes the State of Israel , the Jordan , etc..), and claimed by the people of the Palestinians. In the context of Israeli-Palestinian conflict , borders and the state capital putative subject of much debate.
The first claims that state date back to 1920 , under the Jewish-Arab conflict in Mandatory Palestine. Countered after the Palestine war of 1948 , they resurfaced in the 1960s, particularly through the Organization for the Liberation of Palestine (PLO). The Palestine National Council, PLO's legislative body, proclaimed the independence of a State of Palestine on 15 November 1988 from the city of Algiers, following the liberation of the West Bank region (which was occupied by Jordan from 1948). The ambiguity of the declaration of independence based on the word "Palestine" which refers to all territories of the Mandate of Palestine before 1947, that is to say, including Israel (which the PLO still does not recognize at the time). This statement does not involve any de facto independence while the United Nations considers " Palestinian territories "legitimate areas of both sides of the State of Israel, the Gaza Strip to the West and the West Bank to the east.
On 13 September 1993 , the Oslo Accords recognize the Palestinian Authority as an entity representing the Palestinians. Unlike the claimed territory as that of the State of Palestine by the Algiers Declaration, the territory stipulated in the agreements for a Palestinian state limited to the "Palestinian territories" recognized by the UN. These agreements, which provide for the gradual allocation of autonomy to Palestinians living in these territories should result in the formation and recognition by Israel of a Palestinian state within the limits of these areas. However, dialogue between the parties is now broken. Gaza is blockaded the West Bank while Israel is militarily occupied by Israel. East Jerusalem , part of the West Bank and a potential capital of the future Palestinian state in the Agreements, was annexed by Israel since 1967. Hoping to revive the process, the Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas has repeatedly threatened to unilaterally declare a state in the West Bank and Gaza.
To date, the State of Palestine claimed responsibility for the Algiers Declaration is recognized by 94 UN member countries to 192, while in the spirit of " the Israeli-Palestinian "outlined by the Agreements of Oslo, 11 countries have granted diplomatic status to a particular Palestinian representation in the West Bank and Gaza's only inhabitants. The Hamas , which de facto administering the Gaza Strip, claiming the entire territory of the Algiers Declaration (that is to say, including Israel, which he called for the abolition), while Fatah , which administers the West Bank, claiming that the Gaza Strip and West Bank in accordance with UN recommendations. End of 2010, 5 South American states recognize the "State of Palestine with borders of 1967" .
Summary |
The Palestinians
Palestinians are 10 million and experience a significant diaspora. Over 4 million of them have the status of refugees , following the Palestinian exodus of 1948 and the Six Day War. 2.6 million live in Jordan , 1.2 million in Israel , 500,000 in the Americas, while the remainder is distributed in the Arab world. Only 3.7 million live in the " Palestinian territories ( Gaza , West Bank and East Jerusalem ). The Palestinian population is largely Muslim Sunni , with minority Christians and a small community of Samaritans.
Symbols
Palestinian Flag
On the left a red triangle, extended by three horizontal bands of black, white and green.
- The red triangle symbolizes the "Hashemite house" of Mohammed ;
- the black band symbolizes the Abbasids of Baghdad ( seven hundred fifty - one thousand two hundred fifty-eight );
- the white stripe symbolizes the Umayyads of Damascus ( 661 - 750 );
- the green stripe symbolizes the Fatimids of Cairo ( 969 - 1171 ).
These colors were adopted by the Great Arab Revolt of 1916 , revolt aimed at the formation of an Arab kingdom encompassing the entire Fertile Crescent. The revolt broke out, but once the Arab lands liberated from Turkish occupation, the Europeans divided the Middle East following the Sykes-Picot.
After 1948 , these colors were adopted by the Arab in Palestine , claiming as the exclusive name "Palestine" itself abandoned by the Jewish after the founding of the State of Israel.
The Palestinians have a different meaning of the colors of their flag:
- red for the blood of martyrs;
- black for the Nakba, the Palestinian exodus and the arrival of Jews;
- white for purity of heart and courage of the Palestinians;
- Green for the land of Palestine. Palestinian Anthem Main article: Biladi.
Biladi, Biladi (My homeland, my homeland) is the national anthem of the Palestinian state proclaimed in 1988 by the PLO, in accordance with Article 31 of the Charter of the PLO.
History of the putative Palestinian state
Strap support for Palestine
The demand for a Palestinian state in history
It is from 1920, the early British Mandate of Palestine , that claims for an independent Palestinian Arab state emerge .
1939 : The Palestine under Ottoman British mandate , inhabited by Arab and Jewish populations, is offered by the British, the partition of the territory to create two independent states, a Jewish state as desired by the movement of Zionist and an Arab state. This partition plan was strongly rejected by the Arabs.
1947 : Resolution of the General Assembly of the UN proposing partition of Palestine into two states, one Jewish state and an Arab state .
Proclamation of 1948 by the Arab Higher Committee
The proclamation in Algiers in 1988 by the PLO
A Palestinian state was proclaimed on 15 November 1988 at the Nineteenth National Council (PNC) of Algiers , but is not recognized by the UN (although the statement is it, "taking into account "by resolution 43/177 of the UN General Assembly , passed December 15, 1988 ). This declaration in Algiers by the Palestine Liberation Organization , which controls no territory at that time, not accompanied by any de facto independence in the disputed territories. The ambiguity of the Declaration of Independence of 1988 is based on the word "Palestine" which refers to all territories of the British Mandate of Palestine before 1947, including Israel , the PLO does not recognize yet.
The 1990s
Main article: First Intifada.On 7 July 1993 , the so-called Oslo agreements were signed and establish an agreement in principle between Israel and the Palestinians represented by the PLO. They adopt the principle of a future Palestinian self-rule in Jericho and Gaza. Signed September 13 with President Bill Clinton by the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin , which will subsequently assassinated in Tel Aviv November 4, 1995 by a Jewish extremist, and the head of the Organization for the Liberation of Palestine ( PLO ), Yasser Arafat. Developed at Oslo and signed in Washington , this statement leads to the recognition of the PLO and Israel .
Prior to this recognition on 19 January 1993 : the Parliament repeals the Israeli law prohibiting contacts with the PLO.
On 4 May 1994 signing of an Israeli-Palestinian agreement. The PLO and the State of Israel signed the agreement "Oslo I" in Cairo ( Egypt ), providing autonomy for the Gaza Strip and the city of Jericho (West Bank) . The Oslo accords are part of a peace in stages: first, the establishment of an autonomy regime in Gaza and the West Bank and the opening of negotiations on final status of these territories.
On 28 September 1995 , Israel and the PLO signed in Washington the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip , negotiated in Taba (sometimes called " Oslo II ") extending autonomy in the West Bank and providing a series of Israeli withdrawals stages. In late 1995, Israel withdrew from six cities in the West Bank become autonomous .
According to the Oslo accords, "the Palestinian Council and the Chief Executive Authority of the Council constitute the Palestinian Interim Self. " Of Palestinian general elections were held on 20 January 1996. Yasser Arafat was elected president of the Palestinian Authority and Fatah supporters won two-thirds of the 80 seats in the Legislative Council. April 24, the NPC (the Palestinian parliament in exile), met for the first time in Palestine, eliminates its charter sections involving the right of existence of the State of Israel .
The creation of a Palestinian state, under the Oslo Accords , should have intervened in December 1998 on terms prepared jointly by the Government of Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Signing of the Wye Accords preparing further Israeli withdrawals in the West Bank.
Israel announced plans to retain control over many areas in the West Bank, even if peace agreements are successful. Moreover, despite the displeasure of the European Union and the United States, the Israeli government includes several settlements in the umbrella municipality of Jerusalem he had just created .
On 25 March 1999 , the EU is in favor of the right to Palestinian self-determination and that of creating a state. Signed on September 4 after the Sharm el-Sheikh opening the way for a peace treaty .
The 2000s
Main article: Second intifada.On 21 March 2000 , after a further withdrawal of Israeli forces from 6% in the West Bank, the Palestinian Authority takes control - total or partial - about 40% of the territory. Ariel Sharon , then leader of Likud , visits 28 September the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, sparking riots in Israel and Palestine. This is the starting point of the second Intifada .
In March 2002 , 55 years after the adoption of resolution 181 establishing the partition of Palestine, the Security Council of the United Nations adopts Resolution 1397 which speaks for the first time a Palestinian state alongside Israel. This resolution was passed by fourteen votes and one abstention, that of Syria.
Kofi Annan states for the first time publicly that he considers the rights and duties of both Palestinians and Israelis: "To the Palestinians I say: you have the inalienable right to a viable state within secure borders and internationally accepted but you must stop all acts of terror and suicide bombs. Deliberate targeting of civilians is morally repugnant.
Israelis I say: you have the right to live in peace and security within internationally recognized borders, but you must put an end to the illegal occupation and, more urgently, you must stop the bombing of civilian areas , assassinations, the unnecessary use of lethal force, the demolitions (of houses) and the daily humiliation of ordinary Palestinians.
Leaders of both parties, I say: you can still remove people from your disaster . "
Among the comments and analysis, in an article in 21 April 2004 , "A Palestinian state without delay," Etienne Balibar, sensitivity communist activist, one of the best known defenders in France "
On 2 February 2004 , Israeli Prime Minister Sharon announced the dismantling of settlements in Gaza .
On 11 November 2004 , just days before the death of Yasser Arafat , President of the United States , George W. Bush barely re-elected, said: "I think it is very important for our friends the Israelis to have their border a peaceful Palestinian state. And it is very important for Palestinians to have a peaceful, hopeful . "
On 9 January 2005 , Mahmoud Abbas was elected president of the Palestinian Authority. On 12 September, all Gaza settlements are dismantled and the last troops withdrew. Control the entire territory of Gaza is now up in the hands of security forces of Palestinian Authority .
Mahmoud Abbas, president of the Palestinian Authority says he wants to advance the proposed Palestinian state. He said the 25 May 2006 , he would hold a national referendum on the basis of the text known as the prisoners' document , which calls for the creation of a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders if Hamas does not respond favorably to its proposal within ten days. The question posed to the Palestinians would be: "do you agree or not, the document drawn up earlier this month by senior Palestinian prisoners in Israel ? "This document calls for a Palestinian state in the West Bank , the Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem , territories captured by Israel during the War of 1967. The document has been negotiated for four weeks by important prisoners belonging to Hamas and Fatah in the Israeli jail Hadarim, which is currently detained Fatah leader, Marwan Barghouti.
Abbas told a meeting of Palestinian leaders that there is a national consensus on the borders of the future Palestinian state: "All Palestinians, from Hamas to the communists , we all want a Palestinian state within 1967 borders. That is what is within our reach, do not talk about our dreams. He said that if ten days of dialogue between Hamas and Fatah (dialogue which began) did not lead to a common agenda, he would hold a referendum within forty days that followed. Asked about the support that would require the Palestinians to establish their independent state, Abbas said: "The Arab states are waiting for us to adopt this attitude of realism in order to work in harmony to advance the Palestinian cause . They can do nothing for the Palestinian cause if the Palestinians oppose any . "
On 1 June 2006 , Uri Avnery , the most famous member of Gush Shalom said that "the Israeli peace movement, Gush Shalom calls for the immediate opening of negotiations between the Israeli and Palestinian governments." Gush Shalom is with Shalom Archav , one of two main movements in Israel working for peace in the form of two states, one Israeli, one Palestinian.
Main article: Gaza War of 2008-2009.December 2008 : the State of Israel Launches Military Operation Lead cured. Indeed, a month earlier, on November 4, murderous incursions of the Israeli army on Palestinian territory, following the construction of a tunnel under the border led to the resumption of rocket attacks by Hamas. These events undermine a truce signed six months earlier. On 19 December 2008 , Hamas did not obtain the lifting of the blockade of Gaza, it refused to renew the truce formally . After seven days of missile strikes, a ground offensive is initiated and army tanks and invest in the territory of Gaza. The aim is to stop firing rockets Hamas on Israeli towns near Gaza and to dismantle the movement.
On 18 January 2009 , Israel declares and implements a cease-fire unilaterally to 2:00 (local time) . The military operation has killed 13 people, including 10 soldiers, the Israeli side, and at least 1,315 dead - including 410 children and 108 women - and more than 5,285 wounded in the Palestinian camp . Missiles Israeli ambulances were also affected, mosques and a school, killing thirty children . According to representatives of the State of Israel, Hamas fired rockets from those places where weapons were stored.
The cease-fire which is very fragile: rockets continue to fall in southern Israel while the IDF is still partly in the Gaza Strip .
International recognition
States have recognized the State of Palestine
Main article: List of countries recognizing a Palestinian state.
Grateful nation diplomatic status to a Palestinian representation. The following 98 countries have recognized the State of Palestine :
- Africa : Algeria , Angola , Benin , Botswana , Burkina Faso , Burundi , Cameroon , Cape Verde , Central African Republic , Congo , a href = "% C3% R A9publique_d% C3% A9mocratique_du_Congo"> Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti , Egypt , Ethiopia , Gabon , Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , Equatorial Guinea , Libya , Madagascar , Maldives , Mali , Mauritania , Mauritius , Morocco , Mozambique , Namibia , Niger , Nigeria , Uganda , Rwanda , Sao Tome and Principe , Senegal , Seychelles , Sierra Leone , Somalia , South Africa , Sudan , Swaziland , Tanzania , Chad , Togo , Tunisia , Comoros , Zambia , Zimbabwe.
- Americas : Argentina , Venezuela
Some countries recognize Palestine a special status without going to a real recognition .
- Existence of the Palestine General Delegation: France , Colombia Current Perspectives of creation of independent state
The proposed single state in Palestine
The idea is a bi-national state encompassing both the State of Israel and an Arab state, benefiting each of the same constitutional rights.
The Israeli peace movement Gush Shalom and Shalom Archav that militate with the Palestinians and are active supporters of Palestinian rights, acting for the creation of an independent Palestinian state.
In his article of 11 September 2003 published in Le Monde , academic and Israeli historian Ilan Greilsammer denounced a certain segment of the Israeli Zionist left, including French Michel Warchawski that adheres to the idea of "return to the solutions recommended in the 1920 and 1930 a single Arab state Jewish minority between the Jordan and the sea (...) instead of two states living side by side, one Jewish and one Palestinian. " Which in itself has nothing to do with a bi-national state advocated by the late 1930's including Martin Buber and Hannah Arendt.
The proposal for two states in Palestine
This proposal as a solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, has been particularly boosted by the roadmap for peace agreed by the Quartet diplomatic (U.S., UN, Russia and the EU) met on 30 April 2003.
This solution has the largest audience among the actors in the conflict References
- Ecuador Becomes fifth Latin American country to Recognize Palestinian state , Ha'aretz , 25 December 2010.
- Arab League: The recognition of the State of Palestine by Latin American countries strengthens the positions of the Palestinian El Mujahid, 26 December 2010. Accessed December 27, 2010.
- Morris , Victims. History revisited the Arab-Zionist, 2003, pp.104-116.
- a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h , i and j Gouset Catherine, "Chronology of Palestine (1947-2009)," L'Express, 23 January 2009 See also
External Links
- (En) History of Palestine linternaute.com
- (En) "disputed territories and the Geopolitics of a possible Palestinian state" by Barry Rubin
- (En) Analysis of conditions of realization of Palestinian state
- (En) Collective two peoples, two states
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