Palestinian Israeli Conflict
| Israeli-Palestinian conflict | |
.png) Center of Israel near the West Bank and the Gaza Gaza , 2007 | |
| General Information | |
|---|---|
| Date | In the early 20th century to today |
| Location | Israel , Palestinian territories |
| Issue | Ongoing |
| Belligerents | |
 Palestinians |  Israeli |
| Notes | |
Peace process Camp David Accords Madrid Conference Primary negotiation concerns | |
change  | |
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict between the means, the Middle East , the Palestinians and the State of Israel. Officially commencing 14 May 1948 , the day of the creation of the State of Israel , it prolongs the conflict between since the events of Nabi Moussa 1920 communities Arab and Jewish area of Palestine. This conflict, unresolved to this day, is a mainly nationalist , but it also includes some religious dimension (between the Israelis, mostly religious Jews and Palestinians, predominantly Muslim ).
Initially managed by the British since the start of their mandate over the region in 1920, the record of the conflict between Jews and Arabs in Mandatory Palestine is transmitted to the United Nations at the end of the mandate in 1947. It then passed a plan to partition Palestine conferring a separate state for each community and placing Jerusalem under international control. Challenged by the international Arab community, this division caused the entry into the war seven states (military or armed uprisings, massacres), attacks and assassinations. Population movements have led to the problem of Palestinian refugees , who are nearly 4 million today. Since the failed attempt to create two states in 1947, the UN has so far issued nearly a hundred resolutions by the Security Council and General Assembly to resolve the conflict. Several negotiations and peace conferences were also held.
The main points of contention are: the goal of mutual recognition of both peoples, which to date is not absolute, the objective of creating a Palestinian state alongside Israel and the problems posed by the adjacency their territories (security) and the layout of the ultimate boundaries (question of the fate of Israeli settlements in these occupied Palestinian territories ), the status of Jerusalem and control of its holy places. In addition to these central issues parallel issues such as water sharing and the status of refugees displaced by the conflict (including the problematic status of Israeli Arabs vis--vis Israel's self-government as " Jewish ").
The conflict has developed over several distinct periods:
- Before 1920, the region of Palestine is under the authority of the Ottoman Empire. The Jewish people, Christian and Muslim who live there are not defined in terms of religious communities and show no sense of nationhood.
- From 1920 to 1948, the United Kingdom exercises its mandate over Palestine. Objections arise between Jews and Arabs in this country but also between these populations and the British authorities.
- From 1948 to 1967, the territory of Mandate Palestine is now administered by three separate entities: the State of Israel was born in 1948, the Gaza Strip under the control of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the West Bank annexed in 1950 the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan gained independence in 1946.
- From 1967 to 1993, after the Six Day War puts the Arabs in the West Bank and Gaza under Israeli administration. The Palestinian national sentiment expressed by the voice of the PLO.
- From 1993 to 2000, the Oslo process led to mutual recognition between the PLO and the State of Israel and establish an interim Palestinian Authority.
- Since 2000, the Second Intifada marks the blocking process of Israeli-Palestinian peace. Gaza, which Israel withdrew in 2005, is taken by force by the movement Hamas.
Late 19th century-1920: Roots of conflict
The roots of conflict lie in the global context of exacerbation of European nationalism and a weakening of the Ottoman Empire, in opposition progressive goals of Zionism in Europe and Arab nationalism in the Middle East.
Zionism was born as a response to anti-Semitic sentiment that has developed during the nineteenth century, Europe and Russia. Theodor Herzl , a journalist in the Austro-Hungarian, published in 1896 Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State ), founding manifesto of political Zionism. For him, anti-Semitism is inevitable, it is necessary for survival that the Jewish people politically leans on his political future by having his own land as a Jewish homeland.
The Jewish population is not unanimous on this position until the Holocaust. Critics lay circles, like, relate to the location of this Jewish homeland in Ottoman Palestine, but also in Jerusalem as they design a cultural center more than a political center. Finally, Zionism might trivialize the Jewish people, focusing on politics rather than on the religious side.
The World Zionist Organization is founded in 1897 in Basel, where the Zionist movement held its first congress and elected Herzl as its head. Its defined mission is to prepare for the Jewish people , a home in Palestine, historic region of the Land of Israel. For this, the MSO buys land in Palestine and promotes immigration and national sentiment in order to strengthen the Jewish presence in the territory. It establishes a set of institutions that aim to establish a de facto state, a positive precedent for the achievement of national targets Jews.
Herzl and the Zionist movement engaged in diplomatic work. Herzl enter into negotiations with the Sultan , but it is a failure. He turned to the United Kingdom for a Jewish settlement in the Sinai or in Uganda , but also a failure while marking a step forward, because the Zionist movement's approach seems to be recognized by its partners despite the reluctance of Great Powers and hostility of the Catholic Church. At the same time, the first large waves of Jewish immigration to Palestine began, and accelerated with the new pogroms in Kishinev in 1903 and 1905, which brings tens of thousands of immigrants from Eastern Europe on the Land of Israel.
Parallel to this relative success of Jewish immigration to Palestine, hundreds of thousands of Jews emigrated to the United States. The Zionists are a minority within the Jewish people, where the Orthodox allies in the Agudat Israel , strongly opposed to them . It was also during this period the first signs of Arab opposition to the Zionist movement: in 1891, notable Jerusalemites protest against sale of land to Jews in 1908, the first newspapers are based Arab nationalist Al-Karmel and Falistin .
At the end of the Ottoman period, the Jewish population is estimated between 56 000 people and 82 000 people and the Arab population to over 600 000 people . In 1914 , the beginning of the First World War that will end the Ottoman Empire, Palestine has 690 000 inhabitants, of whom 94,000 are Jews.
In 1914, the Ottoman Empire was allied with the Central Powers. The French and the British seek to take advantage of a Turkish defeat to divide the region. The British influence is becoming more and more Middle East : the United Kingdom has a military presence in Iraq from 1914 and occupied Baghdad in 1917. It supports the Arab revolt and promised a large Muslim state in exchange for their participation in battles with the Allies. In May 1916 , the United Kingdom moves the secret agreement "Sykes-Picot" in parallel with France, which is inconsistent with that promise because he plans to divide the area into two zones of influence between the two European colonial powers. The Sykes-Picot attribute Palestine to the British sphere of influence.
These agreements do not prevent the British promise not only to the Arabs an independent kingdom, but also the construction of a "national home" in Palestine to the Jews. Despite the proclaimed neutrality in the conflict of the Zionists, Chaim Weizmann and Ze'ev Jabotinsky were the only ones to guess that war will drastically change things . Weizmann, a chemist and leader of the Zionist movement, dedicated to diplomacy and convinces the British to create a Jewish regiment (the Jewish Legion ), August 23, 1917, which will include 800 men and will be sent to Palestine in February 1918 . On November 2, 1917, the British government, inspired by Weizmann, provides considerable support to the Zionist movement by proclaiming the Balfour Declaration , that he favor the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, but stated that it shall not prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish populations. This statement has an international scope and draws the benevolence of the Jewish populations of the allied countries. Chaim Weizmann is also involved in preparations for the peace conference in Paris and there are signs in 1919, an agreement with Faisal , later King of Iraq . Arabs oppose such views in Britain.
The First World War disrupts the geography of the Middle East. The United Kingdom takes foothold in the Middle East and extending its influence. The League of Nations endorsed the Balfour Declaration in 1922, giving the establishment of the Jewish national home mission of the British Mandate (a kind of guardianship of the United Kingdom over these territories) set up on Palestine, a term encompassing the time the Transjordanians territories across the Jordan. The United Kingdom Hashemite family happy with the early establishment of a kingdom in Transjordan , the eastern part of Palestine, which reduced the territory for the Jewish homeland.
1920-1948: British Mandate on Palestine
Tensions between Jewish and Arab communities are increasing from 1920, following the increase of Jewish immigration. From 1921, the Arab opposition is embodied by the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husseini. The first anti-Jewish riots occur in March and April 1920 in Jerusalem, then in May 1921 in Jaffa and cons of agricultural establishments. The riots are over 50 dead and are allocated by the commission appointed by the British Haycraft to Arab anger against Jewish immigration . This leads to the release of the first White Paper , the white paper says Churchill , to reassure the Arabs by restricting Jewish immigration. But the riots also lead to the creation of the Jewish Defense units, the Haganah , from units of the organization Hashomer.
Religious motivations are behind clashes around the Kotel in Jerusalem in 1929 and led to sharp deterioration of the situation with violent anti-Jewish riots in Hebron , Jerusalem and Safed , which are nearly 150 Jewish victims and a hundred Arab casualties. For the first time since the Crusader period, Jews were forced to flee Hebron , their second holiest city. The Jewish quarter of Hebron was destroyed.
Again, the English call a commission of inquiry that tends to clear the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem its responsibilities and which leads to a second white paper restricting the purchase of land and Jewish immigration . Chaim Weizmann in 1931 obtained the quasi-cancellation of this white paper, which will lead to direct confrontation of the Arabs and the English .
Meanwhile, the Arabs organized. In 1928 , institutionalization of claims by strike committees. They claim the Arab identity of Palestine, and residents claim their rights. After a period of Anglo-Arab clashes from 1933 to 1936, Arabs constitute 25 October 1936 the Arab Higher Committee , under the leadership of the great mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husseini to deal with the Jewish Agency. In 1936 , is the great Arab revolt in Palestine, finally crushed in 1939. The development of Jewish settlement is an important cause. Whereas in the early nineteenth century, there was a Jew for 40 Arabs in 1947, there will be 1 to 2.
The British respond militarily by increasing the number of Jewish policemen and politically by a new commission of inquiry headed by Lord William Peel , which offers a first partition of Palestine: a Jewish area (the Galilee and part of the coastal plain ), an Arab region (Negev and Judea and Samaria) and an area under British control (Jerusalem) . Jews reject the plan, hoping to improve it. The Arab Higher Committee rejects it totally, but the Emir Abdullah of Transjordan accept . After the assassination of British regional commissioner of Galilee, the anti-Arab by the English is very hard (over 5000 dead), the Arab Higher Committee dissolved and exiled Amin al-Husseini .
In 1939, before the threat of war with Germany , the English want to avoid instability and the Arabs from joining the forces of the Axis. They also need to enlist the support of the Arab world (and its oil), which might otherwise ally with Hitler. They published in May 1939 a third white paper which drastically reduced Jewish immigration to Palestine (10,000 visas per year for 5 years and 25,000 refugee visas and, in fact, only 15,000 immigrants arrived in Palestine from 1939 to 1945 ), which prohibits the sale of land to Jews on 80% of the country and promising the creation of an independent Palestinian state unitary (ie Arab-dominated) within 10 years . This white paper is rejected by the Zionist institutions and there is a policy of illegal immigration from 1939. However, the majority of Zionists in Palestine ranks loyally alongside the British against the Third Reich during the war. Also, the declaration of war, Ben Gurion can declare: "We will make war as if there were no White Paper, and we will fight the White Paper as if the war did not exist" . For their part, the Arabs accept the terms of that White Paper, even if the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem calls for immediate independence of Palestine. In May 1942 , the Zionist congress adopted a program of Biltmore claiming in vain for the formation of a Jewish state in all Palestine, with unlimited immigration and the creation of a Jewish army.
Despite the wishes of a commission of inquiry Anglo-American grant 100,000 visas for Palestine to solve the refugee problem, the British ban all immigration legal and Haganah is dedicated to fostering illegal immigration and illegal 70 000 can join, from Europe, Palestine .
In 1944, the first armed action against the British led by the Zionist underground military organizations that are the Irgun and Lehi. In 1945, Zionist pressure is growing to allow the home in Palestine survivors of concentration camps Nazi. The UK opposes. The Haganah in turn launches armed actions against the United Kingdom. The discovery of the Holocaust (or Shoah ) causes a current of sympathy for the Zionist cause. L'affaire de l' Exodus 1947 , o 4500 rfugis se voient contraints de retourner en Allemagne, bouleverse aussi l'opinion mondiale.
In May 1946, the UK abandoned its attempt to find a solution, not wanting to impose a solution of 2 parts.
Britain then entrusted the matter to the United Nations which, with the joint support of the United States and the Soviet Union (the United States, President Truman considered the reservoir of Jewish votes he can be important, the Soviet Union considers Zionism as a means to hunt the United Kingdom in the Middle East) and despite the opposition of all Arab countries, vote the partition plan of Palestine, November 30, 1947, which cause for celebration by the Jews and anger from the Arabs of Palestine. This partition plan dividing Palestine into three sectors, one Arab, one Jewish and the third, the city of Jerusalem, International.
On 14 May 1948, David Ben Gurion proclaimed the independence of the State of Israel , immediately attacked by neighboring Arab states.
1948-1967: Conflict between Israel and its neighbors
1964
Founding of the PLO ( Palestine Liberation Organization ) who decides the intensification of the struggle of Palestinians against Israel.
1967
Six Day War. "Reunification" of Jerusalem.
Egypt won the withdrawal of UN troops in May 1967 , the remilitarized Sinai and closed the Straits of Tiran , pass-key to Israeli shipping. On 15 May 1967, Egyptian forces entered Sinai, unlike the demilitarization agreements of 1957.
On 5 June 1967 , ahead of an imminent Arab attack and prepared the regular Syrian shelling from the plateau of the Golan since early 1967, Israel launched an offensive against Egypt preventive flash, led by General Moshe Dayan (see: War Six Days ) and called Transjordan to remain neutral. Jordan refused and attacked Israel with heavy artillery on Jerusalem and the region west of Tel Aviv. June 8, Israel defeated the Jordanian army and conquered the West Bank. The Syrians continue to bomb homes, orchards and farm silos since the Israeli Golan Heights, in response on June 9th, Israel attacked the Syrians on the Golan.
The air forces of Egypt, Jordan and Syria are destroyed in one day. After a blitz of six days, Israel conquered the West Bank , the Gaza Strip , the Golan Heights (including the area of Shebaa Farms ), the peninsula of Sinai and East Jerusalem .
On 22 November 1967, adoption of resolution 242 (1967) Security Council of the UN. The resolution stipulates the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces "occupied territories" (in its French version) or "from Occupied Territories" (that is to say "occupied territories" in its English version) during the recent conflict. The termination of any claim or any state of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgment of the sovereignty, the territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized borders , free from any threat or act of violence. To provide a fair solution to the refugee problem. Guarantee the territorial inviolability and political independence of every State in the region through various measures such as including the establishment of demilitarized zones.
1967-1993: Conflict Israel / PLO
1969
Beginning of the war of attrition along the Suez Canal. Yasser Arafat became the PLO leader.
1969-1972
Jewish and Israeli passengers and airlines are becoming the target of Palestinian militants.
1972
September 4: See the detailed article of the hostage crisis at the Munich Olympics. Eleven Israeli athletes are murdered at the Munich Olympics. The games do not stop either.
1973
Egyptian and Syrian forces attacked Israel on October 6, during the Yom Kippur or "Day of Forgiveness." Their goal: win back the occupied territories. The cease-fire of 24 October was a huge victory for the Israeli army. Resolution 338 reaffirms the need for a "just and lasting peace in the Middle East." The PLO is recognized as the sole representative of Palestinian people at the Arab summit in Algiers which runs from November 26 to 28. Jordan's attitude reflects, after joint attack by Egypt and Syria, a gradual disengagement from Arab countries.
1976
June 26-July 4: Operation Entebbe. 47 Jewish and Israeli hostages, captured by Palestinian commandos Germano-board a plane and taken prisoner in Uganda, are issued by a raid of the Arm ed Israeli Air.
1982
From southern Lebanon, hundreds of shells are launched against Israel in Galilee. On 6 June 1982 , Israel triggered the " Operation Peace for Galilee "and invaded Lebanon up to Beirut to repel the forces of the PLO over 40 km from the Israeli border. On June 20 , the United States get a cease-fire with the evacuation of the PLO in Tunisia.
1985
Israeli air raid on PLO headquarters in Tunis.
1987
Palestinians set off the first Intifada , or "war of stones" in response to the occupation of Israeli in West Bank and Gaza Strip. This conflict will end with the Oslo Accords signed in Washington on 13 September 1993 by Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat. These agreements provide for the establishment of a Palestinian Authority and mutual recognition of the PLO and Israel.
1993-2000: Oslo Peace Process
1993
September 9: The PLO recognizes "the right of the State of Israel to exist in peace and security" and the Israeli Government recognized "the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people" .
September 13: Signing of the Declaration of Principles between Israel and the PLO.
1994
May 4: Signing the agreement on Gaza and Jericho by Israel and the PLO.
February 25: 29 Muslim worshipers praying at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, were killed by Dr. Baruch Goldstein , he injured about 125 others.
December 12: Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat received the Nobel Peace.
1997
January: Israeli army left the city of Hebron , which passes under the Palestinian Authority.
2000-present: Second intifada
2000
September start of the second intifada , or Intifada al-Aqsa.
November 2000, Ehud Barak approved a plan to build a 'barrier intended to prevent the passage of motor vehicles "from the North-East of the West Bank to the region of Latrun.
The problem of Palestinian armed movements : The most active armed organizations are Hamas, Hezbollah, Al Aqsa Brigades and Islamic Jihad which are located in the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Some of these organizations consider the resulting civilian deaths as the martyrs of the Islamic Jihad.
The Hamas has created an infrastructure for social assistance, thus earning him thousands of fans. It is a political movement, terrorist, widespread and very popular in his head: Ramadan Abdullah Shalakh. Hamas is funded by many organizations worldwide, particularly in Europe, and countries like Iran and Syria. The Palestinian Islamic Jihad is less popular than Hamas. It is smaller and has no social activities in the program and no political aspirations. Islamic Jihad is very active in Jenin, Tulkarem and Nablus (Schrems) in the West Bank. He works in a cell and has no civilian infrastructure.
2002
April 14: Following the increase in attacks, the Israeli government decides to build a barrier against terrorism within the line of separation, and issues a directive to "immediately begin construction of a fence in the region of ' Anin ... sector Tulkarem and Jerusalem area.
August 14: Government approval of the Israeli Wall route remained secret. It will consist largely of electronic barriers.
2005
After the death of Yasser Arafat, relaunch the peace process by Ariel Sharon and Mahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen), the new President of the Palestinian Authority. The latter, elected on a platform aimed at ending violence, established a truce with Israel that seems respected by Palestinian terrorist movements, except by Hamas and Jihad are opposed to Abu Mazen in the Palestinian Authority and during the elections. Ariel Sharon for his part, the work to the decolonization of Gaza but is facing opposition to the dismantling of settlements in his own party, forcing him to deal with the Israeli left. The Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories are politics at their dam decommissioning and demand a referendum backed by the Israeli right.
March: Israel is considering transferring to Egypt the control of a buffer zone in Gaza. An "agreement in principle" on the deployment of a force of 750 Egyptian troops along the eight miles to the buffer zone, known as the "Philadelphia corridor" has been found to Sharm el-Sheikh in Egypt between Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Israeli Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz.
2006
Tension with the Palestinians continues to be still alive (rocket "Qasam" on Israeli towns and retaliatory IDF ). June 25, Corporal Gilad Shalit was kidnapped by three Palestinian terrorist groups (the Popular Resistance Committees, the Army of Islam and the armed wing of the terrorist organization Hamas) in a joint attack against a military post IDF Israeli territory. In response, the Israeli cabinet triggers the operation Summer Rain.
Wednesday, July 12, 8 Israeli soldiers were killed and two captured by Hezbollah near the Lebanese-Israeli border. Sources differ as to the circumstances and to the side of the border or the hanging took place , . Israeli aircraft retaliated by bombing roads, bridges and Beirut's airport. The balance of the day is 40 dead civilians . Israel's response is deemed "disproportionate" by the United Nations but supported by the United States who feel like Britain that Israel has the "right to self defense."
2007
Following the takeover of Hamas in the Gaza Strip, the Israeli government decides the blockade of the territory in late June 2007.
2008
On 5 November, after five months of partial truce , Israel carries out a raid against Hamas tunnel leading to exchanges of fire and death of six members of Hamas , . December 18, Hamas announced the non-renewal of the truce . The firing of rockets into Israel resumed .
As of December 27, Israeli aircraft bombed the Hamas infrastructure in Gaza is the beginning of Cast Lead.
2009
January 3, Cast Lead experiencing a new phase when the Israelis sent troops into the Gaza Strip. The deal according to Palestinian sources said more than 1,300 dead in Gaza on the Israeli side and 13 according to Israeli sources.
January 18, Israel declared the cease-fire. The same day, Hamas announces truce and gives seven days to the Israeli army to leave Gaza, which is made from 21 January.
During the following weeks, Palestinians in Gaza continue to send some rockets several times a week in which Israel responds by bombing aviation Palestinian smuggling tunnels with Egypt.
As a result of these military operations, the blockade of the Gaza Strip is strengthened.
 Pictures of a rocket attack in the south of Israel , March 2009 |  A Qassam rocket fired by a civilian area in the Gaza Strip into southern Israel, January 2009 |  An explosion caused by an Israeli airstrike in the Gaza Strip during the 2008-2009 conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza |
The Israeli election in March 2009 brought to power Binyamin Netanyahu who forms a government anchored right.
2010
May 31, the Israeli army approaches the Mavi Marmara , ship, head of the fleet humanitarian "Free Gaza'', seeks to break the blockade of Gaza. Medicines and food are transported by vessels carrying more European politicians and Nobel Prize for peace. Nine militants, mostly Turks, were killed.
International Conflict
| The UN face to the Israeli-Palestinian | |
| |
| Resolutions of the Security Council | |
| Resolution 194 (1964) | |
| Resolution 242 (1967) | |
| Resolution 338 (1973) | |
| Resolution 476 (1980) | |
| Resolution 478 (1980) | |
| Resolution 1322 (2000) | |
| Resolution 1397 (2002) | |
| Resolutions of the UN GA | |
| Resolution 181 , 1947 | |
| Resolution 194 , 1948 | |
| Resolution 3236 , 1974 | |
| Resolutions 3376 and 3379 , 1975 | |
| Resolution 4686 , 1991 | |
| Instruments and legislation | |
| Convention against Racial Discrimination (1965) | |
| Rome Statute (1998) establishing the International Criminal Court | |
| Conferences and committees | |
| World Conference against Racism (1978, 1983, 2001, 2009) | |
| Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights the Palestinian People (1975-present) | |
The new Israeli borders
International mobilization on the conflict
This conflict creates reactions and protests in many countries . Government responses aimed at developing a peace process.
Reactions to the UN
Resolutions of the Security Council UN :
- Resolution 181 (1947)
- Resolution 194 (1964) , Resolution 242 (1967) , Resolution 338 (1973) , resolution 1322 (2000) , 1397 (2002) ...
Resolutions of the UN General Assembly :
There is broad international consensus in the UN General Assembly on how to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Each year, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution titled "Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Palestine" which calls on Israel:
- Withdraw from the territories occupied since 1967 including East Jerusalem (according to Resolution 242);
- Settle the refugee problem fairly by the right of return or compensation (according to resolution 194 (III)).
This resolution is approved each year by most countries (about 160) and rejected by the U.S., Israel, Australia and some Pacific islands (a total of 6 or 7 countries).
- Resolution 181 of the UN General Assembly (29 November 1947)
- Resolution 194 , 1948
- Resolution 3236 , 1974
- Resolution 3376, 1975. Based on 3236 , founded the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian people and its Division for Palestinian Rights of the UN secretariat.
- Resolution 3379 , 1975.
- Resolution 4686, 1991. Revokes Resolution 3379.
Committees and conferences at the UN:
- Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People , established in 1975
- Durban
Activism Palestinian and Israeli military operations
The Palestinian organizations
Lebanon War
The First Intifada, or the emergence of Palestinian society
The 1980: Crash of the Palestinian movement. New fact: the First Intifada. Intifada or the "war of stones". Mark the debut of a new actor: the Palestinian population. In the early days, we do not believe in real change. Context of sustainability of the occupation by the acceleration of the settlement and the economic dependence of the occupied territories. Rising living standards of Palestinians goes hand in hand with a strong dependence on income levels and trade (deep imbalance). Economic dependence the disparity between those who benefit and those who suffer. Development of the Jewish people, systems implementation with the goal of rebuilding the great Israel from a territorial base. Perpetuation of the people by the appropriation of land. The occupation and control are becoming larger: 56% Land Jordan , by taking control of the properties of the Jordanian state and all lands that have not been recorded nor cultivated. 11% of the territory of Gaza in 1988. Outside, developed the theme of liberation of the territories, while inside: a logic of integration. Activism gives way to a passive resistance to the occupation. Retreat into the more traditional foundations of the economy (rural, family), autarky, an instrument of fertility. There are initiatives in cities by intellectuals who seek talks with the Israelis, but they are marginalized and alienated from the majority opinion and the public. The Intifada was a spontaneous uprising of Palestinians inside.
- Objective 1: territorialize the conflict, bringing the geographic center.
- Objective 2: to allow the return of the PLO on Palestinian land. Create a link between the various components of the Palestinian population. Updating a national project: a sovereign political entity in Gaza and the West Bank.
- Objective 3: to involve outside powers and especially the U.S. , in an attempt to mediate a comprehensive settlement acceptable to the two parties.
Peace Process
The process of Israeli-Palestinian peace groups all diplomatic discussions that have been attempted to find a definitive solution the since the recognition of the PLO by Israel as a Palestinian partner for peace.
Madrid Conference of 1991
Oslo Accords of 1993
Wye Accords of 1998
Camp David Summit of July 2000
Consequences of the failure of negotiations: the second intifada
Shortly after the collapse of talks, Ariel Sharon and other members of the Likud visited the Aqsa Mosque / Temple Mount to demonstrate Israeli control over the shrine. The next day a Palestinian demonstration turned to confrontation with the Israeli police. The escalating violence led to the uprising of the second Intifada.
A wave of suicide attacks conducted by Palestinian extremist movements visa Israeli civilians. The Israeli retaliation took the form of a blockade of the Gaza Strip and a redeployment of the IDF in the West Bank. Israel also triggered operations targeted assassinations against leaders of Palestinian Islamist organizations. These operations were the occasion calls for revenge from those organizations. This cycle of violence killed a thousand Israelis and three thousand Palestinians.
On 7 October 2000 , the Security Council of the United Nations adopted the Resolution 1322 (2000) at the same time deploring the provocation of Ariel Sharon , the leader of Likud , and the violence that followed the next day with the outbreak of the Second Intifada.
Threads of Peace in Paris in October 2000
Madeleine Albright meets alternately Yasser Arafat and Ehud Barak in the French capital. Arafat is on the verge of accepting the compromise offered to him, but Jacques Chirac intervened to harden the position of Arafat , .
Summit Taba, 2001
Calls for calm and the resumption of talks multiplied in vain. Bill Clinton proposed in writing new parameters for negotiations. Barak accepted them with reservations, Arafat delayed his answer in which he accepted with questions and reservations. The initiatives of President Clinton brought Barak and Arafat in discussions to Taba in January 2001 during which delegations entrusted never been closer to an agreement. But Barak had to interrupt talks on the eve of early elections.
Further attempts
A month later, the violence of the Intifada and the feeling of insecurity led to a change of government in power in Israel after the election, bringing the right and Ariel Sharon to head a new government.
The new government of Ariel Sharon then requires a cessation of terrorist attacks before any resumption of dialogue.
Initiatives to break the deadlock were many:
- The Quartet for Middle East consists of the new U.S. President George Walker Bush , the European Union , the Russian and the United Nations drafted the roadmap for peace which calls for the creation of a Palestinian state before 2005 under the conditions for a cessation of terrorism, and conduct of democratic elections in the Palestinian territories.
- The Arab League meeting in Beirut in Lebanon was also a peace plan which called for return to the borders of 1967 in exchange for mutual recognition and peace. The Israeli government hailed the proposal.
- In 2003 , an unofficial assembly of moderate politicians of both parties met to agree on the terms of a peace proposal known to the Geneva Initiative. Arafat favorably received this document and Sharon rejected it.
Summit in Sharm el-Sheikh in 2005
Unilateral Disengagement Plan of 2005
The Israeli government took unilateral measures to ensure the safety of its people. The construction of a barrier that had been thought by a previous government of left-right coalition, began. Its route, which largely overlaps the territories of the West Bank annexed in 1967, causing severe protests and international condemnation.
The same government then took the initiative of the disengagement plan for final disposal and destruction of all settlements in the Gaza Strip and four Israeli settlements in the northern West Bank.
Project for the creation of a Palestinian state
Since in 1988, the Palestinian state was proclaimed in November in Algiers during the Nineteenth National Council in Algiers , the claim An independent Palestinian state has ceased to be worn by Palestinians under the leadership of the PLO and Yasser Arafat , and has continued to advance, a number of states and international bodies s 'y in rallying over the years.
On 19 January 1993 , the Israeli Parliament repealed the law banning contacts with the PLO. And 13 September 1993 , the so-called Oslo agreements on Palestinian autonomy, first developed in Oslo and signed in Washington , give rise to a declaration which led to the recognition of Palestine and Israel.
On 4 May 1994 an agreement was signed Israeli-Palestinian conflict, between the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) and the State of Israel agree to "Oslo I" signed in Cairo ( Egypt ), providing for self- the Gaza Strip and the city of Jericho ( West Bank ).
On 28 September 1995 , Israel and the PLO signed in Washington the agreement negotiated in Taba ("Oslo II") extending autonomy in the West Bank and providing a series of Israeli withdrawals in stages. In late 1995, Israel withdrew from six West Bank towns that become autonomous. On 20 January 1996 , Yasser Arafat is elected chairman of the Palestinian Authority. The NPC (the Palestinian parliament in exile), met for the first time in Palestine, eliminates its charter sections involving the right of existence of the State of Israel.
The creation of a Palestinian state, under the Oslo Accords should have intervened in December 1998 on terms prepared jointly by the Government of Israel and the Palestinian Authority.
On 25 March 1999 , the EU is in favor of the right to Palestinian self-determination and that of creating a state: support in addition to the proposed creation of the future Palestinian state.
In March 2002, it was the turn of the UN to support the claim: The Security Council adopts Resolution 1397 which speaks for the first time a Palestinian state alongside Israel. For which President George Bush also newly elected to pronounce.
Today the Palestinian Authority , under the presidency of Mahmoud Abbas and following Yasser Arafat , his first elected president in 1996, works towards the establishment of a Palestinian state. On 25 May 2006 , Mahmoud Abbas announces a referendum in this direction The resource control in water According to Professor Malin Falkenmark , should be 1000 cubic meters of water per capita per year, or 2,740 liters per person per year to meet the needs of the population. Below this threshold, we are experiencing shortages. From 500 cubic meters per person per year, the situation becomes critical . For the Jewish state, the situation is critical since it has only 390 cubic meters per capita per year. This situation will worsen in the future as we advance the figure of 258 cubic meters per capita per year in 2020 . Today, the Jewish state has the majority of water resources and, through the creation of a Palestinian state, the consensus is hard to find on this precious resource sharing between Israelis and Palestinians. To Noam Chomsky , control of water resources is the main reason for maintaining Israel's hold on the West Bank which currently provides one third of its consumption . References
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