Palais Des Tuileries
The Tuileries Palace was a palace in Paris , whose construction began in 1564 under the leadership of Catherine de Medici , on the site previously occupied by one of three tile factories established in 1372 next to the Three Hundred and before the Louvre. Enlarged under the successive reigns, he had a huge front (266 m long) and became a royal residence of many rulers ( Henry IV , Louis XIV , Louis XVI or Louis XVIII ) and Imperial ( Napoleon I and Napoleon III ) until it was destroyed by fire in May 1871. Its ruins were demolished in 1883 (official start demolition in January).
Summary |
Under the Old Regime
The location of the palace was occupied during the thirteenth century , by wasteland and tile factories. In XIV century , the provost of Paris Pierre Dessessart owned a house, said Hotel des Tuileries, and forty acres of tillable land. In 1500, Nicolas Neufville de Villeroy , Financial Secretary, also built a hotel came to live where Louise de Savoie, inconvenienced in his palace Tournelles Place des Vosges, by standing water. In 1518, Francis I bought it for his mother who donated to the Master of Hotel du Dauphin, Jean Liercoun.
First building
All these buildings were purchased by Catherine de Medici who wanted to leave the hotel Tournelles died when Henry II. She shaved them and asked the architects Philibert Delorme , and then in 1570 after the death of it, to John Bullant , to erect a palace that was to rise to the west of the Louvre , beyond the speaker Charles V. The original project was ambitious: Two large buildings parallel and perpendicular to the Seine, together with four wings shorter, compartmentalizing and three courtyards. But only the western building was finally built, and it is this that is ultimately called the Palais des Tuileries.
This building had a central pavilion topped by a dome , with a suspended staircase on vault, which was considered a masterpiece. This flag was flanked by two wings. The south wing ended with a pavilion, called the flag Bullant (built in 1570 ) while the north wing was not completed. Indeed, Catherine de Medici, very superstitious, ultimately refused to live in the Tuileries and settled in a hotel (called the queen, then Soissons , current Commodities Exchange ) that it had built hastily in 1574 near the church of St. Eustache. Legend has it that her astrologer Ruggieri had predicted she would die "near Saint-Germain" and the palace was near the church Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois.
During the reign of Charles IX , the construction site of the Tuileries was gradually abandoned. Henry III gave them a few festivals but not resident there, he fled to Paris, however, by the Tuileries Gardens, the 12 May 1588 , at the day of the barricades.
The "Grand Design"
In the early seventeenth century , Henri IV decided to connect the Louvre to the Tuileries Palace by building a long gallery along the Seine , whose gallery was the primer for several years. This is what is called the "Grand Design". This Great Gallery or Gallery waterfront (which still exists) was built from 1607 to 1610 by Jacques II Androuet Hoop. At the same time, the Tuileries Palace was extended southwards by a wing called Little Gallery, designed to connect the pavilion Bullant the Great Gallery at the intersection of the two buildings was built a pavilion, called the flag of the River ( and renamed the Pavillon de Flore in 1669 ). The palace of the Louvre and the Tuileries were now so interconnected.
After the death of Henri IV in 1610 , the palace again experienced a long period of neglect.
It was Louis XIV who decided to return to the site. The Tuileries Palace was indeed asymmetric: the Little Gallery built under Henri IV had no effect while in the north. Between 1659 and 1666 , Louis Le Vau and Franois d'Orbay constructed: first, a flag intended to do during the Bullant flag (which was called "Pavilion Theatre"), then a gallery intended to do during the Little -Gallery (which was called "Gallery of Machines"), and finally a flag intended to do during the Pavillon de Flore (which was called "flag of Pomona , "and" Pavillon de Marsan " Under the Revolution and the Consulate On 6 October 1789 , Louis XVI , Marie Antoinette and their children moved into the palace after being brought back from Versailles by rioters. The Tuileries were entering the great history for 80 years, the palace would be the primary residence of kings and emperors, and the scene of major political events. The internal layout of the castle was: During the Revolution , the old apartment was occupied by Queen Marie-Therese of France and his brother, the Dauphin Louis. Marie Antoinette sat on the ground floor, garden side, while Madame Elisabeth , sister of Louis XVI, occupied the first floor of the Pavillon de Flore. The royal family lived for three years in the palace. On 21 June 1791 , she tried to flee but stopped at Varennes , was forced to return to the Tuileries. Then, on 10 August 1792 , at 7:00 am, she was forced to leave the palace, besieged by rioters, to take refuge in the hall Manege , which then contained the Legislature and which was along the garden (site of the current crossroads between the streets of Rivoli and Castiglione ). The garrison of Swiss guards remained in place around the palace now empty. It was invaded and looted, and nearly 600 guards died either in battle or afterwards massacred by the crowd. A hundred of them, however, managed to escape thanks to some of the Parisian population. On August 21 , the guillotine was erected on the Place du Carrousel, east of the palace. On 10 May 1793 , the convention moved to the Tuileries, in the Gallery of Machines. The palace was then given the name of the national palace. The Committee of Public hello occupied the Little Gallery, while the Committee of Public Safety moved into a townhouse located north of the Cour du Carrousel, close to the Pavillon de Marsan. Many events took place there, including the proscription of the Girondins and the fall of Robespierre. Under the Directoire , the Tuileries sheltered the Council of Elders ( 1795 - 1799 ). On 19 February 1800 , Napoleon Bonaparte , First Consul, installed himself at the palace. He took shelter for the first floor, occupying the former King's apartment (he slept in the bedroom of Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI). If Cambaceres , Second Consul, preferred to reside at the hotel of Tweed , the Third Consul, Lebrun sat in the pavilion of Flora. Napoleon maintained itself in the Tuileries, which then became the official residence of the Emperor. This occupied the first floor of the south wing, the old royal apartments, the layout and description of parts remaining unchanged. In 1806 , an auditorium and a chapel were built in the gallery of machines, while the interiors were redesigned by the architects Charles Percier and Pierre-Francois-Leonard Fontaine. The ceiling of the formal dining room was decorated with allegories, representing the four elements, war and peace. It was also in 1806 that these same architects erected the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel. This building, mimicking the arc of Septimius Severus in Rome , which still exists, is the new official entrance of the palace to replace an old door of the seventeenth century. It gave access from the east, from the Place du Carrousel in the courtyard of the Tuileries itself separate room by a long grate. Meanwhile, the prospect of continuing the Grand Design begun under Henri IV , Napoleon built a gallery, which closed the Cour du Carrousel to the north and extending from the Pavillon de Marsan at the height of the Rue de l'Echelle , the along the Rue de Rivoli. On 28 November 1804 , Pope Pius VII , who came to Paris to crown Napoleon, moved into the palace, where he resided until 4 April 1805. It occupies the former apartment of Madame Elisabeth , the first floor of the Pavillon de Flore. On the ground floor of the south wing that was born in 1811 , the son of Napoleon and Marie Louise , the " King of Rome. " In 1815 , Napoleon left the palace never to return. He was replaced by Louis XVIII , who was the only king of France to die in the Tuileries ( 1824 ). His brother Charles X 's replaced them, until the Revolution of July 1830 in the Chassat and that the palace was looted by the rioters, for the second time in its history. The Tuileries were uninhabited until 21 September 1831 , when Louis Philippe far preferring to reside in her family home, the Palais Royal , was forced to move to the palace by Casimir Perier , who wanted to raise the prestige of the July Monarchy. His wife, Queen Marie-Amlie was the sad and compared to Casbah ( Kasbah ). The royal family then moved to the ground floor of the south wing. For over a year, we did achieve major refurbishment which cost over 5 million francs. The palace took its final shape, including the creation by the architects Percier and Fontaine , a grand staircase in the Pavillon de l'Horloge. The king also dig in the garden of the Tuileries , a trench delineated a private garden, enclosed by railings, along the western facade of the palace. Louis-Philippe had to give up, however, lack of money to the draft meeting of the Louvre and the Tuileries on the north side, presented in 1833 but which was made by Napoleon III. The days of February 1848 drove the royal family of the Tuileries, which were once again looted. After being converted into a hospice for war invalids, the palace once again became the official residence when Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte , President of the Republic , came to settle, before being proclaimed emperor in December 1852. The Second Empire refit the imperial residence of the Tuileries. The old label reappeared ( squires , chamberlains , prefects of the palace ), while the celebrations and ceremonies at the palace gave a gloss unprecedented. On 29 January 1853 , it was the scene of civil marriage of Napoleon III and Eugenie de Montijo. Furthermore, the architect Visconti was commissioned by the Emperor to give the palate a new youth. There followed the demolition of houses and streets that still separated the Place du Carrousel of the Cour Carree du Louvre. But above all, the Emperor wanted completed the Grand Design by Henri IV and Napoleon continued by extending along the rue de Rivoli, the gallery that he had built. Towards 1870 , and for the first time, the Tuileries and the Louvre therefore formed a single whole, the largest and one of the most majestic of Europe. After the defeat of Sedan , the Empress Eugenie left on 4 September 1870 , the Tuileries palace surrounded by the riot. She fled the Pavillon de Flore, where she went into the Grand Gallery of the Louvre. At the end of the Second Empire, the interior layout of the palace stood as follows: Become hostess, the Commune was Tuileries theater festivals and concerts: the "Concert Communards" took place in the lounge and the Marshals. On 10 May 1871 , an artistic event was organized for the benefit of wounded National Guard. The 18, three consecutive concerts were held, attracting a huge crowd. These were, in the minds of the organizers, the prelude to the burning of the palace, they wanted to ensure that the public would accept the idea of destroying it. Installed at the Tuileries with his staff, the chief Federated Bergeret said: "When I leave the Tuileries, the Tuileries are in ashes." 22 and 23 May , the Communards Dardelle, Bergeret, Benot , Boudin and Mabeuf did happen in court charged with five vans powder kegs, carboys of oil of tar liquid and turpentine they ranged themselves under the peristyle the central pavilion. The 23, thirty Federated under the command of Bnot, butcher, Bergeret and Boudin went to all the apartments of the palace walls and floors sprinkled with buckets full of oil. A barrel of gunpowder was placed in the vestibule of the Pavilion de l'Horloge, three in the bottom of the staircase, while a mass of inflammable material was stored in the living room of the Marshals. They smeared tar the altar and the organ in the Chapel and the paneling of the theater. The fire was ignited by Benet and fire ablaze the building immediately. Shortly before 9 pm, the clock stopped the palace under the action of fire. Around 11 am, an explosion shook the central pavilion, leaving the dome damaged in a shower of flames. The palace burned for three days, based bronzes, marbles reducing dust. Bergeret and his men, who ordered a cold meal, a supper on the terrace gazing at the Louvre in the fire. On May 27 , there remained the Tuileries as sections of walls blackened. From 1872 , many petitions and requests were filed for the restoration of the palace, in whole or most of it. In fact, the building was repairable, as only the floors, roof and decorations were entirely consumed. Parliamentary committees were formed: a Senate committee rejected and, in 1876 , the whole idea of losing the ruins. Haussmann , Lefuel and Viollet-le-Duc proposed projects for the Protection of ruins or rebuilding a new palace. The main proposal was to restore the only central part, isolated from the Tuileries, including the Pavillon de l'Horloge, the two wings and two pavilions and Bull Theatre, the Little Gallery and the Gallery of Machines is therefore demolished. After much wrangling, the House of Representatives finally decided in 1879 to demolish the ruins, which were razed in 1883. All that remained as flags of Flore and Marsan , and two galleries to the windows of the Louvre. Now a broad perspective extending the Tuileries Gardens at the Louvre, leaving discover the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel , ancient gate of honor now isolated in the middle of a vast esplanade. The remains of the palace underwent many destinations: the gate of the Cour du Carrousel was reused in the castle of the family Esterhazy ; columns were found in a villa in Suresnes , another at Marly , columns and other parts of wall on the island of Schwanenwerder in Berlin Steglitz-Zehlendorf , the College Stanislas (Paris), and many stones were used to build the castle of Punta , owned by Duke Jerome Pozzo di Borgo , above the bay of Ajaccio ; other remains were bought by the state and dispersed between the Tuileries Gardens (at the foot of the museum Jeu de Paume ), the gardens of the Trocadero , those of Luxembourg and Chaillot , in the courtyard of the Ecole des Beaux Arts and that of fr.org / wiki /% C3% 89cole_des_Ponts_ParisTech "title =" Ecole des Ponts "> Roads and Bridges. But one of the most important fossil remains undoubtedly the pediment of the central pavilion and clock, still visible in the Square Georges-Cain , Pagan street in the 3rd arrondissement. Finally, beautiful statues adorning the same pediment can be seen in the hall beneath the triumphal arch of the Carrousel du Louvre. Le Figaro, which acquired the marbles were detailed clipboard and offered a bonus to subscribers, while Sardou collected a column for its fleet of Marly, the tailor Worth fragments of sculpture for the garden of Suresnes (now the foundation Foch). Forty fragments of the palace located in Saint-Raphael , in the gardens of Villa Magali. As for the site of the Tuileries Palace, is now symbolized by a small sign of bad bills that few tourists are likely to notice. Several associations argue to this day for identical reconstruction of the palace. There is a copy (smaller) of the Tuileries Palace in the courtyard of 4, rue du Faubourg Montmartre. This building was probably in front of Boulevard and was concealed by the construction of a building. Since 2002, a National Committee for the reconstruction of the Tuileries , issued a report in February 2007. IM Pei , architect of the Grand Louvre is supporting this project on behalf of the architectural integrity of all the Louvre-Tuileries, which was the frame of the "Grand Design" and the only reason for the extension of the Louvre, now partially disfigured Legend The history of the Tuileries Palace is linked to a legend, that of John the Flayer : butcher with his stall near the palace he was murdered on the orders of Catherine de Medici on the grounds that he knew some of the secrets of crown. At the time he died, he reportedly said: "I shall return." We do, however, never found his body. He then appeared to be an astrologer Cosmo Ruggieri , in which he predicted the downfall of the future occupants of the castle and its disappearance at the same time as the palate. According to some sources, he will at this apparition, the astrologer had predicted that the queen died "near Saint-Germain Known as the "little red man in the Tuileries," he regularly haunted the palace, announcing his appearance always a tragedy to those to whom it appeared. In July 1792 , it appears to Queen Marie-Antoinette , shortly before the fall of the monarchy, and similarly, in 1815 , he appears to Napoleon , a few weeks before the Battle of Waterloo. Finally he appeared to Louis XVIII and his brother the Comte d'Artois , a few days before the death of the former. On 23 May 1871 , during the burning of the palace, witnesses say that while the dome of the hall collapsed in the fire marshals, the silhouette of the little red man appeared once more at a window of the palace. The legend of the little red man in the Tuileries is a recent invention Schedule In addition: Forthcoming: 
Under the Empire , the Restoration and July Monarchy
Under the Second Empire
Description Indoor
Fire and Destruction
Fire
Demolition
Towards a reconstruction of the palace?
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