Order Of Christ Portugal
The Order of Christ is an honorary official agenda of the Portuguese Republic with the Grand Master President of the Portuguese Republic. It is originally a religious military order that the property receives demise of the Order of the Temple in Portugal after their disappearance in 1312.
The order developed under Henry the Navigator , Grand Master of the Order. It was during the reign of Manuel I that order begins a trend of a regular order to a secular order. In 1529 and 1530, John III , assisted by Brother Anthony of Lisbon, is trying to bring order to its origin without much success. Other attempts fail again like the last one of the Pious Mary. In 1834, when the government is anti-Catholic after the defeat of Michael I during the civil war, with the suppression of religious orders, and confiscation of their property, the order of Christ finally disappears as a religious order military no longer in Portugal than honorary order allowing the constitutional monarchy to distinguish members of its nobility.
With the revolution of October 5, 1910 order is deleted as all honorific orders and then reinstated in 1917 to decorate the fighter WWI. Since that time the Order of Christ, whose Grand Master President of the Portuguese Republic, is an honorary official agenda of the Portuguese Republic.
In five centuries, from 1319 to 1834, changing the order of a religious order to a military honor of the Portuguese royalty. After a short deletion from 1910 to 1917 he was finally reinstated as honorary Order of the Portuguese Republic. It should be noted that alongside the military religious order, the Holy See awarded an honorary award in the name of Order of Christ , which has created some conflict between Portuguese royalty and papacy. There are also some levels of fantasy or pseudo orders that require no real foundations of the Order of Christ, or mythology requires, the Templars Portuguese.
Background
With the Muslim invasion in 711 and the Battle of Guadalete , almost the entire Iberian Peninsula fell under the domination Moorish within five years. The Reconquista (Reconquest) begins in 718 when Muslims were defeated at the Battle of Covadonga by Pelayo , a noble origin Visigoth or astur. Only the northern fringe of Spain , corresponding to the current Basque Country , Cantabria , Asturias and Galicia , remained under Christian rule within the kingdom of Asturias.
The Iberian Peninsula was home to the longest since holy war lasted almost eight hundred years. It will bring in al-Andalus Spanish military orders to even greater fame than the Templars or Hospitallers . It was during this period that the Templars settled in Spain by founding many commanderies . In 1134, the death of Alfonso I of Aragon , it gives his kingdom to the Templars, the Hospitallers and Canons of the Holy Sepulchre . To protect Toledo raids from Cordoba through the high plains separating the Sierra Morena , the Emperor Alfonso VII seized in 1147, the citadel of Qualat Rawaah (castle warrior), 130 km south of its capital, on the marshes of the Guadiana. It loads the Templars of defending the outpost but the latter, keep doubting the power to face rumors of shipping, evacuated in 1157 . It is therefore almost certainly seek the origin of the military orders of the Reconquista , but not in the Templars in hermangildas , groups of peasants, inspired ribats , who are bound by oath to protect Christians. They may vow of celibacy at least temporary . The main orders are named Iberian Order of Calatrava , Order of Santiago (Order of St. Jacques), Order of Alcntara or order of Aviz.
The precursor of the Order
The Knights Templar was founded around 1118 The fall of the Templars and the devolution of property to the Hospitallers Also fighting alongside the Iberian orders, orders for the Holy Land will experience different destinies due to the loss of the Crusader States. The Templars and Hospitallers retreated to Cyprus and then the Hospitallers took possession of Rhodes , the Templars returned to Europe in the middle of a quarrel between the king of France Philippe le Bel to Pope Boniface VIII. The latter has affirmed the superiority of papal authority over temporal power of kings, issuing a papal bull in 1302 : Unam Sanctam. The answer of the King of France came in the form of a request for council to depose the pope, who in turn excommunicated Philippe le Bel and his entire family by the bubble Super Patri Solio . Boniface VIII died October 11, 1303, shortly after the attack at Anagni. His successor, Benedict XI , had a very brief pontificate he died in turn 7 July 1304. Clement V was elected to succeed him June 5, 1305. While the pope plans to consolidate the two orders Templars and Hospitallers, Jacques de Molay brutally refused by letter in 1306 for the Pope. The arrival in Europe of the Templar forces, estimated at fifteen thousand men with 1500 knights , highly trained in combat and seen mostly by the king of France as wholly devoted to the pope could only make suspicious Philip the Fair. Today, historians are divided on the agreement between Philip the Fair and Clement V, but when the King of France launched its secular procedure, the pope appointed by the bubble Faciens misericordiam , pontifical commission also charged with investigating the Knights Templar. Jacques de Molay was confident the pope asks the latter a papal investigation which grants him 24 August 1307 . However, Philip the Fair was in a hurry. He does not expect the results of the investigation and arrested the same day, October 13, 1307 , on the whole territory, all the Templars. He urged the rulers of Spain, Portugal and England to do the same. All refuse not to alienate the Pope. Even when it, in a last attempt to save the Templars, fulminated the bull Pastoralis praeminentiae European rulers who ordered the arrest of the Templars who lived at home and put their wealth and their lives under the protection of the Church. Moreover, the pope asked to hear himself Templars Poitiers. But most officials being jailed in Chinon , the pope then delegated two cardinals . To finish, Philip the Fair, at the Council of Vienne , the pope lobbied for March 22, 1312 the bull Vox in excelso which ordered the abolition of the order . But the Pope will subtract the King of France property of the Templars who, by the bull Ad providam of May 2, 1312 vested in full, throughout all countries, goods to the Temple Hospital . A third bubble, Recitals Duduma of 6 May 1312, it sealed the fate of the Templars, those who have confessed or were found innocent would be given a pension and could live in a house of the Order so that all those who denied or s 'being retracted suffer a severe punishment (in fact the death penalty). But the pope is the fate reserved for dignitaries of the Order . A papal commission, appointed December 22, 1313, consisting of three cardinals and the king's solicitors, hear the four officials who reiterated their confessions hope papal clemency. March 11 or March 18, 1314, in front of Notre-Dame de Paris , Jacques de Molay , Master of the Order of the Temple, Geoffroy de Charnay , Preceptor of Normandy , Hugues de Pairaud , Visitor of France and Geoffrey of Goneville . The Hospital will take years to recover the property of the Templars. But in Portugal as in Spain the kingdom opposes the devolution of property in their jurisdictions to a sovereign order outside the peninsula and especially free of Allegiance. In Spain, Jacques II of Aragon refused the meeting of the Knights Templar property of its states to those of the Hospitallers, he wanted to join those of the Order of Calatrava. Undertakes a lengthy negotiation with the Pope John XXII and ending by a bull dated 10 June 1317 which endorsed the creation of an order of Montesa. Jacques finally got to the property of the Knights Templar and Hospitaller property in the territory of Valencia is attributed to a national order under the king's responsibility, not the pope. Jacques attributes the castle and the territory of Montesa in order to make are convent. In exchange, he concedes the vesting of the Templars to Hospitallers on the territories of Aragon and Catalonia. The order is only effective July 22, 1319 after maneuvering to delay the order of Calatrava . Portugal, I. Denis , in the same way in Spain, and for the same reasons for affirming the appeal royal denies the pope's meeting of the Temple of goods to those of the Hospitallers. From 1318, the former Templars were certainly more accepted in the new congregations . After a further lengthy negotiations, but without compensation, he obtained a bull of John XXII Ad ea ex quibus 14 March 1319, allowing the creation of "Militia Christi" under the patronage of Saint Benedict , Order of Christ . It was prescribed in this bubble that was the grand master, before he took office, to pay homage to the king and his oath. What no Grand Master to forget, making the order of Christ's most faithful supporter of the royal power . After four years of negotiations, the pope published another bubble authorizing Denis 1 to transfer the property of the Order of the Temple in the Order of Christ in 1323 The development of order under the command of Henry the Navigator After the war of succession with Castile , the proclamation of John I as king of Portugal and decision- Ceuta in 1415 with the support of the Portuguese military orders including the Order of the Hospitallers , Jean, a former grand master of the ' Order of Aviz , ensure its power by encouraging all those orders. In 1420, he obtained the pope, who had nothing to deny the first Christian king conquering a territory in Muslim Africa , the agreement to appoint the infants at the head of the Portuguese orders making these military orders orders Royal , . The Prince Henry the Navigator is the Grand Master of the Order from 1417 until his death in 1460. Henry was born in 1394. During his governance, Edward I and Alfonso V reign over Portugal. In 1425, the islands of Madeira and the Canary , in 1445 the Azores , were conquered by the Knights of Christ. Then came the coasts of Africa and Lagos , the islands of Cape Verde , nothing stops Henry the Navigator , third son of John and clavero (Grand Master, or rather governor) of the Order of Christ. In 1433, Edward I granting the sovereignty on all future conquests of the Order of Christ. Alfonso V permits, year 1460, the Order to levy a 5% tax on all goods from African counters of the order, the order of Christ know when its peak . With funding from the College, Henry the Navigator founded his school of navigation at Sagres , paving the way for the Portuguese maritime supremacy, this small village sailed the first expeditions leading to major discoveries. Under the control of Henry, two Gothic cloisters were built in the convent of Tomar , it started with a good period for the Order of Christ. Henry the Navigator is Duke of Viseu and member of the Order of the Garter. Its influence on history was considerable, it is indeed one of those who have fanned the European interest for the colonial expansion that would transform the world for four centuries to come. At Prince Henry the Navigator succeeds Fernando, son of Edward I , who directs the College from 1460 to 1470. In 1484, under the command of Manuel I , then Duke of Beja and eleventh head of the Order, that the moral decline of the order begins, the tabard and hood are abandoned in favor of court dress and relaxation is such that the Pope Alexander VI commuted the vow of celibacy vow of chastity in marriage in 1492. In 1496, the knights must be allowed to marry to avoid scandal concubinage. In 1505, the vow of poverty must be abandoned in favor of a tax, the meia-anata, but they must continue to pay one third of their income to the College (donation originally planned for construction and maintenance of the convent Tomar) which then represents a payment for the Order of the three-quarters of its annual revenue. The Order that we begin to call brotherhood, has 454 commanderies Portugal, Africa and India. The seat convent, transferred to Tomar from 1366, is only intended to express the magnificence and richness of the Order, the Knights of Christ, so the corporation are the richest of Europe . At his request, Manuel I , who became king in 1495, obtained from Pope Leo X the grandmaster title by the bubble constant fide June 30, 1516 Reform of John III and Brother Anthony of Lisbon His son, John III became king in 1521 and grand master in turn. It is confirmed by the bubble Eximiae Devotionis of Pope Adrian VI April 14, 1523 , . John III created a special council, the "Mesa das Ordens" for the administration of all orders. Antoine's brother obtained the position of Prieur and persuaded Pope Pius V to give him control over all the monasteries in 1567. Sebastian I. , successor of John as king and head of the order, trying to reverse the reforms of Anthony in 1574. Since 1567, he protested and asked to take back the title of grandmaster. Faced with this opposition king / pope, it follows a division of the Order into two branches, military and religious. Some historians believe that already in 1522, the Order was divided into two parts: a monk under the orders of the pope and a time to meet King Other reform movements Between 1580 and 1640, under the kings Philip, also King of Spain, there were other attempts to reform the Order. The new statutes take effect in 1619 with Philip III of Spain and are officially promulgated by Philip IV of Spain in 1627. To enter the Order, we now have areas of nobility and have three years of service in Africa is three years in the fleet. This is Mary the Pious , deeply religious, who with the help of Pope Pius VI , tries to make the College luster of a religious military past. The latter re-established as the Convent of Tomar Commandery of the Order. The monarch remains the master of the Order, but a prior of the Order replaces the superior of the convent. But the insanity of the Queen and the regency of the future John VI destroyed all those efforts. In 1834, when the government is anti-Catholic after the defeat of Michael I during the civil war, with the suppression of religious orders, and confiscation of their property, the order of Christ finally disappears as a religious order military no longer in Portugal than honorary order allowing the constitutional monarchy to distinguish members of the nobility . The 1901 law on the licensing of religious congregations having an educational purpose, allows the return of religious orders, but no military orders. With the revolution of October 5, 1910 and instauraton the 1st Republic, the order is deleted as all honorific orders except the Order of the Tower and Sword. However, in 1917 to decorate the fighter WWI that Sidnio Pais restored the old order as honorary military orders . Since that time the Order of Christ, whose Grand Master President of the Portuguese Republic, is an honorary official agenda of the Portuguese Republic to distinguish outstanding service to the country in the exercise of functions in the organs of state or government in general and in the judiciary and diplomacy in particular . The Order of Christ and the other Portuguese Orders of Merit, had their status reviewed on multiple occasions during the First Republic (1910-1926), then in 1962 and again in 1986. The Order of Christ also survived Brazil until 1889. The Order of Christ and the Order of Aviz and the Order of Santiago - all military orders - form the group "Veterans Military Orders," headed by a chancellor and a board of eight members appointed by the President to assist him in his office of Grand Master in all matters concerning the administration of the College. The cross on the sails of the ships Christopher Columbus when he sailed across the Atlantic in 1492 was that of the Order of Christ. The creation of various types of Montesa and Christ
The Order of Christ after Henry the Navigator control
The cons-reform Sebastian I of Portugal
Secularization in the order
People associated with the Order of Christ
Some members
Grand Cross
for the year 1810 , Testu Commanders Knights
Legends
Chips
Order of Christ 
Grand Cross 
Grand Officer 
Commander 
Officer 
Knight Heritage
References
See also
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