History Giovanni da Verrazano was the first French envoy to use the term New France (Latin, Nova Francia) to name the land he had discovered in America. Indeed, in 1524 he had completed a reconnaissance mission along the Atlantic coast of North America on behalf of the king of France.
Earth Native American during the first voyage of Cartier in 1534, in Great River , New France was gradually occupied permanently by the Kingdom of France of the ancien regime.
This colony was used only when fishing and the fur trade. It was then a colony-counter . She had that title since lived only temporarily in New France at that time. The French took what they needed and went away in Metropolis. Since 1603, however, Louis Hebert became the first French settlers to settle permanently in New France.
In 1627, Cardinal Richelieu founded the Company of the hundred associates who then took over from his predecessors and, thereby, made the introduction Custom of Paris and the seigneurial system in New France. But only during the reign of Louis XIV that were sent to the King's Daughters and policies were adopted population growth by the intendant Jean Talon.
In 1629, the Kirke brothers led invasion of Quebec which led to the occupation of New France, the Kingdom of England , which ended in the territory returned to King Louis XIII of the Treaty of Saint-Germain -en-Laye of 1632.
After the War of the Conquest , New France came under British military occupation from 1760 to 1763. Then the Treaty of Paris of 1763 , the Kingdom of France retained only the territories of the Antilles and the island of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
If the sixteenth century was the era of the early expeditions and French establishments ephemeral, the reign of Henry IV gave an important impetus to the colonization of New France. In the seventeenth century , Richelieu and Colbert were the main actors of colonial policy within the Council of the King of France. The commercialism (or Colbert ) then inspired the decisions taken to New France, whose development was entrusted to the government and companies to trade monopoly. Then in 1663 the Sovereign Council of New France was created outside the royal domain to take over from the colonial companies. Despite the absolute monarchy , which remained in force in Metropolis , the Viceroyalty then found himself with powers that recalled the feudalism of the Middle Ages. Therefore, this royal government is reported to the State Secretary of the Navy.
Administrative Policy
Map of territories that constituted New France (blue) before 1763.
Various colonial companies have succeeded in order to assure the Government and the commercial development of New France:
Besides the indigenous nations, New France shared mainly the North America with the British colonies , including New England and the Viceroyalty of New Spain. But it's the 1750s it reached its apogee territorial. It then comprised five colonies, each with its own regional government.
Canada
The Canada - the largest of the colonies of New France - was explored by Jacques Cartier from 1534. This met with indigenous nations and there was a total of three trips, the legend of the Kingdom of Saguenay has contributed to subsequent shipments.
While the fur traders began the fur trade during the second half of the sixteenth century , it was not until 1600 that the first permanent trading post was established at Tadoussac. Then in 1603, the Pointe Saint-Mathieu , Samuel de Champlain concluded a treaty of establishment in Canada with the Montagnais , Maliseet and Micmac. And then, the French colonists implanted permanently after the founding of Quebec City in 1608. The valley of the St. Lawrence then became the heart of a colonial marine development, with its center at the Cape Diamond and the Isle of Orleans , separated by the Bay of Beauport.
Contrary to the Acadia , the Louisiana and Piacenza , he reported directly to the governor of New France who sat in Quebec. However, the colony experienced the creation of three separate regional governments, those of Quebec (1608), of Trois-Rivires (1634) and Montreal (1642). The region of Pays d'en Haut included the watershed of the Great Lakes , including the forts of Pontchartrain ( Detroit ) and Michilimackinac ( Sault Ste Marie ) formed almost the only centers of French settlement after the destruction of Huronia.
Canada is now broadly in Quebec as well as different parts of Ontario and Manitoba and the states of Michigan , from New York , the Ohio and Pennsylvania. Following the conquest of 1759 , his heritage has evolved over nationalism " old Canadian "in the Province of Quebec and Lower Canada , which was then substituted identity French Canadian and Quebec.
Acadia
The Acadia was a colony whose territory extended broadly on Nova Scotia , the New Brunswick and Maine and on the Island of Prince Edward Island , the a href = "% C3% 8Eles_de_la_Madeleine" alt = "the Islands"> Magdalen Islands and the southern Gasp ( Chaleur Bay ). His government sat at Port Royal - near the St. Mary's Bay - and its cultural center, at Grand-Pr. However, the capital was moved to the LaHave from 1632 to 1635.
The Acadia was ceded by the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 in the Kingdom of Great Britain. But as a result of this sale, the Isle Royale and Isle Saint-Jean were elevated to administrative government of New France. It then began building settlements for the newly founded cities of Louisbourg and Port La Joye.
In 1755, early in the war of conquest , the expulsion of the Acadians was conducted primarily to the Thirteen Colonies . Several took refuge on the Acadian Peninsula and Canada. Others found refuge in Louisiana , specifically south of Avoyelles and west of the Mississippi , giving rise to the Acadiana (or Cajun country), whose cultural center in the heart of the bayous , became the city of Lafayette.
North Bay
The North Bay was an area used by the French and the English for the fur trade where each country was seeking exclusivity. After a long rivalry between the two peoples to ownership of the region, the treaties of Utrecht accordrent finally in 1713 the North Bay to Great Britain. The region became the Rupert's Land , in honor of Prince Rupert.
Newfoundland and Piacenza
French fishermen exploit the Grand Banks of Newfoundland around from the sixteenth century. Settlers Piacenza were established in the eponymous town on the island of Newfoundland , and on the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon. They controlled part of the coast of the island. The constant struggle is against the English for control of the island, especially in the late seventeenth century, mainly for making capitals Placentia and St. John's. If the Treaty of Rijswijk reinforces the two powers, each bearing its respective territories on Newfoundland and the treaties of Utrecht , meanwhile, forced the settlers to leave the island for the colony of Isle Royale , because Earth- Newfoundland became a British territory in its entirety.
Louisiana
The Louisiana colony was named in honor of King Louis XIV. It was formed from the watershed of the Mississippi River. Discovered in 1673 by Louis Jolliet and Father Marquette , the territory was taken over by Cavelier de la Salle in 1682, on behalf of the King of France , before Pierre Le Moyne there founded the colony in 1699.
It was divided into two administrative regions of Lower Louisiana and the Illinois Country , "said Upper Louisiana. The latter region included the Ohio Valley , highly prized for the fur trade , while the Lower Louisiana plantations spread on sugarcane and cotton. Besides the fertile lands of the Great Plains , it was the same in Louisiana, the cultivation of hemp , the indigo of flax and tobacco.
The capital of Louisiana was established at Fort Maurepas (at Biloxi Mississippi ), then at Fort Louis de la Mobile (in Mobile Alabama ) and finally, the Vieux Carre of New Orleans. For its part, Fort de Chartres (in St. Louis Missouri ) became the seat of the regional administrations of the Illinois country.
The Treaty of Paris of 1763 conceded the east of the Mississippi River to the Kingdom of Great Britain. But by the end of the war of independence from the United States in 1783, the territory became the object of the Wild West. In contrast, the western part and the delta of the river were built in New Spain after the Treaty of Fontainebleau of 1762. They remained under the Spanish before being ceded to the first French Republic by the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800, then sold to the United States in 1803.
Relations with indigenous nations
From the early seventeenth century , French colonists came into contact with indigenous tribes. They allied themselves with the Mi'kmaq , and Abenaki , the Algonquins , the Montagnais and Hurons. Samuel de Champlain participated in protecting the colony against the Iroquois , became the enemies of the Hurons and Algonquins. This because of their rivalry caused by the fur trade and the fact that the Hurons had lost their land to the Iroquois.
Daily Life in New France
During the early years of colonization until the late seventeenth century, the lives of settlers in New France was marked by constant stress: Native American raids, conditions which he had to adapt, distance from France, Uncertain trade with France and the Caribbean , etc.. Residents must be sufficient as far as possible by producing their own food, adapting methods and techniques to French North American realities, by appropriating the cultural elements of indigenous nations around. Of course this creates an environment conducive to development of local trades and soon there is a small colonial bourgeoisie which stimulates the production of goods and services. In this way, shareholders are not drained into the city: by buying local products, the settlers are to promote a certain enrichment.
In the eighteenth century, the population of New France lived in a certain material comfort (especially when one compares their condition to their compatriots in France), especially as the improvement of trade relations with the metropolis and the West Indies allows the entry of imported food and products, in addition to local products to facilitate the daily lives of settlers. During the Thirty Years' Peace ( one thousand seven hundred thirteen - one thousand seven hundred forty-four ), the prosperous colony and the population as a whole, reached a level of affluence that is unfortunately compromised by disorders of the Austrian Succession War and the War Seven Years.
Current traditions since the days of New France
Legal Traditions
Social and Cultural Traditions
- Name = 1,Joseph or Mary , by sex of child
- 2 nd name = name of the godfather or godmother, by sex of child
- 3 rd distinctive name = name (usually the first name )
Symbols of New France
The Fortress of Louisbourg, the
Cape Breton , Nova Scotia.
Today, Ftes de la Nouvelle-France , taking place in Quebec reflect the era of New France.
Among other symbols, rabaska is synonymous with the exploration and colonization of land in New France. He served in addition to the fur trade , undertaken mainly by fur traders.
Government of Acadia (1604)
Government of Quebec (1608)
Government of Three Rivers (1634)
Government of Montreal (1642)
Government of Louisiana (1699)
Pays d'en Haut
References
- Havard, Vidal, History of French America, Flammarion, 2003, p. 67.
- Julie Charette, Daniel Maude, Luc Dujardin, Philippe Vigneault, Questions of history, CEC Publishing, 2007, 255 pages
- John Mack Faragher, A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion Of The French Acadians from Their Acadian homeland, New York: WW Norton, 2005, 562 pages
- Jean-Francois Mouhot Acadian refugees in France (1758-1785): The Impossible reinstatement?, Quebec, north, 2009, 456p, 978-2894485132
- Sheriffs Act (RSQ, c. S-7)
Notes
Bibliography
- Alain Beaulieu and Roland Viau. The Great Peace: Chronicle of a Diplomatic Saga, Quebec, Editions Libre Expression, 2001 ( ISBN 2-89111-939-8 )
- Leslie Choquette, De France peasants: modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada, Sillery, Quebec, north, 2001 (ISBN 20010126848)
- William John Eccles, The French in North America 1500-1763, East Lansing, Michigan State University Press, 1998 ( ISBN 0870134841 ).
- Gilles Havard and Ccile Vidal, History of French America , Paris, Flammarion, 2003 ( ISBN 2082100456 ).
- Robert Vallerand Lahaise and Christmas, New France 1524-1760, Outremont, Quebec, Lanctt, 1999 ( ISBN 2894850603 ).
- Peter N Moogk, The New France: The Making of French Canada: A Cultural History, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2000 ( ISBN 0870135287 ).
- Bruce Trigger , The Children of Aataentsic: the history of the Huron, Montreal, Libre Expression, 1991 (McGill-Queens University Press, 1976).
- Marcel Trudel , Histoire de la Nouvelle-France, 10 vols., Paris and Montreal, Fides, 1963-1999.
- Denis Vaughn on Jews and New France: Editions Boreal Express, Three Rivers, 1968.
Related articles
External Links
New France |
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| Colonies | Acadia (1604-1713) Canada (1608-1763) Louisiana (1699-1763) Newfoundland (1662-1713) le Royale (1713-1763) Hudson Bay (1668-1713) |  |
| Cities | Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada ( Montreal , Trois-Rivieres , Quebec ) Louisiana ( Mobile , Detroit , New Orleans ) le Royale ( Louisbourg ) Newfoundland ( Plaisance ) List of Cities |
| Lockers | Fort Rouille Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Duquesne List of forts |
| Government | Canada ( Governor of New France , Intendant of New France , the Superior Council of New France , Bishop of Quebec , Governor of Trois-Rivires , Governor of Montreal ) Acadia ( Governor of Acadia ) Newfoundland Newfoundland ( Governor of Plaisance ) le Royale ( Governor of le Royale ) Louisiana ( Governor of Louisiana , Intendant of Louisiana , Superior Council of Louisiana ) |
| Justice | Stewardship Superior Council Admiralty Provost Officialit Seneschalsy Attorney Bailiff Marshalsea Black Code |
| Economy | Fur trade Company of New France Crozat's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident seigneurial system of New France |
| Company | Inhabitants King's Daughters Runner Timber Explorers Mtis Amerindians |
| War & Peace | Franco-Iroquois Wars Great Peace of Montreal Deportation of the Acadians Seven Years War War of the Conquest Siege of Quebec of 1759 a href = "% C3% Articles_de_capitulation_de_Montr A9al" title = "Articles of Capitulation of Montreal"> Capitulation of Montreal |
| Related Topics | French colonial empire French West Indies Native Americans Black slave |
French colonial empire and territory Overseas |
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| Africa | | French North Africa (RBA) | Algeria , Morocco , Tunisia |
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| French West Africa (AOF) | Cte d'Ivoire , Dahomey , French Sudan ( Mali ), Guinea , Mauritania , Niger , Senegal , Upper Volta |
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| French Equatorial Africa (AEF) | Chad , Gabon , Middle Congo , Oubangui-Chari |
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| Protectorates and other | Cameroon , Togo , Gambia ( Albreda - James Island ) |
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| Indian Ocean | |
| America | |
| Asia | | Middle East | Syria whose Alawite Territory , province of Hatay and State of Greater Lebanon |
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| French establishments in India | Chandernagore , Coromandel Coast ( Madras , Malabar , Mahe , Pondicherry including Karaikal and Yanam ) |
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| Chinese counters | French concession of Shanghai , Kwang-Chou-Wan |
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| Indochinese Union | Annam , Cochinchina , Tonkin ( State of Vietnam in 1949), Cambodia , Laos |
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| Pacific , Antarctica and Oceania | New Caledonia , New Hebrides (now Vanuatu), French Polynesia ( Clipperton Island ) Wallis and Futuna , French Southern and Antarctic Lands (TAAF) |
| See also: First French colonial space Second French colonial space Seven Years War Haitian Revolution French Colonial Ideology Conquest of Algeria by France Dahomey War War of Dahomey Voulet-Chanoine Mission Troops Colonial African Army Spahis Senegalese infantry Algerian Riflemen Moroccan infantrymen Rifles Indochinese Goumiers Moroccan Rif War Colonial Exposition of 1931 History of the French colonial empire during World War II Brazzaville Conference Famine of 1945 in Vietnam Massacre at Setif and Guelma French Union French Community Indochina War War of Algeria Overseas Territory Communities Overseas |
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