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Neoclassical Architecture

The architecture is neoclassical period architectural proceeding from neoclassicism of the second half of the ^eighteenth century and early ^nineteenth century. Succeeding in classicism , to the baroque and rococo , neoclassical architecture uses the Greco-Roman elements ( columns , pediments , harmonious proportions, gantry ) and enters the service of politics. The discovery and excavation of sites of Pompeii and Herculaneum handed to the taste of the ancient forms. The popularity of romance replaced with neoclassical architecture achievements Gothic Revival in the course of the ^nineteenth century.

Chateau du Petit Trianon in Versailles ( Ange-Jacques Gabriel )

Church Saint-Louis, La Roche-sur-Yon

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The neoclassical architecture is the heir of classical architecture, as theorized by the ancient architect Vitruvius in his treatise that defined the theory of three levels ( Ionic , Doric , Corinthian ). Vitruvius is the great reference architectespour describe the revival of the use of classical forms, from the second half of the ^eighteenth century until about 1850. The neoclassical architecture claims to have use of Greek forms, more than Italian, so it is called Greek taste in its infancy in France around 1760. It is an international movement which found various events, North America to Russia. It comes in several common and can be distinguished:

the phase of the Palladian , the oldest, which grows in the countryside of Great Britain under the leadership of Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren. It applies to buildings rather isolated, rural and compact form. Its influence is more than ancient Italian.
the neo-Greek (Greek Revival in England) whose principal architect in France Ange-Jacques Gabriel , the original architect of King Louis XV.
The neoclassical itself, architecture, sustainable success throughout the first half of the nineteenth ^century, both public and private buildings in the West. It will also be reflected in the decorative arts between 1770 and 1830.
some see the style Beaux-Arts an extension of neoclassical canons.

France

Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel ( Charles Percier and Pierre-Francois-Leonard Fontaine )

In 1750 - 1.84 thousand : makes a second return to antiquity , inspired by the Greek architecture and Roman.

The early neoclassical buildings were built under Louis XV by Gabriel , at the instigation of the Marquis de Marigny superintendent of the royal buildings. We can cite among its main achievements, the Palais de Compiegne , rebuilt between 1751 and 1788, the Place de la Concorde (1755-1775), the Petit Trianon (1762-1768), and "The Grand Design" at Versailles, set site between 1772 and 1775.

^Napoleon wanted to make Paris and New Rome had built many buildings reminiscent of the Roman Empire at its peak with the help of architects Charles Percier and Pierre-Franois-Lonard Fontaine : Rue de Rivoli , Vendome Column , the Arc de Triomphe Carrousel , Arc de Triomphe (commissioned in 1806 , finished in 1836 ). See also Empire style.

Monticello, United States ( Thomas Jefferson )

The two greatest representatives of the architectural French are noclassisicsme Claude Nicolas Ledoux and tienne-Louis Boullee. Their respective buildings achieved or remained in a state of utopian project have influenced architects and theorists of the twentieth ^century.

Various examples of other architects in France:

New town of La Roche-sur-Yon
Church of the Madeleine , of Pierre-Alexandre Vignon
Pantheon in Paris , in Jacques-Germain Soufflot
Palais Brongniart , of Alexander Theodore Brongniart
The chateau Petit Trianon , of Ange-Jacques Gabriel
The district Graslin in Nantes, with the Cours Cambronne , the Graslin Theatre , the Place Royale (Nantes) , the Crebillon Street , the Stock Exchange Palace (Nantes) , Avenue d'Orlans ... Of Mathurin Crucy
The Rue de Rivoli , of Charles Percier and Pierre-Franois-Lonard Fontaine
In the hamlet of Noiray (Common La Motte-Servolex ), a Palladian house built and thought by J. Vallet, sculptor Chambry in 1862.

Britain

- Georgian architecture in vogue only in Britain during the reigns of four George (1715-1820) and applies to private homes but also to relatively extensive urban development.
- Bank of England ( London )
- Portico of the British Museum
- Regent Street (London)
- Royal Pavilion ( Brighton )
- Greek Revival; usage: temples and gazebos for the purpose of ornamentation of gardens aristocratic for the gentry. Example: Osterley Park House in Middlesex.
UK: Regency (neoclassical late)

United States

Lincoln Memorial , U.S. ( Henry Bacon )

Neoclassical fashion was a major success in the U.S. under the influence of Thomas Jefferson. It gave rise to a specifically American interpretation called " Federal Style ": it is characterized by a classical ornamentation and smooth surfaces and rounded, as well as by the use of windows elliptical. Jefferson designed his villa for example in a spirit of Monticello Palladian obvious (balance due, rural). He also worked for public buildings like the State Capitol Building ( Richmond ( Virginia )). His works are marked by the ideology of the republic and the democracy that the model is Athens.

National Gallery of Art , Washington DC ( John Russell Pope )

The reference to classical antiquity remains a common approach to office buildings (Capitol, tennis court) of the United States until the twentieth ^century ( Lincoln Memorial (1915-1921)), this taste can be attributed to the influence exerted by the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris on American architecture. Many museums also use references Greco-Roman (portico and pediment Cleveland Museum of Art or the Philadelphia Museum of Art ) with allusions to the pantheon of Rome ( Brooklyn Museum of New York , National Gallery of Art in Washington DC ).

Belgium

1. Liege

Rotunda (by Jacques-Germain Soufflot ) and chorus of the Collegiate Church of Saint John (The tower is the ^ninth century ).

2. Brussels

Place des Martyrs - Fisco Claude (1774-1776)
Royal Plaza - JBV Barre and Barnabe Guimard (1779 ff)
Mansions, Rue Ducale - Nicolas Barre and Barnabe Guimard (1779 ff)
Palais de la Nation , rue de la Loi
Palais de Charles de Lorraine , Protestant chapel and ancient palace of Industry National Museum Square - Faulte Jean and Laurent-Benot Dewez (1757-1780) - Nicolas Roget (1827)
Old Botanical Garden Brussels , rue Royale - Suys Tilman-Franois and Pierre-Franois Gineste (1826-1829)
Quartier de la Place Saint-Jean - Parto Henry (1846-1859)
Hotel du Chastel of Howard Place du Grand Sablon, 5 - F. Pauwels (1857) transformed by Leon Govaerts (1954)
Place des Barricades
Begijnhof district around the Hospice Pacheco - Parto Henry (1824-1826)
Mansions on either side of the Church of St. Joseph, square Frre Orban - Jean-Pierre Cluysenaar (1863)
Theatre Royal de la Monnaie , Place de la Monnaie - Damesme Louis (1817-1819, rebuilt after a fire by Joseph Poelaert (1855-1860)

3. Estinnes ( VELLEREILLE les Brayeux )

Abbey of Good Hope (1738-1760) by Nicolas De Brissy and its basilica (1770-1776), by Lawrence Benedict Dewez

4. Floreffe ( Namur )

Abbey Floreffe has a remarkable abbey -style neoclassical.

Germany

The Brandenburg Gate , Berlin ( Carl Gotthard Langhans )

Germany with its many principalities is an early focus of neoclassical and neo-classical castles of covers, while the architects returning from the Grand Tour of Italy.