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Nazarenes

The Judeo-Christian doctrine is a nazarisme and Nazarenes were one of the first names that took Christians.

Summary

The Judeo-Christian context

The name of Nazarenes ( Hebrew NAZIR / NAZUR, "who vowed" nothing to do with the radical N.Ts.H (hard, whence our "Nazareth" (Netsarhi, which means "The Guard "))) was the first that Christians took the title on the basis of or given to Jesus (Matthew 2.23; Acts 2:22; 3.6, 4.10, 22.8; 26.9), but its significance, probably multiple, eludes us today. Gradually, from year 34 , when the last rebels were defeated in the city. A group was organized in Syria: "Judeo-Nazarenes."

Some authors Greco-Roman from the great Church, such that Irenaeus , Augustine , Jerome , Epiphanius have sometimes called Ebionites (adjective meaning simply poor ebionim). From the outside, that is to say by pagans or even by Christians from pagan backgrounds, Jews believing in Jesus were easily assimilated them, and this error is still common today in the West. Because of conflicting realities are grouped together: the belief that Jesus saves, or believe that it is only the Messiah, which is not the same thing.

  1. From those who believe that Jesus saves, that is to say, those who alone should be called Judeo-Christians, it takes the Community of Jerusalem , which lasted until at least the fourth century , but also the Community of Cyprus, or the great Church of the East, based in Cleucie Ctsifon-called "Nestorian" so very wrong: heiress Judeo-Christian traditions of Judea and Mesopotamia, it has kept the experiences and theological Liturgical say resemble those of the Apostles (that language - the Aramaic - facilitated course).
  2. As for the other Judeo-Christians, those who denied that Jesus saves by itself, it takes the Jewish Nazarenes and those they inspired or influenced, including the Arians. These Judeo-Nazarenes are distinct from the majority of Christians at the same time they are opposed to other Jews. Because of course, remained as diverse Jewish communities that, by the Evangelical Pharisees or not, have refused from the outset to recognize Jesus as Messiah.

The World Jewish first century and the second century was marked by a large plurality, it is sometimes explained simply by geographical reasons: more than half of the "Jews" lived (already) out of the Holy Land to China (which also explains the rapid expansion of the Church of the East over there). What is commonly called "Judaism" is simply the form taken by the communities of obedience Pharisees from the Synod of Yavneh in Galilee, in AD 95 , which form only became a majority much later.

Patristic indications are to be seen in this context. For example, according to Epiphanius ( Panarion 29.29), the "profession of faith and summarized in Volume I of the Messiah and His Prophet (p. 114-137): the character of " Master of Justice "that many thought was probably the mythical Cohen Yossi Ben Yo'ezer who opposed the Temple Cult of the second century BC. AD. He was eventually killed in atrocious conditions at -159 by the High Priest. Far from silencing his supporters forced to disperse his death strengthened their political culture of opposition exacerbated by a dream of religious purity, based on the expectation of the messiah who will chase and purify the worship of foreign holy places. This movement, whose Zealots are a branch, is the cause of literature called "Dead Sea". These findings eliminate the implausible assumptions that had been devised in the wake of the 1950 excavations by archaeologists of some caves in the Dead Sea towards the archaeological site of Qumran caves of the literary content, is to imagine that the people of site "Essene monks' unique authors manuscripts caves, and therefore very busy copy them in a scriptorium in mediaeval fashion (which is an anachronism of ten centuries!). These reconciliations baseless, born from the 50s in the entourage of Father de Vaux who directed the excavations, have been challenged by archaeologists rather quickly (including Robert and Pauline Doncaster ): the site of Qumran n "nothing" monastic, "he reflects on the contrary a very rich habitat, and his improbable" Scriptorium "is nothing but a living room such as is found in other homes in the region rich at that time. As for the texts of the caves, they should be free from the fictional "Essene" which was built around them, as one commentator has denounced these manuscripts specialist, Andrew Paul , was denounced in 2008.

The politico-religious ideas are warriors of pre-Christian origin, but this is still only nationalist messianism. This is not to conquer the whole world but only the Holy Land, in order to restore the legitimate worship and kingship. Everything will change with the Judeo-nazarisme, which is post-Christian, but inherits from this mode of thought is evident especially in versions of different times of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs , some with additions or rewrites manifest messianism in developing a universal character. This is the whole world that true believers are called to release (of Evil), not only the Holy Land. The Messiah's second coming is expected (ie Jesus) will head the army and wade through the blood of his vanquished enemies. In fact, this vast literature is not yet fully surrounded, either because they wrongly class some of his writings as "Christians" by the mere fact that they allude to Jesus or the gospel (Matthew always see below), or because they are ranked equally erroneously as "Jewish apocalyptic" - so they are inherently anti-Jewish and anti-Christian. Also in the later versions of the Testaments, the writings post-Judeo-Christian Nazarenes themselves in the fourth Book of Ezra, the second Book of Baruch, the Book of Jubilees , the known fragments of the Gospel of the Ebionites, the Apocrypha in apocalyptic character and warrior and other apocryphal as the Acts of the Apostle Peter and Simon, and finally some of the sources used by the pseudo-Clementine literature. This major work is in progress.

Even on the basis of a partial documentation too (what Frederic Manns , Judeo-Christianity, memory or prophecy? highlighted), the former director of Jewish Studies, Simon Claude Mimouni , received posterity Judeo-nazarisme into the birth of Islam , where "he played such a role that one wonders if he is not much behind."

The doctrine of "Nazarenes"

The difficulty of historians is to understand what had happened in the meantime. Jesus did not teach a doctrine of empowerment, which divides the world into "good" and "bad". If he spoke of the "son of light" and "son of darkness", it was never as spiritual entities that do not correspond to any socio-political, but refer to what is going on inside the soul of everyone. It is quite different in the Judeo-Nazarene, which reinterprets the pending return of Christ as a starting point for the eradication of "son of darkness" and the establishment of the Kingdom of God throughout the earth and under the domination of the "son of light" kingdom of perfection and justice announced by Isaiah. It is far from the words recorded in the Gospel of John 18.36: "My kingdom is not of this world."

The structuring of this ideology of universal war - the first of its kind - is something of the circumstances, whether the atrocities of the war ending in 70 (or 73 to Masada for the remaining insurgents) or event of unprecedented destruction of the Temple. The whole issue was the interpretation of this catastrophe in the light of revelation (there is a connection with the signs of end times , but the look here is singular). The main idea was not to return to Jerusalem, unless it is to conquer: the first is where the salvation of the world should be played, the Messiah (Jesus) can not descend from heaven (where God put it by removing the cross) that when the city will be in the hands of "true believers" under God.

In the meantime, they settled where circumstances had led them, beyond Pella in Syria, the Judeans who were strangers to insanity insurgency had been asked in effect to leave the territory during time of military operations. Becoming more radical, revering the memory of Jacques (as evidenced by several apocryphal), they isolated themselves in hope of better days, their "desert" being wherever they settled.

We see how the opposition to the faith of the Apostles is radical for them, Jesus is not Savior by itself, so it has nothing divine (because only God can deliver from evil), it is only Messiah, a super-employee of God, born miraculously by the action of the divine Spirit in Mary - this is exactly the position taken by the Muslims and the Koran, which employs four times the phrase "Jesus the Messiah "vigorous polemic against the" Jews "who deny the miraculous conception and treat Mary as a prostitute (actually, it alludes to in the Talmud-s and in the Tosefta Hullin). For example, Eusebius (263-339) reports that some "Ebionites" - those who call themselves Nazarenes - "did not deny that the Lord was born of a virgin and the Holy Spirit ... The Islam and the Third Temple

The study of Judeo-nazarisme offers new perspectives on the question of the origins of Islam, even if this approach is rejected by most Muslims. A passage from the 4th book of Ezra gives a sense of kinship of thought with the Koran .

This passage speaks of the just that the world must come back, looks like a verse of Sura 7, especially as it is put into the mouth of Moses: The Earth belongs to God. It is that he wants to inherit from his creatures, and the result is for the pious (s.7, 128). The Earth must therefore belong to the righteous and the just because they obey God and they must realize the salvation of the world as God wills. According to Islamic accounts, Muhammad married Khadija , whose cousin or uncle, Waraqa ibn Nawfal was a "priest na s raniy" who blessed their marriage - the word means here clearly not but as evidenced by several passages in the Koran himself in suras 2, verse 22 and 22.17, the very same official Saudi Koranic translation IFTA

  • That memory, the subsequent handling could not erase, is intersected by the one contemporary account, preserved in the Doctrina Jacobi and from a letter sent by a Jewish rabbinical her brother, she says: " he , who died in 2006, is recognized as one of the most prominent, even in some universities in the Arab world. According to him, he must completely read the original sources on which Islamic leaning so far to integrate them into a broader perspective.

    Among American scholars, it is worth mentioning Patricia Crone , of Swedish origin, who published a thesis in 1977 on the possibility of non-trade Makkah, which caused her to wonder how these people could survive before Mecca is place of pilgrimage for Muslims (which is reliably attested only from the late seventh century ). It was towards the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula as reliable biographical data still point, she says. But she returned a large part of this thesis in 2006 and now believes that such trade is likely, and the existence of Mecca in pre-Islamic period. In Germany, the work of Chr. Luxenberg suggests that the language of text Koran is influenced by the Syriac , in light of which many textual obscurities disappear. .

    There is one track that brings together all the seemingly conflicting data provided by the study of the origins of Islam. The node is attempted, duly attested by Greek historiography, the Arabs of Muhammad in 629, to the Holy Land and Jerusalem in which, as the Jewish Nazarenes, it turned to pray. The small Muslim army was initially opposed to the Byzantine contingent at the Battle of Tabuk.

    Three years later, the Caliph Umar in 638, which finally managed to enter (or end 637): the city was open to him, he made clear the plaza ... and build a "Cube" timber in dimensions of the Holy of Holies of Solomon's temple , even where the temple was once built.

    Expectations attached to this project - which is nothing other than the Third Temple announced in the apocalyptic writings - are more familiar to us, and we also difficult to understand the disappointments that followed and who signed the disappearance of the Jewish nazarisme-visible.

    The importance of this city in Islam is reflected particularly in the event of " Night Journey "during which the Prophet won the mosque of Jerusalem from Mecca, and then went to Heaven. This trip is mentioned in the Koran allusion. The place of the sacred mosque in Jerusalem has significance for all Muslims - he is the Al Aqsa Mosque extreme.

    The project of world conquest Nazarene - which is the first of its kind - was first a vision of "faith" (which is true in all later projects), and in this vision, making the Holy Land (conducted in 634) and then to Jerusalem (which will occur eventually in 638) was of importance ideological capital in connection with the "blessing of God." Sophronius , bishop of the city, had understood.

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